要点速览 《科学》（Science）杂志揭晓2025年度十大科学突破榜单，带来一年中最重大的科学发现、可续进展和趋势： 每年，《科学》（Science）杂志都会评选出年度十大科学突破，包括一项科学突破冠军奖以及九项科学突 破入围奖。它们代表了一年中最重大的科学发现、科学进展和趋势。 2025年12月18日， 《科学》揭晓了2025年度十大科学突破榜单 ： 势不可挡的可再生能源 · 势不可挡的可再生能源 · 定制化基因编辑为极罕见疾病带来新希望 · 对抗性传播疾病的新武器 · 神经元对癌症的致命"馈赠" · 天空中的全视之眼 · 揭开"龙人"头骨之谜 · 大语言模型助力科学研究 · 计算的突破助力揭示粒子物理新进展 · 异种移植不断创造历史 · 耐高温水稻 自工业革命以来，人类社会一直依赖于来自"远古的太阳能"——这些能量由数亿年前的植物捕获，储存在化 石燃料中，并从地下挖掘和钻取而来。但今年，势头已明确转向来自"今天的太阳"的能源。可再生能源—— 其中大部分来自阳光本身或最终由太阳驱动的风能——已在多个方面超越了传统能源。 《科学》杂志指出，今年以来， 全球可再生能源以太阳能和风能为主快速增长，其新增发电量已 ...

今年3月6日，空军军医大学西京医院团队成功为一名69岁终末期肾病患者实施了亚洲首例、全球第五例 基因编辑猪肾移植手术。移植所用供体猪是由成都中科奥格自主研发并培育的DPF级（无指定病原体） 六基因编辑猪。 该供体猪敲除了3个引发超急性及急性排斥的关键抗原基因，同时转入3个人类蛋白基因（2个补体调节 蛋白基因和1个凝血调节蛋白基因），从源头抑制免疫攻击并预防凝血紊乱。相较于国际上一些更复杂 的基因编辑方案，这一"6基因编辑"路径以更少的修饰数量，实现了可与之媲美的临床效果，展现出明 确的技术特色。 术后，供体猪肾迅速发挥功能，患者成功摆脱透析治疗。尽管患者后期因自身并发症导致肾功能恶化， 移植肾在第261天被摘除，但长达261天的稳定工作期，已远超早期临床预期，为全球异种移植研究提供 了极其宝贵的长期数据。 本报讯 （成都日报锦观新闻记者 黄雪松） 日前，《科学》杂志公布其评选的2025年度十大科学突破。 其中，在异种移植刷新纪录篇章，来自成都创新团队的一项突破被提及。"在中国，一名女性移植的仅 改造6个基因的猪肾也维持了几乎同样长的时间。"《科学》杂志在相关论述中所提及的基因编辑供体 猪，来自成都中科奥格生物 ...

Group 1: Renewable Energy Development - Global renewable energy, led by China, is rapidly growing, with solar and wind energy dominating the increase in power generation, surpassing fossil fuels in total output [2] - China is a key player in this transition, significantly expanding solar panel, wind turbine, and lithium battery storage systems, solidifying its global leadership [2] - The low-cost manufacturing in China has facilitated the rapid adoption of small rooftop photovoltaic systems, providing reliable and economical energy for millions of households in Europe, South Asia, and the Global South [2] Group 2: Genetic Research and Medical Advances - Customized gene editing has been successfully applied in treating a rare genetic disease in a human patient, marking a significant milestone for personalized gene therapy [3] - Two new drugs for gonorrhea have been approved by the FDA, representing the first new treatments for the disease in decades, with significant efficacy and safety profiles [4] - A key gene, QT12, has been identified by Chinese researchers to help rice withstand high nighttime temperatures, leading to a 78% increase in yield under such conditions [13] Group 3: Archaeological and Scientific Discoveries - The discovery of the Harbin ancient human remains has confirmed them as Denisovans, providing insights into their appearance and lineage [9] - The construction of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile will enable unprecedented astronomical observations, potentially leading to discoveries of new celestial bodies and insights into dark matter and energy [8] Group 4: Advances in Physics and Transplantation - The final measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly has achieved unprecedented precision, enhancing the understanding of particle physics [11] - Significant breakthroughs in xenotransplantation have been made, with genetically engineered pig organs showing extended viability in human patients, moving closer to clinical application [12] Group 5: AI in Scientific Research - Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in scientific research, achieving breakthroughs in mathematics, chemistry, and biology, thus enhancing research efficiency and discovery [10]

