Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [2] Core Insights - The company achieved record profits in Q3 2025, with revenue of 50.19 billion yuan, a year-over-year increase of 39.92% and a quarter-over-quarter increase of 12.62%. The net profit for Q3 was 10.35 billion yuan, reflecting a year-over-year growth of 46.25% and a quarter-over-quarter growth of 12.44% [6] - The strong demand in the AI sector, particularly for high-speed switches and AI servers, has significantly driven revenue and profit growth [7] - The company is expanding its high-end production capacity, with a total investment of approximately 4.3 billion yuan in AI chip-related PCB expansion projects, expected to start trial production in the second half of 2026 [8] Financial Summary - For the first three quarters of 2025, the company reported revenue of 135.12 billion yuan, a year-over-year increase of 49.96%, and a net profit of 27.18 billion yuan, a year-over-year increase of 47.03% [6] - The projected net profits for 2025, 2026, and 2027 are 39.26 billion yuan, 55.33 billion yuan, and 75.77 billion yuan respectively, with corresponding EPS of 2.04 yuan, 2.88 yuan, and 3.94 yuan [6] - The company's revenue is expected to grow significantly, with estimates of 190.30 billion yuan in 2025, 257.77 billion yuan in 2026, and 337.94 billion yuan in 2027, reflecting year-over-year growth rates of 42.6%, 35.5%, and 31.1% respectively [9]

Core Viewpoint - The A-share market has shown a significant recovery this year, with the Shanghai Composite Index surpassing 4000 points, reflecting strong investment interest from foreign public funds, including major players like Morgan Stanley and BlackRock [3] Foreign Fund Holdings - In the third quarter, six foreign public funds increased their stock holdings, with Allianz Fund and Schroders Fund showing remarkable growth rates of 77.10% and 82.03% respectively [5] - Morgan Chase Fund's asset scale reached 213.22 billion, holding 194 stocks with a total market value of approximately 756.73 billion [6] - Morgan Stanley Fund's asset scale was 270.04 billion, with a focus on sectors like pharmaceuticals and AI, achieving an average return of 140.35% for its top twenty holdings [9] Key Stock Performances - The top holdings of Morgan Chase Fund included CATL, which saw a price increase of 45.29% year-to-date, with a total holding value of 3.66 billion [7] - New Yi Sheng, a key stock for Morgan Stanley Fund, experienced a staggering increase of 255.27% this year [10] - The top three holdings of Manulife Fund were all in the computing power industry, with 19 out of 20 stocks showing significant price increases [12] Investment Trends - The recent optimization of the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) system is expected to attract more foreign capital into the Chinese market, enhancing liquidity [3] - BlackRock Fund has notably increased its holdings in CATL, with a total market value of approximately 2.11 billion [15] - Fidelity Fund emphasizes the growth potential of Chinese technology stocks, despite a more diversified current portfolio [20] Market Outlook - The outlook for the A-share market remains optimistic, with expectations of new highs as the market stabilizes [18] - Roadshow Fund has maintained its positions in traditional blue-chip stocks while also focusing on technology stocks [19]

元件 执业证书编号：S0740521120002 Email：wangfang02@zts.com.cn 执业证书编号：S0740524030001 Email：liubw@zts.com.cn | 基本状况 | | | --- | --- | | 总股本(百万股) | 1,923.98 | | 流通股本(百万股) | 1,922.43 | | 市价(元) | 80.00 | | 市值(百万元) | 153,918.67 | | 流通市值(百万元) | 153,794.43 | 1、《沪电股份：AI 需求旺盛 25H1 2025-08-22 度受益 AI 大趋势》2025-04-28 2025-03-26 沪电股份（002463.SZ） 证券研究报告/公司点评报告 2025 年 10 月 29 日 | 评级： | 买入（维持） | 公司盈利预测及估值 | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | 指标 | 2023A | | 2024A | 2025E | 2026E | 2027E | | 分析师：王芳 ...

