Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the recent developments in U.S.-China trade relations, particularly focusing on President Trump's request for China to increase soybean imports from the U.S. by four times, amidst ongoing tariff negotiations and trade tensions [1][3]. Group 1: U.S.-China Soybean Trade Dynamics - Trump requested China to increase soybean imports from the U.S. to address a supply gap and reduce the trade deficit, framing it as a win-win situation [1][3]. - In 2016, China imported 40% of its soybeans from the U.S., but this figure dropped to 21% by 2024 due to deteriorating U.S.-China relations and retaliatory tariffs [3][5]. - The U.S. imposed a 10% tariff on Chinese goods citing the "fentanyl" issue, leading China to retaliate with tariffs on U.S. agricultural products, further diminishing soybean trade [3][5]. Group 2: China's Import Preferences - If China were to increase U.S. soybean imports as Trump suggested, over 80% of its soybean imports would come from the U.S., contradicting its risk diversification strategy [5]. - The cost of Brazilian soybeans is approximately 15% lower than U.S. soybeans post-tariff, making Brazil a more attractive supplier for China [5]. - Brazil's President Lula reached out to China to reinforce cooperation and express concerns over the potential impact of U.S. soybean imports on Brazil's market position [5][7]. Group 3: China-Brazil Relations - China expressed support for Brazil in its trade disputes with the U.S., emphasizing the need for countries to unite against unilateralism and protectionism [7]. - The collaboration between China and Brazil is positioned as a counterbalance to U.S. trade policies, with both countries advocating for mutual interests in the agricultural sector [7].

【文/观察者网 潘昱辰 编辑/高莘】"全球70%的电动车都是中国制造的，而中国生产的电动车远远优于 西方生产的。"今年6月，福特汽车首席执行官（CEO）吉姆·法利的一番感慨引发全球舆论强烈关注。 法利还表示，此事让他自惭形秽。 据《经济学人》8月21日报道，中国已成为全球最大规模的可再生能源产业供应者，除电动汽车外，去 年还贡献全球一半以上的太阳能和风能设备增长，并且在中国产品的带动下，全球南方可再生能源产业 也在如火如荼地发展着。 据国际能源署（IEA）估计，去年非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲发展中国家的电动汽车销量增长了60%。 随着 中国电动汽车涌入新兴市场，在过去的一年里，土耳其的电动汽车销量增长两倍多，本土电动品牌 Togg也很受欢迎，目前占所有汽车销量的27%。 无独有偶，去年尼泊尔进口的汽车中有70%以上是电动汽车；在埃塞俄比亚全面禁止销售燃油车后，该 国销售的新车中约有60%是电池驱动的；在当地汽车制造商VinFast的推动下，过去一年越南的电动汽车 销量也翻一番。 在新兴市场，目前中国电动汽车的价格和传统汽车一样便宜，甚至在一些地区价格更低。国际能源署估 计，去年中国电动汽车在泰国的平均售价约为3万美 ...

智通财经APP获悉，加拿大总理马克·卡尼周五在与内阁会晤后宣布，加拿大将取消对大部分符合《美 墨加协定》(USMCA)条款的美国产品征收的报复性关税，以缓和与白宫的紧张关系。 自9月1日起，来自美国的大范围消费品若符合USMCA规则，将不再被征收25%的进口关税。不过，加 拿大将继续对美国钢铁、铝产品及汽车征收25%的关税，这些行业此前均遭到美国总统特朗普政府加征 关税。 卡尼表示，此举旨在为即将展开的USMCA审查做准备。他在渥太华的新闻发布会上强调："加拿大和美 国已经恢复了绝大多数商品的自由贸易。我们将继续保留对钢铁、铝材及汽车的关税，并与美方密集磋 商以解决相关分歧。" 加拿大是少数迅速对美国保护主义举措采取报复行动的国家之一，这曾引发特朗普及美国商务部长卢特 尼克的不满。据知情人士透露，美方在谈判中多次敦促加拿大撤销反制关税，认为这是全面谈判的障 碍，而美方并未在此过程中做出任何实质性让步。 根据加拿大帝国商业银行首席经济学家Avery Shenfeld的分析，反制关税并未显著推高加拿大通胀，也 未能阻止特朗普政府加征关税，但若撤销关税有助于换取美方在对加商品关税上的让步，加拿大或能从 中获益。 数 ...

