卡尔·波兰尼的《大转型》是20世纪极具影响力的一部关于经济、政治和社会著作。在这本写于1944年的著作中，他告诉世人那些古典经济自由观 念下的市场主义不会令世界更幸福，根源在于19世纪之后出现的现代市场世界根本性的矛盾——"理性"市场逻辑主导的经济—政治结构看似可以 自我调节，实则难以为继。 本文内容出自新京报·书评周刊12月26日专题《卡尔·波兰尼：告别市场乌托邦》B04-05版。 B01「主题」卡尔·波兰尼 告别市场乌托邦 B08「中文学术文摘」传播研究 文摘一则 撰文丨孙睿 《国富论》希望展现出的机制是：一个人出于追求利益的动机，通过分工和市场机制的自发作用，就能使得整个群体的生产效率提升，财富也会 更好积累。但斯密从未认为市场可以脱离道德和同情心来理解，自利也不是自私，而是一个关心自身处境改善的天然动机。并且这一理论具有极 强的自由主义色彩，与文艺复兴以来对个体自由和人的理性的肯定一脉相承。市场参与者们不需要任何指令驱使——不需要上帝的意志，也不需 要强制命令，只要他理性地思考自己的利害得失（这是人性中自然的存在，不需要失去自己的尊严获得），按照自由意志进入市场，这只"看不见 的手"就会实现协作与合作 ...

读完麦克斯·班尼特的《智能简史：进化、AI与人脑的突破》（下简称《智能简史》），我的第一反应 是震撼。长期以来，我一直被本专业中的一些基础性问题困扰。这说明我的认知结构里存在重要的缺 口。这本书并没有完美地填补这些缺口，其实也没有任何一本书能做到，但它确实让我在继续思考这些 问题时，获得了全新的视角。 这本书初看起来和经济学、管理学没有什么关系。它是关于智能的，而且主要不是人工智能，而是人类 的智能，或者说人脑智能。更准确地说，它讨论的是人类智能的演进历程。 一个经济学家的困惑 毫不意外，这一研究范式遭到了各种各样的质疑。众多批评者中，就包括那本20世纪50年代开始便长盛 不衰的著名教科书《经济学》的作者、以天才自居的诺贝尔经济学奖得主保罗·萨缪尔森（Paul Samuelson）。 演化论的辩护与困境 无论这些批评如何尖锐，时至今日，经济学分析人类行为的主流范式，仍然以理性选择模型为基础。其 中有一个非常著名而有力的辩护，由阿兰·阿尔钦（Armen Alchian）和另一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主米尔 顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）在20世纪50年代早期分别给出。 这两篇被认为是奠定了20世纪主流 ...

Group 1 - The essence of business models revolves around how to make money and how to sustain that profitability [1] - The recommended books provide insights into understanding and developing effective business models for different stages of entrepreneurship and management [2][10] Group 2 - "Manager's Reference: Business Models and Business Thinking" is essential for foundational understanding and broadening perspectives on business models, emphasizing the underlying logic of survival and expansion [4] - "From Zero to One" focuses on innovation and the importance of finding unique paths rather than copying others, highlighting that many failures stem from poor initial direction [6] - "The Wealth of Nations" offers timeless insights into division of labor, value, and market laws, which are crucial for understanding the economic principles behind business models [8][9] - "12 Essential Readings for Entrepreneurs" stresses the critical nature of business models in the early stages of entrepreneurship, helping to avoid common pitfalls [10] - "Manager's Reference: Sales and Sales Management" illustrates the direct relationship between sales and business models, emphasizing that a solid model must translate into sustainable sales and cash flow [14]

Core Ideas - The article discusses the evolution of the concept of the free market, linking it to historical philosophical perspectives and the interplay between morality, government intervention, and economic systems [1][5][10]. Historical Context - The free market is not merely a transactional space but a complex interplay of human desires, ideologies, and historical conditions, as articulated by thinkers like Karl Polanyi [2]. - The philosophical roots of modern free market thought can be traced back to Marcus Tullius Cicero, who emphasized the moral and political dimensions of economic freedom [5][6]. Philosophical Perspectives - Cicero's vision of economic freedom was tied to a moral society where land ownership and virtuous behavior were essential for a stable market [5][6]. - The transition from Cicero's moral economy to a rigid philosophical stance on free markets is explored, highlighting concerns from economists like Mises and Friedman regarding government intervention [1][5]. Economic Evolution - The decline of Rome illustrated the necessity of state intervention to restore market order amidst societal collapse, challenging the notion of a self-regulating market [10][11]. - The emergence of commercial republics in 14th-century Europe marked a shift towards a more secular moral view of wealth, where hard work and profit were seen as virtues [11]. The Role of Government - Historical figures like Jean-Baptiste Colbert advocated for a balance between state intervention and market freedom, emphasizing the importance of a stable environment for trade [14][15]. - The article critiques the oversimplified view of free market proponents who dismiss the role of government, arguing that effective governance is crucial for market functionality [26][27]. Modern Implications - The article suggests that the ideal of a self-sustaining market is increasingly questioned in light of economic crises and growing inequality, indicating a need for a reevaluation of the relationship between government and market [26][27]. - It posits that a mixed economic model, incorporating both free market principles and government oversight, is more effective in addressing contemporary challenges [27][28].

Core Viewpoint - The articles highlight five essential economics books that are foundational for understanding economic principles and theories, emphasizing their historical significance and impact on the field of economics [1][3][5][8][9]. Group 1: Key Books and Their Contributions - "Economics" (19th Edition) by Paul Samuelson and William Nordhaus is a classic textbook that has sold over four million copies globally, significantly influencing generations of economists, particularly in China [1][3]. - "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith is regarded as a cornerstone of modern economics, introducing the concept of the "invisible hand" and is considered one of the greatest books in history [3][5]. - "The Theory of Economic Development" by Joseph Schumpeter is recognized for introducing the "innovation theory," linking innovation with economic development and cycles, and remains influential in contemporary economics [8][9]. - "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" by John Maynard Keynes is pivotal in macroeconomics, proposing the effective demand theory, which argues that insufficient demand leads to unemployment and economic downturns [9][11]. Group 2: Historical Context and Impact - The 19th edition of "Economics" incorporates contemporary economic data and discussions on monetary policy, economic growth, and inflation, reflecting the changes in the economic landscape [3]. - Adam Smith's "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" is noted for its moral framework that complements market economics, emphasizing the importance of equitable distribution of economic gains for social stability [5]. - Max Weber's "The Economic History" provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the world economy, particularly the origins of capitalism, and compares various economic systems [7].