来源：科技日报 科技日报记者 毕文婷 12月18日凌晨4时许，中国南极中山站（以下简称中山站）还在"睡梦中"，气象观测员李心豪已穿戴整齐，悄悄出 门了。作为中国第42次南极考察队中山站越冬队员，他要去气象台，完成今早的观测和编发报任务。 这只是中山站众多科研工作的一个缩影。 当前，中山站的队员们正紧锣密鼓地推进着海冰、气象、大气成分、极光、空间环境等一系列覆盖多领域的调查 监测与研究项目。 你见过凌晨四点的中山站吗？ 极昼之下，太阳终日悬于天际，可南极凛冽的寒风，却从未停歇。 一走出宿舍所在的越冬楼，李心豪马上紧了紧企鹅服的领口，快步跑上气象台。将到门口时，他却突然停了下 来。"在观测前，要先对仪器进行巡视巡检。"李心豪对科普时报记者说。中山站气象台从1989年3月至今，已连续 运行了36年，每天24小时不间断地开展常规地面气象观测，这离不开一代又一代气象观测员的精心呵护。 "中山站的观测项目包括云、能见度、天气现象、风向、风速、温度、湿度、气压、日照和辐射。"李心豪说话 间，打开了一个百叶箱，"高精度温湿度传感器要布设在百叶箱内，以保证观测结果的规范性和可比性。" "风向风速传感器被安装在10米高的铁塔顶端 ...

Quantum Technology - China has established the world's largest quantum communication network, comprising 8 core sites and 159 access stations [4] - The third-generation superconducting quantum computer "Benyuan Wukong" is set to officially operate in January 2024, with over 80% domestic components [9] - "Benyuan Wukong" has been accessed over 37 million times by users from 163 countries, completing 740,000 quantum computing tasks across various fields [11] Biological Manufacturing - Biological manufacturing combines traditional fermentation and synthetic biology, opening new industrial spaces [12] - China holds over 70% of global biological fermentation capacity, leading in the production of amino acids and organic acids [12] - Challenges include the need for core strains and key enzymes, as well as the development of a robust biological information database [13] Nuclear Fusion Energy - Controlled nuclear fusion, known as "artificial sun," is advancing with significant breakthroughs in technology [14][15] - The "China Circulation No. 3" has achieved record ion and electron temperatures of 120 million and 160 million degrees Celsius, respectively [15] - By 2027, "China Circulation No. 3" is expected to conduct burning plasma experiments, moving towards commercial fusion power generation by mid-century [15] Brain-Computer Interface - Brain-computer interface technology is expanding into various fields, including medical rehabilitation and consumer electronics [17][18] - The industry is supported by a collaborative ecosystem involving research, industry, and policy frameworks [18] - Key focus areas include core technology development, innovation ecosystem enhancement, and ethical regulatory frameworks [18] Humanoid Robotics - Humanoid robots are evolving rapidly, with advancements in joint modules and motion control [19][20] - The Shenzhen area is developing a "embodied intelligence port," fostering a complete industrial chain from R&D to application [20] - The local government has introduced action plans to promote technological innovation and industry development in humanoid robotics [20] 6G Technology - 6G technology aims to enhance connectivity and integrate various technologies, supporting the development of a smart society [21][22] - It is expected to achieve 10 to 100 times the speed and reliability of 5G, covering all domains of connectivity [21] - China is advancing in 6G research and aims for commercial implementation by 2030 [22]