Group 1 - Europe should deepen cooperation with China in areas such as green transition, technological innovation, digital economy, and industrial upgrading to build a more resilient autonomous development capability and promote a more balanced multipolar structure [1][3] - The U.S. unilateral tariff measures will directly impact European exports, leading to continuous outflow of industrial capital to the U.S. market, resulting in job losses and a decline in domestic demand, accelerating Europe's deindustrialization process [3] Group 2 - China has the confidence and capability to respond to U.S. unilateral tariff measures, with a rising proportion of exports to markets outside the U.S. and a booming domestic consumption market [2] - China's strategic ability to safeguard national interests is strengthened, focusing on self-innovation and expanding consumption demand while promoting agricultural modernization and urban-rural integration [2]

Core Viewpoint - The article argues that the U.S. government's initiation of a tariff war is detrimental to economic globalization and exacerbates geopolitical tensions, reminiscent of the international environment before the rise of fascism in the 1930s [1][3]. Historical Context - The article draws parallels between the current tariff policies and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which aimed to protect jobs and farmers by raising tariffs on imports. Despite opposition from over 1,000 economists, the act was signed into law, leading to a significant reduction in U.S. imports and exports during the Great Depression [3][4]. - The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act is cited as a misguided response to an economic crisis, which, while achieving short-term effects, ultimately resulted in greater long-term losses for the U.S. economy and contributed to global instability [4]. Current Tariff Wars - The first round of the current tariff war targets Canada, Mexico, and China, affecting goods worth $1.4 trillion. The second round, characterized by "reciprocal tariffs," is seen as a unilateral approach fraught with flaws and miscalculations [5][6]. - The U.S. administration claims that countries are eager to negotiate, but the reality is that the "reciprocal tariffs" have led to retaliatory measures, escalating into a third round of tariffs [6]. Economic Implications - While short-term coercive measures may yield significant financial contributions to the U.S. economy, the long-term consequences are expected to be severe, undermining globalization and eroding the rules-based international trade system [6]. - The article highlights that economic globalization has historically facilitated trade, investment, and the movement of people, contributing to the rise of major economies like China and India. However, the trend of de-globalization in the late 2010s has led to a slowdown in growth for emerging economies [6].

Core Viewpoint - Tariffs have re-emerged as a focal point in global economic and trade policies, particularly due to the rise of trade protectionism in the U.S. and the reevaluation of tariff policies by multiple countries amid geopolitical conflicts and fiscal pressures [5]. Summary by Sections Origin and Characteristics of Tariffs - Historically, tariffs originated as a form of transit fee for cross-border goods, primarily aimed at controlling the movement of people and goods, rather than for fiscal purposes [7]. - Tariffs have evolved from being a minor component of national fiscal systems to a crucial tool for economic intervention and revenue generation, especially since the 16th century with the rise of international trade [8][11]. Functions of Tariffs - Tariffs serve three main functions: revenue generation, protection of domestic industries, and economic regulation [11]. - The role of tariffs has shifted over time, influenced by economic development and prevailing economic ideologies, with their revenue-generating function becoming less significant in developed countries [12][19]. Evolution of Tariff Systems - The evolution of global tariff systems can be divided into five main stages from the 16th century to the present, reflecting changes in economic thought and development levels [13][14]. - **First Stage (16th-18th Century)**: Mercantilism dominated, with tariffs primarily used for revenue collection [15]. - **Second Stage (19th Century)**: The rise of free trade theories led to a reduction in tariffs in industrialized nations, while developing countries continued to rely on tariffs for revenue and protection [16]. - **Third Stage (Early 20th Century)**: Protectionism surged post-World War I, reinforcing tariffs as tools for revenue and industry protection [17]. - **Fourth Stage (Post-WWII to 2017)**: Establishment of a global free trade system led to a general decline in tariffs and a shift towards income and consumption taxes as primary revenue sources [18]. - **Fifth Stage (2018-Present)**: A resurgence of protectionism, particularly in the U.S., has seen tariffs used again for industry protection and economic regulation [19]. Dependency on Tariff Revenue - Global economies can be categorized based on their dependency on tariff revenue, with developed economies generally showing low dependency (below 3%), while some developing economies exhibit medium (3%-5%) or high dependency (over 5%) [20][23][26]. - Countries like Japan, Canada, and the U.S. have low tariff revenue contributions to their overall fiscal income, while nations like the Philippines show a high reliance on tariffs due to weaker tax systems [23][28].

