Core Viewpoint - The article argues that the U.S. government's initiation of a tariff war is detrimental to economic globalization and exacerbates geopolitical tensions, reminiscent of the international environment before the rise of fascism in the 1930s [1][3]. Historical Context - The article draws parallels between the current tariff policies and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which aimed to protect jobs and farmers by raising tariffs on imports. Despite opposition from over 1,000 economists, the act was signed into law, leading to a significant reduction in U.S. imports and exports during the Great Depression [3][4]. - The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act is cited as a misguided response to an economic crisis, which, while achieving short-term effects, ultimately resulted in greater long-term losses for the U.S. economy and contributed to global instability [4]. Current Tariff Wars - The first round of the current tariff war targets Canada, Mexico, and China, affecting goods worth $1.4 trillion. The second round, characterized by "reciprocal tariffs," is seen as a unilateral approach fraught with flaws and miscalculations [5][6]. - The U.S. administration claims that countries are eager to negotiate, but the reality is that the "reciprocal tariffs" have led to retaliatory measures, escalating into a third round of tariffs [6]. Economic Implications - While short-term coercive measures may yield significant financial contributions to the U.S. economy, the long-term consequences are expected to be severe, undermining globalization and eroding the rules-based international trade system [6]. - The article highlights that economic globalization has historically facilitated trade, investment, and the movement of people, contributing to the rise of major economies like China and India. However, the trend of de-globalization in the late 2010s has led to a slowdown in growth for emerging economies [6].

Group 1 - The 25th anniversary of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation marks significant achievements in China-Africa collaboration, establishing a model for global South-South cooperation [1] - The relationship between China and Africa has reached its historical peak, with the overall positioning elevated to a "new era of all-weather China-Africa community of shared future" [1] - The trade volume between China and Africa is expected to approach $300 billion in 2024, with China maintaining its position as Africa's largest trading partner for 16 consecutive years [2] Group 2 - China has significantly contributed to Africa's infrastructure development, building nearly 100,000 kilometers of roads, over 10,000 kilometers of railways, nearly 1,000 bridges, and close to 100 ports, which has facilitated Africa's industrialization and modernization [3] - The cooperation is driven by Africa's needs, prompting other countries to consider African demands in their partnerships [3] - China has been a sincere friend to Africa, supporting debt relief initiatives and actively participating in the G20's debt suspension initiative for the poorest countries [3] Group 3 - The current global economic climate is affected by unilateralism and protectionism, which pose challenges to multilateral trade systems [4] - China and Africa, as important members of the global South, should jointly defend true multilateralism and maintain an open and inclusive multilateral trade system [4]

Core Viewpoint - Tariffs have re-emerged as a focal point in global economic and trade policies, particularly due to the rise of trade protectionism in the U.S. and the reevaluation of tariff policies by multiple countries amid geopolitical conflicts and fiscal pressures [5]. Summary by Sections Origin and Characteristics of Tariffs - Historically, tariffs originated as a form of transit fee for cross-border goods, primarily aimed at controlling the movement of people and goods, rather than for fiscal purposes [7]. - Tariffs have evolved from being a minor component of national fiscal systems to a crucial tool for economic intervention and revenue generation, especially since the 16th century with the rise of international trade [8][11]. Functions of Tariffs - Tariffs serve three main functions: revenue generation, protection of domestic industries, and economic regulation [11]. - The role of tariffs has shifted over time, influenced by economic development and prevailing economic ideologies, with their revenue-generating function becoming less significant in developed countries [12][19]. Evolution of Tariff Systems - The evolution of global tariff systems can be divided into five main stages from the 16th century to the present, reflecting changes in economic thought and development levels [13][14]. - **First Stage (16th-18th Century)**: Mercantilism dominated, with tariffs primarily used for revenue collection [15]. - **Second Stage (19th Century)**: The rise of free trade theories led to a reduction in tariffs in industrialized nations, while developing countries continued to rely on tariffs for revenue and protection [16]. - **Third Stage (Early 20th Century)**: Protectionism surged post-World War I, reinforcing tariffs as tools for revenue and industry protection [17]. - **Fourth Stage (Post-WWII to 2017)**: Establishment of a global free trade system led to a general decline in tariffs and a shift towards income and consumption taxes as primary revenue sources [18]. - **Fifth Stage (2018-Present)**: A resurgence of protectionism, particularly in the U.S., has seen tariffs used again for industry protection and economic regulation [19]. Dependency on Tariff Revenue - Global economies can be categorized based on their dependency on tariff revenue, with developed economies generally showing low dependency (below 3%), while some developing economies exhibit medium (3%-5%) or high dependency (over 5%) [20][23][26]. - Countries like Japan, Canada, and the U.S. have low tariff revenue contributions to their overall fiscal income, while nations like the Philippines show a high reliance on tariffs due to weaker tax systems [23][28].