最新一期美国《科学》杂志公布了2025年度十大科学突破评选结果。其中，全球可再生能源在中国的引 领下迅猛发展位列榜首，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和河北地质大学联合发现哈尔滨古人类 是丹尼索瓦人、华中农业大学团队发现水稻耐高温"基因开关"两项成果亦榜上有名。 中国引领全球可再生能源发展 《科学》杂志指出，今年以来，全球可再生能源以太阳能和风能为主快速增长，其新增发电量已覆盖上 半年全球新增用电，并在总量上超过化石能源。中国是推动这一转型的关键力量，通过大规模发展太阳 能电池板、风力发电机和锂电池储能系统，巩固了全球领先地位。 同时，依托中国低成本制造，小型屋顶光伏系统在全球快速普及，为欧洲、南亚及"全球南方"的数百万 家庭提供可靠、经济的能源保障。 定制化基因编辑用于治疗罕见病 5月，美国费城儿童医院与宾夕法尼亚大学医学院研究团队成功为一名患有罕见遗传病的婴儿实施了定 制化基因编辑治疗。这是基因疗法首次在人类患者中实现定制化临床应用，为开发针对其他罕见病的定 制化基因疗法奠定了基础。 两种抗淋病新药获批 今年，两种新型淋病药物在大规模临床试验中表现出色，获美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准，成为 数十年 ...

Policy Developments - The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) is focusing on the quality supervision of selected drugs in centralized procurement, emphasizing the importance of quality safety and compliance in production [1] - The NMPA will implement comprehensive production inspections and product sampling for selected drugs, optimizing work mechanisms and exploring risk monitoring [1] - The NMPA acknowledges the development of the medical device industry in Chongqing and stresses the need for a robust quality safety responsibility system [2] Drug and Device Approvals - Baiyunshan's subsidiary Zhongyi Pharmaceutical received a registration certificate for the traditional medicine An Gong Niu Huang Wan from Vietnam's Ministry of Health, aiding market expansion [3] - Huyou Pharmaceutical announced that its subsidiary Seacross Pharmaceuticals Ltd. received marketing approvals for multiple products from regulatory authorities in Pakistan, the UK, and North Macedonia [4] - Zhifei Biological's recombinant herpes zoster vaccine (ZFA01) clinical trial application has been accepted by the NMPA, which may enhance vaccine efficacy [5] Capital Market Activities - Puluo Pharmaceutical plans to repurchase shares worth between RMB 180 million and RMB 360 million, with a maximum price of RMB 23 per share [6][7] - Sinovac Biotech received a delisting notice from NASDAQ due to failure to submit its annual report by the deadline, with potential trading suspension imminent [8] Industry Developments - Researchers published a detailed immune response map following pig kidney transplants in brain-dead patient models, identifying key factors for transplant success [9] - Haizheng Pharmaceutical's subsidiary plans to collaborate with the East China Institute for the biomanufacturing of heparin, with a project budget not exceeding RMB 120 million [10] Public Sentiment Alerts - Guangyuyuan announced the resignation of Vice President Wang Junbo due to work adjustments, effective immediately [11] - Medici's shareholder Chen Guoxing plans to reduce his stake by up to 1.64% through trading methods due to personal financial needs [12]

Core Insights - The studies published in the latest issue of "Nature" detail the immune response following the transplantation of genetically modified pig kidneys into a brain-dead patient model, identifying key factors and potential biomarkers that contribute to xenotransplantation failure [1] Group 1: Xenotransplantation Research - Xenotransplantation is viewed as a potential solution to the shortage of organ donors for patients with end-stage organ failure [1] - The research highlights that organ rejection is a common complication in all types of transplants, with limited understanding of the immune response involved in xenotransplantation [1] Group 2: Study Findings - The research team from NYU Langone Health successfully maintained the function of the transplanted pig kidney for 61 days despite experiencing two rejection episodes, which were treated effectively with existing therapies [1] - The studies identified key mobilization pathways of immune cells in response to the transplant and created a genomic map related to these responses [1] Group 3: Future Implications - The detailed immune response map provided by these studies offers critical insights that could enhance the long-term success rates of xenotransplantation in future research [1]

Core Viewpoint - A groundbreaking achievement in organ transplantation has been made by Chinese scientists, marking the world's first successful transplantation of gene-edited pig lungs into a brain-dead patient, which functioned effectively for over 10 days [1] Group 1: Breakthrough in Organ Transplantation - The successful transplantation represents a significant advancement in xenotransplantation, a concept that has been pursued for over a century [4] - Pigs are considered ideal organ donors due to their organ size and function being similar to humans, but the human immune system poses a major challenge [4][5] - The use of gene editing technology has allowed for modifications in the pig's genome, effectively creating a "pass" for the pig organs to be accepted by the human body [5] Group 2: Role of BGI Genomics - BGI Genomics, based in Shenzhen, played a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the transplantation by utilizing its high-throughput sequencing technology [8] - The DNBSEQ sequencing platform conducted comprehensive genomic screening of the pig lung, identifying any potential pathogens that could pose risks to human health [8] - The sequencing process provided a detailed "health report" confirming the absence of known pathogens, which was essential for the success of the surgery [8] Group 3: Implications for Future Transplantation - The surgery was successful, with the transplanted pig lung performing normal respiratory functions without signs of acute rejection [9] - This historic step indicates the feasibility of xenogeneic lung transplantation, offering hope to countless patients awaiting suitable organ donors [9] - The advancements in gene editing and reliable domestic sequencing platforms highlight the potential for future breakthroughs in organ transplantation [9]