新华社开普敦8月16日电（记者王雷 王晓梅）中国驻开普敦总领馆15日在位于南非立法首都开普敦的 好望城堡举办纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年招待会暨图片展，南非政商学各界 人士、媒体代表、华侨华人等出席。 中国驻开普敦总领事尤文泽在招待会上发表致辞说，80年前，中国人民经过长达14年艰苦卓绝的浴血奋 战，取得了抗日战争的伟大胜利。作为世界反法西斯战争的重要组成部分，中国人民抗日战争开始时间 最早、持续时间最长，为世界反法西斯战争胜利作出了不可磨灭的重大贡献。 尤文泽说，80年后的今天，百年变局加速演进，单边主义、保护主义、强权霸凌行径带来严峻挑战，世 界又一次站在关键十字路口。二战的惨痛教训告诫我们，人类是休戚与共的命运共同体，唯有守望相 助、合作共赢才能破解全球发展难题、应对国际安全挑战。 南非国民议会事务主席塞德里克·弗罗利克说，持久的全球和平只能通过有原则的外交来建立，而非武 力或胁迫。在缅怀反法西斯、反侵略和反帝国主义斗争中牺牲的人们的同时，我们也应再次承诺维护和 平与国际合作，捍卫所有国家的主权与尊严，通过有意义的对话、相互包容与和相互尊重来解决冲突。 本次图片展展出数十幅图片，集 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article argues that the ultimate winner of the tariff war is China, despite the U.S. government's claims of success in generating revenue through tariffs [3][15]. Group 1: Economic Impact on the U.S. - The high tariffs imposed by the Trump administration have led to skyrocketing prices for raw materials like steel and semiconductors, forcing U.S. factories to cut production and resulting in a decline in product quality [7]. - U.S. allies are shifting their trade partnerships towards China, with Brazil signing a multi-billion dollar soybean deal with China and India accelerating trade with Russia [7]. - Retail giants like Walmart and Best Buy are facing increased costs, contributing to a rise in inflation to 2.9%, which is straining consumers' finances [7]. Group 2: China's Economic Resilience - China's total import and export volume reached 25.7 trillion yuan in the first seven months of 2025, marking a 3.5% increase, with exports to Belt and Road Initiative countries soaring by 8.7% [11]. - Many U.S. companies are relocating their production lines to China to avoid tariffs, benefiting from China's robust textile industry infrastructure [11]. - Chinese e-commerce platforms like Taobao and Dunhuang.com are gaining international traction as affected businesses and consumers turn to them [11]. Group 3: Global Reactions and Trends - India and Brazil have strongly opposed Trump's tariff policies, with India's government prioritizing farmers' interests and Brazil filing a complaint with the WTO [13]. - The U.S. manufacturing PMI has dropped to 48%, while China's remains above 50%, indicating a stark contrast in economic health [15]. - The article concludes that unilateralism and protectionism will backfire in the changing global economic landscape, with China emerging as the biggest winner due to its flexible economic strategies and strong industrial chain [15].

特朗普最近为美国争取了大量投资，却不料遭遇了"背刺"，让他此刻的笑容完全消失。7月31日，特朗普向全球超过一百个国家发布了新的关税清单，尤其 是日本、韩国和欧盟等传统盟友，它们在关税压力面前纷纷选择妥协，举起白旗投降。为了进一步施压，特朗普要求欧盟和韩国签署大额的能源采购合同， 迫使它们购买更多的美国能源，这成为了除了对美国制造业投资之外的又一"强制条款"，再次暴露了其不平等的贸易政策。 特朗普对于自己的关税政策极为自信，认为这将大大增加美国的财政收入，成为他继续推行全球贸易改革的强大支持。随着8月1日美国新关税的正式实施， 关税税率最高达到了41%，对那些对美贸易顺差的国家，最低也征收10%的关税。这成为近百年来美国最高的进口商品关税。特朗普深知，短期内这种关税 政策能够缓解美国财政的压力，但从长远来看，美国国内的通胀问题会愈发严重。 然而，事实很快就证明了特朗普关税政策的副作用。8月1日，美国劳工部发布的数据显示，7月非农就业人数急剧下降，失业率出现回升，证明美国经济的 脆弱性。特别是中小型企业在高关税和移民政策的双重压力下，利润严重下滑。当天，美国股市也迎来了剧烈波动，道琼斯工业指数下跌了0.74%，标 ...

近日，美国对多个贸易伙伴加征的新一轮关税正式生效。根据总统特朗普签署的行政令，数十个国家和 地区被征收10%-50%不等税率，将美国整体关税水平推至1935年以来的最高点。这种破坏性贸易战的恶 果正在显现，美国企业运营成本上升，通胀持续攀升，广大消费者面临更高的商品价格，美国民众正为 政府的单边主义政策买单。 美国试图以关税为工具对外施压，以牺牲他国利益换取自身短期优势，体现出明显的单边主义和经济霸 权思维。这种做法不仅破坏多边贸易体系的稳定，也激化了国际社会的不信任和对立情绪。所谓"重塑 全球贸易规则"，实则是借保护主义之名行经济殖民之实，意在构建一个服务于自身霸权的单边体系。 此举破坏全球产业链合作，动摇了国际合作信任，最终也将反噬美国自身。 （文章来源：中国新闻网） ...