Core Points - The event commemorated the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War [1] - The Chinese Consul General emphasized China's significant contribution to the victory in the global anti-fascist struggle, highlighting the long duration and early start of the Chinese resistance [1] - The event underscored the importance of international cooperation and dialogue in addressing global challenges and maintaining peace [1] Summary of Related Content - The photo exhibition showcased dozens of images reflecting the struggles of the Chinese people against Japanese invaders, open to the public until September 30 [2]

Core Viewpoint - The meeting between Wang Yi and Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh emphasizes the importance of strengthening economic ties between China and Vietnam while opposing unilateralism and protectionism [1] Economic Cooperation - China and Vietnam have close economic ties, with a mutual commitment to oppose unilateralism and protectionism, and to uphold free trade rules and the international trade system [1] - China supports Vietnam in building an independent and self-reliant economic system and encourages Chinese enterprises to invest in Vietnam [1] Emerging Fields of Collaboration - Both parties aim to expand cooperation in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence, digital economy, and commercial aircraft [1] - China is willing to facilitate the export of Vietnamese agricultural products to China and assist in establishing trade promotion agencies in China [1] Business Environment - China hopes that Vietnam will provide a favorable business environment for Chinese enterprises [1] Cultural Exchange - The two sides plan to successfully conduct activities commemorating the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations and the "China-Vietnam Cultural Exchange Year," including a "Red Study Tour" for Vietnamese youth in China [1]

Core Viewpoint - The phone call between Chinese President Xi Jinping and Brazilian President Lula highlights the strengthening of China-Brazil relations, emphasizing mutual cooperation and the importance of multilateralism in addressing global challenges [1] Group 1: China-Brazil Relations - Xi Jinping stated that China-Brazil relations are at their historical best, with successful progress in building a community of shared destiny and aligning development strategies [1] - Both leaders expressed a commitment to enhancing cooperation and achieving more mutually beneficial outcomes, aiming to set an example of solidarity among major developing countries [1] Group 2: Multilateralism and Global Challenges - Lula praised China's commitment to multilateralism and its responsible role in international affairs, expressing Brazil's desire to strengthen communication within BRICS and oppose unilateral actions [1] - Xi Jinping reiterated support for Brazil in defending its sovereignty and emphasized the need for countries to unite against unilateralism and protectionism [1] - The BRICS mechanism is highlighted as an important platform for consolidating the consensus of global South countries, with a focus on maintaining international fairness and justice [1]

【纠错】 【责任编辑:吴京泽】 中方重申，贸易战没有赢家，保护主义没有出路。施压和威胁不是同中方打交道的正确方式。中方 敦促美方立即纠正错误做法，取消所有对华单边关税措施，停止对华经贸打压，与中方在相互尊重的基 础上，通过平等对话妥善解决分歧。 中方注意到，美东时间4月7日，美方威胁进一步对华加征50%关税，中方对此坚决反对。如果美方 升级关税措施落地，中方将坚决采取反制措施维护自身权益。 美方对华加征所谓"对等关税"毫无根据，是典型的单边霸凌做法，中方已经采取的反制措施是为了 维护自身主权安全发展利益，维护正常的国际贸易秩序，完全是正当之举。美方威胁升级对华关税，是 错上加错，再次暴露了美方的讹诈本质，中方对此绝不接受。如果美方一意孤行，中方必将奉陪到底。 ...

