作为中国普惠金融体系的核心工具，普惠小微贷款正站在"保量、稳价、优结构"的高质量发展关口。回望过去十数年，从政策启动到市场培育，再到如今的 规范发展，普惠小微贷款不仅实现了规模的跨越式增长，更成为衔接金融资源与实体经济的关键纽带。从"融资难"到"融资易"，从"高成本"到"低成本"， 从"广覆盖"到"高质量"，普惠小微贷款的发展轨迹，正是中国金融体系向实体经济回归的缩影，在高质量发展的道路上，普惠金融的故事仍在续写。 36万亿贷款余额 "这家企业三年前还是首贷客户，这次申请的续贷将全部用于新生产线采购。"在北京一国有银行普惠金融部办公室内，一位客户经理正对着电脑屏幕梳理一 家小微企业的续贷材料，类似的场景，每天都在全国各地的银行网点中不断上演。 为破解这一难题，在普惠小微金融服务路径中，中国人民银行2014年设立支小再贷款，十余年来多次下调再贷款利率，创设两项直达工具、减息支持工具、 普惠小微贷款支持工具等，实现对小微企业的精准滴灌。 政策红利持续释放下，小微企业融资成本显著下降，2025年6月，新发放的普惠小微企业贷款利率为3.48%，较贷款市场报价利率（LPR）改革前下降超过2 个百分点。国有银行和股份制银 ...

Core Insights - China's inclusive finance has evolved from a historical leap of "from nothing to something" to a focus on "precision" and "quality" in the next decade, addressing challenges such as customer homogeneity and rising risk control costs [1][3][10] Development and Achievements - The balance of inclusive loans for small and micro enterprises reached 36.5 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.1%, more than double the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan [3][4] - Financial services have expanded to rural areas, achieving nearly 100% coverage of insurance services in towns and villages [5][10] - The concept of inclusive finance was officially proposed in 2013, aiming to provide financial services to underserved groups [4][10] Challenges and Market Dynamics - The transition from a "blue ocean" to a "red ocean" market has led to increased competition among financial institutions, with challenges such as customer homogeneity and rising acquisition costs [10][12] - Banks face difficulties in identifying new clients, particularly in rural areas where small businesses often lack collateral [10][12] - The insurance sector struggles with accurately pricing inclusive health insurance products for low-income groups [11][12] Future Directions - The next decade will focus on enhancing the quality of inclusive finance, with an emphasis on creating a high-level inclusive financial system that supports common prosperity [13][14] - A new coordination mechanism for supporting small and micro enterprises is being established to improve financial service accessibility [14][15] - Financial institutions are encouraged to innovate and develop tailored financial products for specific groups, enhancing service delivery through digital transformation [15][16]

作为中国普惠金融体系的核心工具，普惠小微贷款正站在"保量、稳价、优结构"的高质量发展关口。回望过去十数年，从政策启动到市场培育，再到如今的 规范发展，普惠小微贷款不仅实现了规模的跨越式增长，更成为衔接金融资源与实体经济的关键纽带。从"融资难"到"融资易"，从"高成本"到"低成本"， 从"广覆盖"到"高质量"，普惠小微贷款的发展轨迹，正是中国金融体系向实体经济回归的缩影，在高质量发展的道路上，普惠金融的故事仍在续写。 36万亿贷款余额 "这家企业三年前还是首贷客户，这次申请的续贷将全部用于新生产线采购。"在北京一国有银行普惠金融部办公室内，一位客户经理正对着电脑屏幕梳理一 家小微企业的续贷材料，类似的场景，每天都在全国各地的银行网点中不断上演。 国家金融监督管理总局最新数据显示，截至2025年三季度末，银行业金融机构普惠型小微企业贷款余额达36.5万亿元，同比增长12.1%。这一数字背后，是 普惠小微贷款作为核心工具，破解小微企业融资困境的生动实践。 亮眼的成果并非一蹴而就，将时间回拨至2010年，彼时，银行业普遍存在"重大轻小"的倾向，小微企业因单体规模小、抗风险能力弱、财务信息不规范等问 题，长期被排除在主 ...