Core Insights - The successful transplantation of gene-edited pig lungs into a human patient marks a significant milestone in the field of xenotransplantation, addressing the critical shortage of human lung donors [1][2][3] - The research demonstrates the feasibility of using genetically modified pig organs, specifically lungs, to potentially alleviate the organ shortage crisis faced by terminally ill patients [1][9] Group 1: Research Breakthrough - The study published in *Nature Medicine* details the process of transplanting a genetically edited left lung from a Chinese Bama pig into a 39-year-old male patient who was brain dead, with the lung surviving for 9 days [3][2] - The total cold ischemia time from organ retrieval to re-infusion was 206 minutes, and the lung maintained vitality and function without signs of hyperacute rejection during the monitoring period [3][4] Group 2: Challenges and Future Directions - Despite the successful initial results, significant challenges remain, including immune rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the need for optimized immunosuppressive protocols [5][6][7] - The research team aims to enhance gene editing strategies and anti-rejection treatments to prolong the survival and functionality of transplanted organs, with plans to apply their self-developed non-invasive techniques to reduce lung damage during mechanical ventilation [7][9] Group 3: Market and Clinical Implications - The current organ supply-demand ratio in China is approximately 1:8, highlighting the urgent need for alternative organ sources like xenotransplantation [9][14] - The potential for pig lungs to serve as a viable alternative for human lung transplants could significantly impact the organ transplant landscape, especially given the historical challenges associated with lung transplants [4][5] Group 4: Technological Advancements - The use of gene editing to modify pig organs aims to reduce immunogenicity, making them more compatible for human transplantation [5][15] - Companies like Zhongke Aoge and Dashuo Group are at the forefront of developing genetically modified pigs, with ongoing research into various organ types, including kidneys and livers, to facilitate clinical trials [18][17]

Core Insights - The successful transplantation of genetically edited pig lungs into a human patient marks a significant milestone in the field of xenotransplantation, addressing the critical shortage of human lung donors [2][4][10] - The research indicates that the genetically modified pig lung can survive and function for 9 days in a human body, demonstrating the potential for clinical applications in the future [5][8] Group 1: Research Breakthrough - The study published in "Nature Medicine" details the process of transplanting a genetically edited pig lung into a 39-year-old male patient who was brain dead, with a total cold ischemia time of 206 minutes [4][5] - This is the first successful case of pig lung transplantation into a human, which is considered a major advancement in the scientific community [4][7] Group 2: Challenges and Future Directions - Despite the success, significant challenges remain, including immune rejection and the need for optimized immunosuppressive protocols [5][6][15] - The research team aims to enhance gene editing strategies and anti-rejection treatments to prolong the survival and functionality of transplanted organs [8][19] Group 3: Industry Context - The demand for transplantable organs far exceeds supply, with a projected donor-to-recipient ratio of 1:8 in China by 2024, highlighting the urgency for alternative sources like xenotransplantation [10][15] - The use of genetically modified pigs is seen as a promising solution to the organ shortage, as their organs are similar in size to human organs and can be produced without the same limitations as human donors [10][17] Group 4: Technological Advancements - The genetic editing technology used to create the donor pigs is at the forefront of scientific innovation, allowing for the removal of genes that trigger strong immune responses in humans [6][17] - Companies like Zhongke Aoge and Dashuo Group are leading efforts in developing these genetically modified pigs, contributing to China's position in the global xenotransplantation landscape [18][19]

Core Insights - The research team from Guangzhou Medical University has successfully conducted the world's first case of gene-edited pig lung transplantation into a brain-dead human, maintaining ventilation and gas exchange for 9 days without acute rejection [1][3][4] - This breakthrough aims to address the organ shortage issue by providing a stable and controllable source of donor organs through xenotransplantation [1][4] Group 1: Research Details - The pig lung used in the transplantation was genetically edited at six sites to reduce immune risks upon transplantation into humans [4] - The study adhered to national laws and ethical guidelines, with the brain-dead patient’s family consenting to the research [4] - The research is seen as a significant step in the field of xenotransplantation, with plans to optimize gene editing strategies and anti-rejection treatments to extend the survival and functionality of transplanted organs [4][5] Group 2: Challenges and Future Directions - Despite the initial success, challenges remain, including the need to validate the lung's functionality, long-term stability, and the burden of immunosuppressive therapy [5][6][8] - The World Health Organization reports a severe imbalance in organ supply and demand in China, with approximately 300,000 patients waiting for transplants and only about 15,000 available organs annually [7] - The potential of xenotransplantation is highlighted by previous successful cases of pig organ transplants, but issues such as antibody-mediated rejection and viral risks from pig organs still need to be addressed [8][9]