Core Points - The relationship between China and Brazil is at its historical best, with positive progress in building a community of shared destiny and aligning development strategies [1] - Both countries aim to strengthen cooperation and create more mutually beneficial outcomes, setting an example for solidarity among global South countries [1] - Brazil emphasizes the importance of its relationship with China and seeks to deepen strategic alignment and cooperation [1] Summary by Sections - **China-Brazil Relations** - Xi Jinping highlighted the current peak in China-Brazil relations and the successful start of their community of shared destiny [1] - Both nations are committed to seizing opportunities for enhanced cooperation and mutual benefits [1] - **Brazil's Position** - Lula expressed Brazil's high regard for its relationship with China and the desire to strengthen cooperation [1] - He also discussed Brazil's relationship with the United States and reaffirmed Brazil's commitment to maintaining its sovereignty [1] - **Multilateral Cooperation** - Both leaders agreed on the importance of multilateralism and the need to oppose unilateralism and protectionism [1] - They emphasized the role of the BRICS mechanism in fostering consensus among global South countries [1] - **Global Challenges** - China and Brazil aim to jointly address global challenges, including ensuring the success of the UN climate change conference and promoting political solutions to the Ukraine crisis [1]

Core Viewpoint - The article argues that the ultimate winner of the tariff war is China, despite the U.S. government's claims of success in generating revenue through tariffs [3][15]. Group 1: Economic Impact on the U.S. - The high tariffs imposed by the Trump administration have led to skyrocketing prices for raw materials like steel and semiconductors, forcing U.S. factories to cut production and resulting in a decline in product quality [7]. - U.S. allies are shifting their trade partnerships towards China, with Brazil signing a multi-billion dollar soybean deal with China and India accelerating trade with Russia [7]. - Retail giants like Walmart and Best Buy are facing increased costs, contributing to a rise in inflation to 2.9%, which is straining consumers' finances [7]. Group 2: China's Economic Resilience - China's total import and export volume reached 25.7 trillion yuan in the first seven months of 2025, marking a 3.5% increase, with exports to Belt and Road Initiative countries soaring by 8.7% [11]. - Many U.S. companies are relocating their production lines to China to avoid tariffs, benefiting from China's robust textile industry infrastructure [11]. - Chinese e-commerce platforms like Taobao and Dunhuang.com are gaining international traction as affected businesses and consumers turn to them [11]. Group 3: Global Reactions and Trends - India and Brazil have strongly opposed Trump's tariff policies, with India's government prioritizing farmers' interests and Brazil filing a complaint with the WTO [13]. - The U.S. manufacturing PMI has dropped to 48%, while China's remains above 50%, indicating a stark contrast in economic health [15]. - The article concludes that unilateralism and protectionism will backfire in the changing global economic landscape, with China emerging as the biggest winner due to its flexible economic strategies and strong industrial chain [15].

商务部发言人指出，美方做法"违反国际经贸规则，沦为世界经济史上的笑话"；外交部发言人强调"关税战由美方挑起， 中方不愿打但绝不退缩"。国务院关税税则委员会公告，自4月10日同步将原产于美国的进口商品关税税率从84%上调至 125%，实现严格对等反制。公告特别说明：鉴于当前税率下美商品已无对华出口可行性，若美方继续加码，中方将不予 跟进税率竞赛——既展现强硬底线，亦为谈判预留理性空间。 据智通财经报道2025年4月10日，美国政府宣布将对中国输美商品的"对等关税"税率从84%大幅提高至125%，叠加此前已 生效的20%芬太尼相关附加关税，部分商品实际税负率突破145%历史峰值。美方声称此举旨在"纠正贸易失衡"，但此举 背离WTO规则、脱离市场逻辑，本质是将关税异化为政治胁迫工具。 智库测算显示，若3000亿美元中国商品关税全面实施，美国将流失超200万就业岗位（农业、零售、制造业首当其冲）。 中西部农场主担忧农产品对华出口中断；大型零售商警告终端消费者将承担超125%税负转嫁成本。耶鲁实验室研究表 明，他国反制情境下，美方关税推高美国个人消费支出价格指数（PCE）涨幅扩大2.1%，加剧通胀失控风险。彼得森研 究 ...