Report Industry Investment Ratings No relevant content provided. Core Views of the Report - In the stock index market, recent Sino-US economic and trade talks have had a positive outcome. Technology remains the main market trend, and the policy supports the capital market. The medium - to - long - term strategy is to go long on dips [2][4]. - In the bond market, the central bank's restart of bond trading is positive for the bond market in the short term. In the fourth quarter, the bond market is affected by fundamentals, fund fee regulations, and institutional allocation. It is expected to oscillate and recover [7]. - In the precious metals market, the decline in precious metal prices is a "correction in the upward trend." It is recommended to maintain a long - term view and allocate long positions on dips [9]. - In the non - ferrous metals market, most non - ferrous metals are expected to oscillate strongly due to factors such as supply disruptions and positive market sentiment [12][14][17][19]. - In the black building materials market, the long - term upward logic of steel prices remains intact, but the short - term demand is weak. For black building materials, it is recommended to look for opportunities to rebound on dips [35][46]. - In the energy and chemical market, different products have different trends. For example, rubber is recommended to be temporarily observed, and oil is recommended to be low - bought and high - sold in a range [56][58]. - In the agricultural products market, different agricultural products have different trends. For example, the short - term pig price may rebound, but the medium - term is still under pressure [81]. Summary by Related Catalogs Macro - financial Category Stock Index - **Market Information**: The 14th Five - Year Plan proposes measures for key technology research, strategic investment plans in the US and Japan are announced, and some companies have good profit growth [2]. - **Strategy**: Pay attention to the Sino - US leaders' meeting at the end of the month. The technology sector is the main trend, and the medium - to - long - term strategy is to go long on dips [4]. Treasury Bonds - **Market Information**: Treasury bond futures prices change, the 14th Five - Year Plan focuses on boosting consumption, the Fed's interest - rate meeting is held, and the central bank conducts reverse repurchase operations [5][6]. - **Strategy**: The central bank's operation is positive for the bond market in the short term. The bond market is expected to oscillate and recover in the fourth quarter [7]. Precious Metals - **Market Information**: Gold and silver prices fluctuate, the Fed's interest - rate meeting is approaching, and there are discussions about gold reserves in the Philippines and South Korea [8][9]. - **Strategy**: The decline in precious metal prices is a correction. It is recommended to allocate long positions on dips [9]. Non - ferrous Metals Category Copper - **Market Information**: Copper prices first decline and then rise, LME and domestic inventories change, and the downstream procurement sentiment improves slightly [11]. - **Strategy**: Due to the expected interest - rate cut and tight supply, copper prices are expected to oscillate strongly [12]. Aluminum - **Market Information**: Aluminum prices rise, inventory and trading volume change, and the downstream procurement willingness is weak [13]. - **Strategy**: Supply disruptions and positive market sentiment are expected to drive aluminum prices to oscillate strongly [14]. Zinc - **Market Information**: Zinc prices decline slightly, inventory and basis change [15][16]. - **Strategy**: Due to factors such as inventory accumulation and structural risks, zinc prices are expected to oscillate strongly in the short term [17]. Lead - **Market Information**: Lead prices decline, inventory and basis change [18]. - **Strategy**: Due to factors such as inventory reduction and positive market sentiment, lead prices are expected to run strongly in the short term [19]. Nickel - **Market Information**: Nickel prices decline sharply, and the cost and supply - demand situation of nickel - related products change [20]. - **Strategy**: Short - term observation is recommended. If the price drops enough, long positions can be considered [22]. Tin - **Market Information**: Tin prices decline, inventory and supply - demand situation change [23]. - **Strategy**: Tin prices are expected to maintain high - level oscillations in the short term. It is recommended to observe [23]. Carbonate Lithium - **Market Information**: Carbonate lithium prices change, and the futures price declines slightly [24]. - **Strategy**: After continuous rises, the price is under pressure. Pay attention to supply elasticity and hedging pressure [25]. Alumina - **Market Information**: Alumina prices decline, inventory and basis change [26]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe in the short term, paying attention to supply - side policies and the Fed's monetary policy [28]. Stainless Steel - **Market Information**: Stainless steel prices decline, inventory and raw material prices change [29]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe due to weak demand and falling raw material prices [30]. Cast Aluminum Alloy - **Market Information**: Cast aluminum alloy prices decline, inventory and trading volume change [31]. - **Strategy**: Positive factors such as cost support and supply tightening are expected to support prices [32]. Black Building Materials Category Steel - **Market Information**: Steel prices change, and inventory and trading volume change [34]. - **Strategy**: The long - term upward logic of steel prices remains, but the short - term demand is weak. Pay attention to Sino - US talks [35]. Iron Ore - **Market Information**: Iron ore prices rise, and inventory and basis change [36]. - **Strategy**: The demand for iron ore weakens, and the price is under pressure. It is expected to oscillate [37][38]. Glass and Soda Ash - **Market Information**: Glass and soda ash prices change, and inventory and trading volume change [39][41]. - **Strategy**: Glass prices are expected to oscillate widely, and soda ash prices are expected to consolidate narrowly [40][41]. Manganese Silicon and Ferrosilicon - **Market Information**: Manganese silicon and ferrosilicon prices change, and the market is in an oscillating range [42]. - **Strategy**: They are likely to follow the black market. Pay attention to potential supply constraints [44][46]. Industrial Silicon and Polysilicon - **Market Information**: Industrial silicon and polysilicon prices change, and inventory and supply - demand situation change [47][49]. - **Strategy**: Industrial silicon is expected to oscillate in the short term, and polysilicon's supply - demand pattern may improve [48][50]. Energy and Chemical Category Rubber - **Market Information**: Rubber prices oscillate, and there are different views on supply and demand [52][53]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to close short - term long positions and observe. Partial hedging positions can be established [56]. Crude Oil - **Market Information**: Crude oil and refined oil prices rise, and inventory changes [57]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe in the short term and test OPEC's export - price support willingness [58]. Methanol - **Market Information**: Methanol prices change, and inventory and basis change [59]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe due to factors such as slow import unloading and high inventory [60]. Urea - **Market Information**: Urea prices change, and inventory and basis change [61]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe or consider long positions at low prices due to slow inventory accumulation and potential demand [63]. Pure Benzene and Styrene - **Market Information**: Pure benzene and styrene prices decline, and inventory and basis change [64]. - **Strategy**: Benzene prices may stop falling due to factors such as cost and inventory [65]. PVC - **Market Information**: PVC prices decline, and inventory and supply - demand situation change [66]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to short on rallies due to over - supply and weak demand [68]. Ethylene Glycol - **Market Information**: Ethylene glycol prices decline, and inventory and supply - demand situation change [69]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to short on rallies due to expected inventory accumulation [70]. PTA - **Market Information**: PTA prices change, and inventory and supply - demand situation change [71]. - **Strategy**: Pay attention to potential production - cut signals and their impact on processing fees and prices [72]. p - Xylene - **Market Information**: p - Xylene prices decline, and inventory and supply - demand situation change [73]. - **Strategy**: It mainly follows the oil price and is affected by PTA's production - cut expectations [74]. Polyethylene (PE) - **Market Information**: PE prices decline, and inventory and demand change [75]. - **Strategy**: It is expected to maintain low - level oscillations due to factors such as high inventory and cost support [76]. Polypropylene (PP) - **Market Information**: PP prices decline, and inventory and demand change [77]. - **Strategy**: Under the background of weak supply and demand, the price is under pressure due to high inventory [78]. Agricultural Products Category Live Pigs - **Market Information**: Pig prices rise, and there are differences in price trends in different regions [80]. - **Strategy**: Short - term rebound, medium - term short positions can be established on rallies [81]. Eggs - **Market Information**: Egg prices are mostly stable, and the market supply and demand are balanced [82]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe as the spot price has limited upward space [83]. Soybean and Rapeseed Meal - **Market Information**: CBOT soybean prices rise, and domestic soybean and meal inventories are high [84][85]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to short on rallies due to high inventory and loose supply [86]. Oils and Fats - **Market Information**: Oil prices decline, and palm oil production and export data change [87]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to observe and wait for clear production signals [88]. Sugar - **Market Information**: Sugar prices rebound, and import control policies change [89][90]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to short after the rebound weakens due to factors such as supply and import profit [91]. Cotton - **Market Information**: Cotton prices oscillate, and the downstream demand is weak [92]. - **Strategy**: The upward space of cotton prices is limited due to weak fundamentals [93].