Core Insights - The research reveals that subtle changes in ocean sulfate concentrations can act as a "chemical switch" affecting methane consumption, which has significant implications for global climate change [1][2]. Group 1: Methane and Climate Change - Methane is the second-largest greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, with a significant amount stored as hydrates on the ocean floor [1]. - In modern oceans, approximately 90% of methane is utilized by microorganisms in sediments under anoxic conditions, using sulfate as a "fuel" and producing alkaline substances that mitigate ocean acidification [1]. - During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) around 56 million years ago, the sulfate concentration in Arctic seawater was less than one-third of modern levels, leading to a shift in methane decomposition processes [2]. Group 2: Microbial Activity and Methane Oxidation - A lack of sulfate during the PETM resulted in the activation of oxygen-loving bacteria that rapidly "burned" methane, contrasting with the slow-burning process seen in modern oceans [2]. - The research team successfully reconstructed the methane oxidation process from 56 million years ago by detecting specific molecular traces left by ancient bacteria [2]. - The study indicates that during the PETM, the concentration of CO2 in Arctic seawater was 200-700 ppm higher than the global average, transforming the Arctic from a carbon sink to a carbon source [2]. Group 3: Geological Influences on Climate - Geological activities such as crustal movements, rock formation, continental weathering, and volcanic eruptions directly influence ocean sulfate levels, thereby affecting methane decomposition methods [3]. - The research suggests that the historical low sulfate levels in ancient oceans may have significantly impacted global carbon cycles and climate [3]. - With the rapid warming and freshening of modern Arctic waters, similar methane oxidation mechanisms could be reactivated, potentially leading to a shift from efficient methane utilization to rapid burning [3].

Core Insights - The research reveals that subtle changes in ocean sulfate concentrations during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 56 million years ago acted as a "chemical switch" that altered methane consumption, significantly impacting global climate change [1][2] Group 1: Methane Dynamics - Methane, the second-largest greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, is primarily stored in the ocean floor as hydrates [1] - In modern oceans, approximately 90% of methane is utilized by microorganisms in sediments under anoxic conditions, using sulfate as a "fuel" to efficiently convert methane while producing alkaline substances that mitigate ocean acidification [1][4] - During the PETM, the concentration of sulfate in Arctic seawater was less than one-third of modern levels, leading to a shift in methane oxidation pathways [2][4] Group 2: Microbial Activity - A significant increase in the activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria that prefer oxygen was observed during the PETM, indicating a transition from slow combustion to rapid burning of methane [2] - The research team successfully reconstructed the methane oxidation process from 56 million years ago by detecting specific molecular traces left by ancient bacteria [2] Group 3: Carbon Cycle Implications - The study found that CO2 levels in Arctic seawater during the PETM were 200-700 ppm higher than the global average, indicating a shift from being a carbon sink to a carbon source [4] - Geological activities such as tectonic movements and volcanic eruptions directly influence ocean sulfate levels, which in turn determine methane decomposition methods [4] Group 4: Modern Relevance - The research highlights the potential for similar methane oxidation mechanisms to be reactivated due to rapid warming and freshening of modern Arctic waters, which could lead to a shift from efficient methane utilization to rapid burning [4] - This study serves as a crucial warning regarding the potential risks of greenhouse gas emissions in the context of modern Arctic climate changes [4]

Core Insights - Extreme weather is becoming a new economic variable, with 2024 projected to be the first year to exceed the 1.5℃ target set by the Paris Agreement [1][6] - Human activities are directly linked to the significant rise in carbon dioxide concentrations and climate warming over the past century, necessitating stronger emission reduction measures to meet climate goals [3][6] Group 1: Climate Change and Human Activity - The rapid increase in carbon dioxide levels over the last century is unprecedented in Earth's history, confirming a direct correlation with human activities [3][4] - Distinguishing between natural climate variability and human-induced changes is crucial for accurate climate assessments and effective policy decisions [5][6] Group 2: Impact on Industries - The energy sector is most affected by climate change, with fossil fuel combustion accounting for over 80% of total carbon emissions, driving a shift towards clean energy [8][9] - Other sectors like transportation, retail, and manufacturing are also significantly impacted, particularly by extreme weather events that alter demand patterns [9][10] Group 3: Risk Management and Opportunities - Companies can mitigate risks from climate change by transitioning to clean energy and utilizing weather forecasts to adjust production and supply chain strategies [10][12] - Enhanced weather prediction capabilities are essential for industries to anticipate extreme weather and optimize resource allocation [10][12] Group 4: Technological Advancements - Key technological developments in monitoring and forecasting are necessary to accurately assess atmospheric carbon levels and predict extreme weather events [11][12] - Improved forecasting for renewable energy sources like solar and wind is critical for optimizing energy production and usage [13]

