Report Summary - **Report Date**: January 28, 2026 [2] - **Report Name**: Shanghai Zinc Industry Daily Report [2] Industry Investment Rating - No investment rating information provided in the report Core Viewpoints - The upstream zinc ore imports are at a high level, but domestic zinc mines cut production at the end of the year. The competition among domestic smelters to purchase domestic ores has increased, and the processing fees at home and abroad have decreased significantly. The profits of domestic smelters have shrunk, and production is expected to continue to be restricted. Recently, the LME zinc price has corrected, the SHFE-LME ratio has rebounded, and the export window may close again. On the demand side, the downstream market is gradually turning to the off - season. The real estate sector is a drag, while the infrastructure and home appliance sectors are also weakening. However, policy support in areas such as the automotive industry brings some bright spots. The downstream market mainly purchases on - demand at low prices. Recently, the zinc price has fallen, downstream purchases have improved, the spot premium has remained stable, and domestic inventories have decreased. The LME zinc inventory has remained stable, and the spot premium has remained low. Technically, the increase in positions accompanied by rising prices indicates a strong bullish sentiment. It is expected that Shanghai zinc will adjust strongly, with the attention range at 24,800 - 26,300 yuan/ton [3] Summary by Directory 1. Futures Market - **Prices**: The closing price of the Shanghai zinc main contract was 25,605 yuan/ton, up 655 yuan; the LME three - month zinc quotation was 3,351 US dollars/ton, up 8.5 US dollars. The 03 - 04 contract spread of Shanghai zinc was - 5 yuan/ton, up 30 yuan [3] - **Positions and Inventories**: The total holding volume of Shanghai zinc was 240,242 lots, up 9,625 lots; the net holding volume of the top 20 in Shanghai zinc was 6,021 lots, up 2,805 lots; the Shanghai zinc warehouse receipts were 0 tons; the SHFE inventory was 73,151 tons, down 3,160 tons; the LME inventory was 110,550 tons, down 775 tons [3] 2. Spot Market - **Prices**: The spot price of 0 zinc on the Shanghai Non - ferrous Metals Network was 25,240 yuan/ton, up 480 yuan; the spot price of 1 zinc in the Yangtze River Non - ferrous Metals Market was 25,630 yuan/ton, up 630 yuan. The base price of the ZN main contract was - 365 yuan/ton, down 175 yuan; the LME zinc premium (0 - 3) was - 30.81 US dollars/ton, down 4.38 US dollars. The ex - factory price of 50% zinc concentrate in Kunming was 21,580 yuan/ton, up 50 yuan; the price of 85% - 86% crushed zinc in Shanghai was 16,950 yuan/ton, up 150 yuan [3] 3. Upstream Situation - **Supply and Demand Balance**: The WBMS zinc supply - demand balance was - 35,700 tons, a decrease of 14,700 tons; the ILZSG zinc supply - demand balance was - 7,700 tons, a decrease of 4,900 tons [3] - **Production and Imports**: The global zinc mine output was 1.0627 million tons, a decrease of 11,900 tons; the domestic refined zinc output was 675,000 tons, an increase of 21,000 tons; the zinc ore imports were 462,600 tons, a decrease of 53,900 tons [3] 4. Industry Situation - **Imports and Exports**: The refined zinc imports were 8,760.85 tons, a decrease of 9,469.07 tons; the refined zinc exports were 27,266.66 tons, a decrease of 15,548.89 tons [3] - **Inventory**: The social zinc inventory was 1.122 million tons, an increase of 58,000 tons [3] 5. Downstream Situation - **Production and Sales**: The production of galvanized sheets was 2.36 million tons, an increase of 20,000 tons; the sales of galvanized sheets were 2.36 million tons, a decrease of 60,000 tons [3] - **Related Industries**: The new housing construction area was 587.6996 million square meters, an increase of 53.1326 million square meters; the housing completion area was 603.4813 million square meters, an increase of 208.942 million square meters; the automobile production was 3.4115 million vehicles, a decrease of 107,500 vehicles; the air - conditioner production was 21.6289 million units, an increase of 6.6029 million units [3] 6. Option Market - **Volatility**: The implied volatility of at - the - money call options for zinc was 31.62%, up 3.13 percentage points; the implied volatility of at - the - money put options for zinc was 31.62%, up 3.13 percentage points; the 20 - day historical volatility of at - the - money zinc options was 23.71%, down 0.02 percentage points; the 60 - day historical volatility of at - the - money zinc options was 13.81%, up 0.07 percentage points [3] 7. Industry News - In December 2025, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size in China increased by 5.3% year - on - year, and the annual profit increased by 0.6% year - on - year, achieving the first growth in four years. The supporting role of new industrial drivers was obvious, and the industrial economic development was moving towards the new and the better [3] - The U.S. government shutdown is approaching. Trump talked with the governor of Minnesota and agreed to consider reducing the number of ICE personnel [3] - Fed officials are expected to pause rate cuts this week. Due to inconsistent inflation and employment market data, there are obvious differences among officials on whether and when to continue rate cuts. Before mid - year, if there is to be another rate cut, it is likely to require a significant deterioration in the labor market. It is expected that Fed Governor Milan will continue to vote against at the January meeting, and the voting stance of Waller may receive special attention [3]