Core Insights - The PCB industry is experiencing unprecedented growth opportunities driven by the surge in AI server demand and the unexpected recovery in traditional sectors [1][2] Demand Drivers - The resilience in PCB demand is attributed to a dual-driven model of emerging sectors' explosion and the recovery of traditional fields [2] - AI technology breakthroughs are pushing the industry into a "golden phase" of simultaneous volume and price increases [2] - AI server PCB demand is expected to significantly increase, with Nvidia's GB 200/300 NVL72 shipments projected to meet expectations by 2025, and Blackwell & Rubin series shipments potentially exceeding 50,000-60,000 units by 2026 [2][3] - The technical requirements for AI servers far exceed those of traditional servers, with high-layer count (HLC) and high-density interconnect (HDI) boards becoming core demands [2] Market Dynamics - UBS estimates that the single-unit PCB content for AI servers is 5-10 times higher than that of traditional servers, significantly driving the server PCB market [3] - The domestic AI chip and cluster solutions are accelerating the formation of a local AI server supply chain, benefiting companies like Shenzhen Circuits and Huitian Technology [3] - Traditional PCB demand is also recovering, contributing 70-80% of revenue from sectors like smartphones, PCs, and general servers [3] Sector-Specific Insights - The smartphone sector is benefiting from the unexpected shipment volume of the iPhone 17 series, with global smartphone shipment forecasts for 2025/26 raised to 1.26 billion and 1.27 billion units, reflecting year-on-year growth of 3% and 1% respectively [3] - The PC market is seeing a recovery driven by the replacement cycle following the end of Windows 10 support, with global PC shipment growth expected to exceed 4% in 2025/26 [3] - General server demand is notably resilient, with global shipments projected to grow by 8.6% and 8.0% in 2025/26, and hyperscale data center shipments expected to grow by 17.8% and 9.8% [4] Industry Chain Analysis - The PCB industry chain shows a concentration of value in upstream segments, with substrates and copper-clad laminates (CCL) being the most certain segments benefiting from AI demand [5] - BT substrates are experiencing high utilization rates due to the recovery in storage chip demand and supply shortages of key materials [7] - The price of BT substrates has increased by 30% this year, with further increases expected by year-end [8] - The high-speed CCL segment is seeing explosive demand driven by AI server upgrades, with prices expected to rise by 10-15% in the second half of 2025 [9] Company Profiles - Shenzhen Circuits: Covers major North American clients [10] - Huitian Technology: Main PCB supplier for Google and optical modules [11] - Shenghong Technology: Strong position with Nvidia and aggressive capacity expansion [12] - Sany Electronics: Significant orders from AWS leading to strong Q3 performance [13] - Sany Technology: Strong earnings certainty due to CCL price increases [14] - Dazhu CNC: Q3 performance exceeded expectations, reflecting PCB segment dynamics [15] - Ding Tai High-Tech: Facing process challenges due to high difficulty in Q fabric [16] - Zhongcai Technology: Expected to benefit from sustained PCB demand in the coming year [17] Conclusion - The Chinese PCB industry is entering a new upward cycle driven by AI, with upstream segments like substrates and CCL, along with leading companies in the AI server supply chain, being the primary beneficiaries [18]

Market Overview - The three major indices opened higher, with the Shanghai Composite Index at 3990.27 points, up 0.05%, the Shenzhen Component Index at 13484.01 points, up 0.40%, and the ChiNext Index at 3263.98 points, up 1.07% [1] Policy and Economic Development - The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China published suggestions for the 15th Five-Year Plan, emphasizing the cultivation of emerging industries and strategic sectors such as new energy, new materials, aerospace, and quantum technology [1] - The People's Bank of China reported on financial work, highlighting the need to prevent systemic financial risks and to strengthen the capital market [1] Industry Performance - The 11th batch of national drug centralized procurement included 55 commonly used drugs across various fields, indicating ongoing efforts