Group 1 - Extreme weather is becoming a new economic variable, with 2024 projected to be the first year to exceed the 1.5℃ target set by the Paris Agreement [1] - The energy sector is the most directly impacted by climate change, as fossil fuel combustion accounts for over 80% of total carbon emissions, prompting a shift towards clean energy [8][9] - The retail and manufacturing sectors are also significantly affected, particularly due to increased demand for cooling products in response to extreme heat [9] Group 2 - Effective risk management strategies for energy companies include accelerating the transition to clean energy to mitigate climate change impacts and reduce their own emissions [10] - For retail and manufacturing sectors, accurately predicting extreme weather can create opportunities, such as preemptively adjusting production and supply chains based on weather forecasts [10] - The development of monitoring and forecasting technologies is crucial for accurately assessing carbon levels and predicting extreme weather events, which is vital for the clean energy sector [12][13]

Group 1 - The European Patent Office recently held the 2025 "Young Inventors Award" ceremony, recognizing ten global innovators or teams, including a team from China led by Wenrou Jia and her partner Alisa Fredriksson [1] - The award targets innovators or teams aged 30 and below, aiming to honor contributions towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [1] - This year's winners proposed innovative solutions in various fields such as electronic waste, rare element recycling, aviation, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, carbon capture, food safety, and environmental protection [1] Group 2 - Wenrou Jia and Alisa Fredriksson's team developed a carbon capture system for ships, which can capture CO2 from exhaust gases and convert it into solid limestone for storage [1][2] - The shipping industry is a major source of global carbon emissions, facing challenges such as high costs and inefficiencies in retrofitting existing vessels [1] - The designed system allows for CO2 to be solidified and transported like regular cargo, simplifying unloading and processing without the need for complex port facilities [2] Group 3 - The modular design of the system facilitates installation on existing ships, avoiding high replacement costs and providing a scalable solution for emissions reduction in the shipping industry [2] - The system has been tested on a commercial cargo ship, successfully capturing 78% of CO2 and 90% of sulfur emissions, attracting interest from several international shipping companies [2] - The solidified CO2 can be utilized in the construction materials market or sent to specialized facilities for carbon recycling, contributing to a true carbon cycle [2] Group 4 - Wenrou Jia emphasized the importance of sustainable development for future generations and the role of technology in driving positive change [2] - She highlighted the collaborative potential between China and Europe in addressing global challenges, noting that both regions possess complementary strengths in manufacturing and technology ecosystems [2]

碳 （C） 和 氮 （N） 是全球生物地球化学循环中的核心元素。为了有效管理中国的碳和氮，研究团队开发了一个综合模型，用于量化碳和氮的通量，并研究它 们在 16 个人类和自然子系统中的相互作用。 撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 人类的活动极大地扰乱了地球的 碳循环 和 氮循环 ，带来了明显的生态后果。成功地加以管理以将这些影响降至最低，对于维护环境网络和人类社会的可持续性 至关重要。 2025 年 6 月 5 日，浙江大学环境与资源学院 谷保静 教授团队在国际顶尖学术期刊 Science 上发表了题为： Integrated carbon and nitrogen management for cost-effective environmental policies in China 的研究论文。 该研究开发了一个综合模型， 用于量化碳和氮的通量及其相互作用，通过以综合方式共同管理它们，与分别处理相比，可以以更低的减排成本实现碳和氮的大幅 减少，并带来更大的社会效益。 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads4105 设置 星标 ，不错过精彩推文 ...