Core Insights - China's inclusive finance has evolved from a historical leap of "from nothing to something" to a focus on "precision" and "quality" in the next decade, with challenges such as customer homogeneity and rising risk control costs [1][12] - The development of inclusive finance has been marked by policy breakthroughs, technological empowerment, and service expansion, reaching rural areas and enhancing financial services beyond just credit [4][6] Group 1: Development Achievements - As of Q3 2025, the balance of inclusive loans for small and micro enterprises reached 36.5 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.1%, more than double the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan [5] - The average interest rate for newly issued inclusive loans in 2024 was 4.13%, down 33 basis points from the previous year, indicating a trend towards more affordable financing [5] - The balance of agricultural loans reached 51.36 trillion yuan, growing by 9.8%, which is higher than the general loan growth rate [5] Group 2: Policy and Framework - The concept of inclusive finance was formally introduced in China in 2013, aiming to address the "Matthew effect" in financial services, where resources were concentrated among large enterprises [6] - The State Council issued a development plan for inclusive finance in 2015, establishing a framework to enhance financial services for underserved sectors [6][17] - The Central Financial Work Conference recognized inclusive finance as a key pillar for high-quality national development [8] Group 3: Challenges and Market Dynamics - The inclusive finance sector has transitioned from a "blue ocean" to a "red ocean," facing increased competition and challenges such as customer homogeneity and rising costs [12][13] - Financial institutions are struggling with the balance between expanding coverage and ensuring sustainable risk management, leading to issues like "picking the best" clients while neglecting smaller enterprises [13][14] - Specific challenges include the difficulty in assessing risks for small businesses and the need for insurance products to cover previously underserved populations [13][14] Group 4: Future Directions - The next decade will focus on enhancing the quality of inclusive finance, with an emphasis on creating a supportive monetary environment and improving service capabilities [16][19] - A new coordination mechanism for supporting small and micro enterprises is being established to facilitate better connections between banks and businesses [17] - The goal is to build a high-quality comprehensive inclusive finance system by 2025, with ongoing optimization of financial services for key sectors [17][18]

Core Viewpoint - The public fund industry in China plays a crucial role in the capital market, serving as a key hub for investment and financing, and is essential for inclusive finance, wealth management, and supporting the real economy. As of September 2025, the public fund scale reached 36.74 trillion yuan, marking a historical high [1] Group 1: Fee Reform and Investor Benefits - The public fund industry has actively reduced costs for investors through fee reforms, enhancing the development of inclusive finance. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) released a three-phase fee reform plan, with the first two phases implemented in 2023 and 2024, and the third phase focusing on reducing sales fees [5][6] - The CSRC's recent draft regulation aims to lower subscription, purchase, and sales service fees, indicating the completion of the fee reform process, which is expected to promote high-quality development in the public fund industry [5][6] - The introduction of floating fee rate funds aligns the interests of fund managers and investors, with performance-based fee structures being implemented to enhance investor returns [7][8] Group 2: Investment Advisory Services - The emergence of buy-side investment advisory services addresses the lack of product understanding among individual investors, aligning with the core principles of inclusive finance. Since the pilot program began in 2019, 60 institutions have qualified for fund advisory services [9] - As of the third quarter of 2025, a significant portion of clients served by investment advisory services reported profitability, with 88% of clients achieving gains since the service's launch [9] - Investment advisory strategies have diversified to include active management, stable investment, and aggressive investment, reflecting the industry's commitment to providing comprehensive financial services [10]

公募基金行业作为中国资本市场上的重要参与者、投融资的重要枢纽，不仅是普惠金融的典型代表以及家庭理财、居民财富管理和养老的重要工具，更在服 务实体经济、持续优化市场资源配置、提高直接融资比重、培育新质生产力方面发挥了重要作用。截至2025年9月末，公募基金规模达36.74万亿元，创历史 新高。在普惠金融理念的持续引领下，公募基金行业实现跨越式发展的同时，也通过买方投顾代客理财，对投资者进行持续陪伴，并在费率改革方面持续让 利于基民，新型浮动费率基金也与持有人的利益深度绑定，进一步夯实了行业的普惠根基。 让利于基民 近年来，公募基金通过费率改革积极让利于基民，深化发展普惠金融。2023年7月8日，中国证监会发布《公募基金行业费率改革工作方案》，从管理费、托 管费到交易佣金，再到销售费用的三段式方案，一石激起千层浪，带动以公募为主的多个金融领域基金业务走向转型。 具体来看，第一阶段和第二阶段费率改革分别于2023年和2024年落地，而第三阶段的基金销售费率调降也在年内迎新进展。2025年9月，中国证监会就《公 开募集证券投资基金销售费用管理规定（征求意见稿）》（以下简称《规定》）公开征求意见，合理调降公募基金认购费 ...

上海金融与发展实验室首席专家、主任曾刚表示，消费贷余额增长既有政策催化的短期因素，更是消费需求升级的长期趋势体现。他分析称，从短期看， 2025年财政贴息、额度上限提高等政策组合拳确实起到了立竿见影的刺激作用，特别是在以旧换新、家装等领域释放了大量潜在需求。但从深层逻辑看，中 等收入群体扩容、消费观念迭代、场景金融渗透率提升才是持续增长的底层支撑。 客群与利率分化 从县域市场的家电焕新，到新市民的应急周转，消费贷正以更普惠的姿态渗透日常生活。2025年三季度末，我国不含个人住房贷款的消费性贷款余额已达 21.29万亿元。然而，在规模扩张的背后，消费贷市场也曾一度深陷"价格战"漩涡，"以贷还贷"等问题涌现。如今，随着助贷新规落地，消费贷行业粗放扩 表的时代正式落幕。站在深耕生态、提质增效的关键节点，银行与消金机构如何在合规框架内持续释放普惠价值、构建新增长极，成为行业亟待解答的命 题。 规模扩容 当房贷这一零售"引擎"增速放缓，消费贷曾在资产荒与利率下行的围猎中，被金融机构视作填补利润缺口的"缓冲器"。从利率"内卷"至"2"字头掀起规模狂 欢，到监管引导下利率重回"3"字头，再到提额度、延期限与场景深耕成为新方 ...