in healthcare cost management [2] - Ganfeng Lithium reported a 364% year-on-year increase in net profit for Q3, driven by expanded sales [2] - Zhonghang Chengfei announced a net profit of 1.256 billion yuan for Q3, up 169.53% year-on-year [2] - Zhaoyi Innovation reported a net profit of 508 million yuan for Q3, a 61.13% increase year-on-year [2] - Huasheng Tiancai's Q3 net profit surged by 563.58% to 219 million yuan [2] - China Film's Q3 net profit reached 177 million yuan, up 1,463.17% year-on-year [2] - Shengyi Technology reported a net profit of 1.115 billion yuan for the first three quarters, a 498% increase [2] - Sungrow Power reported a net profit of 4.147 billion yuan for the first three quarters, up 57.04% year-on-year [2] - Huitian Technology announced a net profit of 2.718 billion yuan for the first three quarters, a 47.03% increase, benefiting from structural demand in AI [2] Corporate Developments - Lianqi Technology announced that its shareholders' combined stake fell below 5% [3] - Delong Huineng announced a change in its controlling shareholder and actual controller, leading to stock resumption [3] - Dahua Intelligent stated that it currently has no business related to quantum technology [4] International Market Trends - The U.S. Senate rejected a temporary funding bill, leading to a continued government shutdown [5] - U.S. stock indices collectively rose, with the Nasdaq up 0.8%, Dow Jones up 0.34%, and S&P 500 up 0.23% [5] - Nvidia's stock rose approximately 5%, nearing a market capitalization of $5 trillion [5] Technological Advancements - Eli Lilly announced the deployment of the world's largest and most powerful AI pharmaceutical factory, utilizing Nvidia's DGX supercluster [6] - Nvidia plans to ship 20 million Blackwell and Rubin GPUs, expecting a business scale of $500 billion over the next six quarters [7] - OpenAI reported a total investment of approximately $1.4 trillion for AI infrastructure construction [8] - Microsoft and OpenAI signed a new agreement to support OpenAI's capital restructuring, with Microsoft acquiring about 27% equity in OpenAI [8] - The U.S. Department of Energy announced collaborations with Nvidia and Oracle to build seven new AI supercomputers [9]

Core Viewpoint - The PCB industry is experiencing significant growth driven by the demand for high-end printed circuit boards (PCBs) due to the rise of AI and high-performance computing applications [2][4][9]. Financial Performance - Huada Empyrean reported Q3 revenue of 5.019 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 39.92%, and a net profit of 1.035 billion yuan, up 46.25% [2]. - Shenghong Technology achieved Q3 revenue of 5.086 billion yuan, a 78.95% increase, with a net profit of 1.102 billion yuan, up 260.52% [7]. - Shenyang Electronics reported Q3 revenue of 3.060 billion yuan, a 153.71% increase, and a net profit of 584 million yuan, up 545.95% [2]. Industry Trends - The average TTM price-to-earnings ratio for the PCB industry has reached 82.33, nearly four times that of the A-share market, indicating strong market optimism [4]. - The demand for high-end PCBs is expected to grow significantly, with AI server shipments projected to increase from 1.2 million units in 2023 to over 2.1 million units by 2025 [9]. R&D and Technological Advancements - Leading PCB companies are significantly increasing their R&D investments, with Huada Empyrean investing 792 million yuan (up 37.25%), Shenghong Technology 608 million yuan (up 84.43%), and Dazhu CNC 254 million yuan (up 45.21%) [10]. - The industry is moving towards higher layer counts and more precise manufacturing processes, driven by the requirements of AI applications [11]. Capacity Expansion - Huada Empyrean plans to invest approximately 4.3 billion yuan in new high-end PCB production facilities, expected to begin trial production in the second half of 2026 [12]. - Shenghong Technology is expanding its capacity for high-layer and high-density interconnect (HDI) boards, with plans to enhance production capabilities [11]. Market Dynamics - The AI boom is creating a competitive landscape where leading firms are rapidly expanding their production capabilities, potentially leading to market share battles among top companies [13]. - The supply-demand dynamics in the high-end PCB market may shift from a seller's market to a buyer's market as competition intensifies [13].