近年来，随着普惠金融覆盖面不断延伸，客群下沉的同时，也带来了资产质量层面的考验。小微企业与个人偿债能力易受经济波动、收入等因素影响，银行 与消金机构的普惠类资产质量压力正逐步显性化。作为普惠金融服务的两大主力军，银行与消金机构纷纷打响资产质量保卫战，推动普惠金融"质效并重"， 实现可持续发展。 动作频频 与大中型企业相比，小微经营主体普遍存在经营不稳定、缺少有效抵押物等问题；在宏观经济波动因素的影响下，个人偿债能力的下降，也对消费贷、经营 贷资产质量形成压力。 当前，普惠金融主力军正多线推进"资产质量保卫战"。2025年以来，银登中心平台上，多家银行与消金机构正高频挂牌小微企业、个人消费贷及经营贷不良 资产转让项目，市场活跃度显著提升。 从处置方式来看，一方面，多家银行通过银登中心批量转让不良债权。例如，平安银行11月集中发布多笔转让公告，其中济南宝世达实业等17户小微企业不 良资产包未偿本息达7.62亿元；中原银行许昌分行推出的2025年第1期个人不良贷款转让项目，涵盖453笔消费及经营性贷款，未偿本息达5.22亿元。另一方 面，针对业务中形成的各类抵债资产，精准盘活成为行业新趋势，多家银行在阿里资产平台、 ...

过去几年间，在田间地头，在办公楼宇，在工厂车间，金融机构用算法丈量普惠客群的信用半径。中国普惠型小微企业贷款余额从2017年末的8.8万亿元飙 至2024年末的33万亿元上方，年均复合增速达到20.7%，金融服务的核心需求从"有没有"转为"好不好"。 进入2025年后，AI逐步从实验室走向规模化应用。在金融行业，AI跨越单点工具辅助阶段渗透至金融业务的各环节，普惠金融的齿轮加速转动。普惠金融 的"最后100米"，不再是物理距离的阻隔，而是信任、成本与合规的三重考题。AI能否成为解题钥匙？答案藏在每一次模型迭代、每一次监管沙盒的测试 里。 20254 ■ fi AI员工接连上岗 从北京商报记者的调研结果来看，过去十余年间，普惠金融的发展大致可以分为可得性、便捷性、精准性三个阶段，实际上就是普惠客群金融服务需求 从"有没有"转向"好不好"的过程。 普惠金融发展的关键阶段，AI被寄予厚望。而普惠金融的核心矛盾，始终是信任与成本的博弈，同时，随着AI应用的深入，科技伦理的治理受到更多关 注。 2025年以来，以大模型和智能体为代表的生成式AI技术迎来突破性发展，AI从执行指令的"自动化工具"演进为具备推理能力和自主决 ...

Core Insights - The core viewpoint of the articles emphasizes the transformative role of AI in enhancing inclusive finance, particularly for small and micro enterprises in China, with a significant increase in loan balances and a shift in focus from availability to quality of financial services [1][10]. Group 1: Growth of Inclusive Finance - The balance of inclusive loans for small and micro enterprises in China surged from 8.8 trillion yuan at the end of 2017 to over 33 trillion yuan by the end of 2024, achieving a compound annual growth rate of 20.7% [1]. - By the third quarter of 2025, the balance of inclusive loans for small and micro enterprises reached 36.5 trillion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 12.1% [10]. Group 2: AI Integration in Financial Services - Since 2025, generative AI technologies have evolved from automation tools to business partners, leading to systematic and large-scale applications in the financial sector [5]. - AI applications in finance have expanded from isolated attempts to comprehensive solutions, enhancing efficiency in credit approval, fraud detection, and investment research [5][6]. Group 3: Challenges in Trust, Cost, and Compliance - The development of inclusive finance has transitioned through three stages: availability, convenience, and precision, highlighting the shift in financial service demands from "whether" to "how good" [7]. - Trust issues arise as traditional risk assessment methods struggle with the unique characteristics of the inclusive customer base, leading to reliance on alternative data and concerns over algorithmic fairness [7][8]. - The costs associated with AI implementation, including model training and compliance verification, pose significant challenges for financial institutions, potentially eroding profits [8]. Group 4: Innovations and Solutions - Financial institutions are increasingly collaborating to address the challenges in inclusive finance, focusing on technology innovation and industry cooperation [9]. - AI technologies are evolving towards lighter and more precise models to reduce dependency on large datasets and lower implementation costs [9]. - Customized AI applications are being developed to cater to specific scenarios, such as the "data credit" model in rural finance, which replaces traditional collateral methods [9]. Group 5: Future Trends and Regulatory Framework - The gradual improvement of regulatory frameworks is establishing a risk baseline for the large-scale application of AI in finance, with initiatives like regulatory sandboxes allowing for innovation while managing risks [9]. - The integration of AI in inclusive finance is expected to enhance productivity, improve service quality, and lead to ongoing advancements in technology regulation [10].