Core Insights - The PCB industry is experiencing significant growth driven by the demand for high-end printed circuit boards (PCBs) due to the rise of AI and high-performance computing [1][6][7] Financial Performance - Huadian Co. reported Q3 revenue of 5.019 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 39.92%, and a net profit of 1.035 billion yuan, up 46.25% [1] - Shenghong Technology achieved Q3 revenue of 5.086 billion yuan, a 78.95% increase, with a net profit of 1.102 billion yuan, up 260.52% [5] - Siny Electronic reported Q3 revenue of 3.060 billion yuan, a remarkable 153.71% increase, and a net profit of 584 million yuan, up 545.95% [1] Market Trends - The average TTM price-to-earnings ratio for the PCB industry has reached 82.33, nearly four times that of the A-share market, indicating strong market optimism [3] - The global AI server shipments are projected to exceed 2.1 million units by 2025, significantly boosting PCB demand [7] Industry Dynamics - The demand for high-layer and high-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs is increasing, with AI applications requiring more advanced technology and production capabilities [8][10] - Leading companies are ramping up R&D investments, with Huadian Co. investing 792 million yuan, a 37.25% increase, and Shenghong Technology investing 608 million yuan, up 84.43% [9] Competitive Landscape - The competition among PCB manufacturers is intensifying, with a focus on expanding high-layer PCB production capabilities [10][11] - Companies like Shenghong Technology and Siny Electronic are actively expanding their production capacity to meet the growing demand for high-end PCBs [10][11]

Core Insights - The AI computing sector has seen significant returns for heavily invested funds this year, leading to a divergence in investment strategies among fund managers [1][2] - Notable fund managers are adjusting their portfolios within the AI computing chain, with some reducing holdings in high-performing optical modules while increasing positions in PCB and AI application sectors [2][3] Fund Manager Adjustments - Fund managers like Jin Zicai from Caitong Fund have significantly increased their holdings in PCB-related companies such as Shenzhen South Circuit and Shengyi Technology, while reducing positions in leading optical module firms like NewEase and Zhongji Xuchuang [2][4] - The China Europe Digital Economy Fund, managed by Feng Ludan, has made more substantial adjustments, reducing exposure to optical modules and PCB while increasing investments in AI application stocks like Alibaba and Tencent [3][4] Long-term Outlook on AI Infrastructure - Despite the adjustments, there remains a consensus among fund managers regarding the long-term potential of AI infrastructure, with expectations of increased demand for computing power in the coming years [4][5] - Jin Zicai emphasized that the growth certainty of overseas AI has improved, predicting faster growth in computing demand for 2026 and 2027 [4] Investment Risks and Valuation Concerns - While acknowledging the long-term value of the AI computing sector, fund managers have also highlighted the risks associated with high valuations following significant price increases [7] - Concerns have been raised about the sustainability of past performance as the AI sector's overall valuation is no longer at a low level, with some stocks reflecting overly optimistic growth expectations [7]

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant adjustments made by various fund managers in their portfolios during the third quarter, particularly focusing on sectors like PCB and AI computing [1][2][3]. Group 1: Fund Manager Adjustments - Notable fund managers such as Fu Pengbo and Xie Zhiyu increased their stakes in PCB leader Dongshan Precision, while Mo Haibo reduced his holdings in optical modules and shifted focus to the robotics industry [1][2]. - The top ten shareholders of Dongshan Precision now include prominent fund managers, indicating a strong interest in this stock [2]. - The "champion fund" Yongying Technology Smart Selection has seen a year-to-date return exceeding 200%, with significant increases in holdings of key stocks in the PCB and optical module sectors [3][6]. Group 2: Sector Focus and Performance - The article emphasizes the growing preference for AI computing and related sectors among fund managers, with Yongying Technology Smart Selection heavily investing in this area since the second quarter [3][4]. - Mo Haibo's fund continues to favor AI and coal sectors, highlighting the potential for substantial growth in domestic computing capabilities [9]. - The performance of funds focused on AI computing has attracted considerable net subscription funds, reflecting investor confidence in this sector [9][10]. Group 3: Market Outlook - Fund managers express confidence in the A-share market, citing favorable domestic fiscal and monetary policies, which may lead to increased asset allocation towards equities [8]. - The article notes that despite external uncertainties, the market may continue to trend upwards, supported by a release of trading sentiment and pressure in certain sectors [8]. - The long-term growth potential of the cloud computing industry is acknowledged, with caution advised against assuming past performance will predict future results [10].