Core Insights - In 2025, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in China reached 73,982 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 0.6% [1] - The manufacturing sector saw a profit increase of 5.0%, while the mining sector experienced a significant decline of 26.2% [4] - The equipment manufacturing industry played a crucial role in supporting industrial upgrades, with profits rising by 7.7% [4] Summary by Category Overall Industrial Performance - The total revenue of industrial enterprises above designated size was 139.20 trillion yuan, up 1.1% from the previous year [2] - Operating costs increased by 1.3% to 118.75 trillion yuan, resulting in a profit margin of 5.31%, a slight decrease of 0.03 percentage points [2] - By the end of 2025, total assets reached 188.41 trillion yuan, a 4.3% increase, while total liabilities grew by 4.2% to 108.58 trillion yuan [2] Sector-Specific Performance - The profits of the black metal smelting and rolling industry surged by 300%, while the non-metallic mineral products industry saw a decline of 1.7% [2] - High-tech manufacturing profits increased by 13.3%, significantly outpacing the overall industrial growth [5] - The profits of the equipment manufacturing sector accounted for 39.8% of total industrial profits, marking a 2.6 percentage point increase from the previous year [4] Emerging Trends - The smart electronics sector drove a 48.0% profit increase in smart consumer device manufacturing, with specific industries like smart drones and vehicle devices seeing profits rise by 102.0% and 88.8%, respectively [5] - Traditional industries are also showing improvement, with sectors like biochemical pesticides and cultural information chemicals achieving profit growth above the industry average [6] - Small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign-invested enterprises, reported profit growth of 1.4% and 4.2%, respectively, reversing previous declines [6]

Core Insights - In 2025, various regions and sectors are implementing more proactive macro policies to accelerate new industrialization, leading to a stabilization and improvement in the industrial economy. The profits of industrial enterprises have increased, reversing a three-year decline, with significant contributions from equipment manufacturing and high-tech manufacturing sectors [1] Group 1: Industrial Profit Growth - In 2025, profits of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 0.6% compared to the previous year, with manufacturing profits growing by 5.0%, a significant rebound of 8.9 percentage points from 2024 [1] - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply sector saw a profit increase of 9.4%, while the mining sector experienced a decline of 26.2% [1] - In December, profits of industrial enterprises turned from a 13.1% decline in November to a 5.3% increase, marking an 18.4 percentage point recovery [1] Group 2: Equipment Manufacturing Sector - In 2025, profits in the equipment manufacturing sector increased by 7.7%, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [2] - Profits from the equipment manufacturing sector accounted for 39.8% of total industrial profits, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [2] - Seven out of eight major categories in the equipment manufacturing sector reported profit growth, with the railway, shipbuilding, aerospace, and electronics industries experiencing double-digit growth rates of 31.2% and 19.5% respectively [2] Group 3: High-Tech Manufacturing Sector - In 2025, profits in the high-tech manufacturing sector rose by 13.3%, surpassing the overall industrial profit growth by 12.7 percentage points [3] - The smart consumer electronics sector drove significant profit growth, with smart consumer device manufacturing profits increasing by 48.0%, and specific industries like smart drones and smart vehicle equipment seeing profits rise by 102.0% and 88.8% respectively [3] - The semiconductor industry experienced substantial profit increases, with integrated circuit manufacturing and semiconductor device manufacturing profits growing by 172.6% and 128.0% respectively [3] Group 4: Traditional Industries - Traditional industries are showing continuous improvement, with profits significantly above the industry average. In the chemical sector, profits from biochemical pesticides and cultural information chemicals grew by 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively, exceeding the average growth in the chemical industry by 28.0 and 22.5 percentage points [4] - In the chemical fiber and power sectors, profits from bio-based chemical fiber manufacturing and biomass power generation increased by 88.6% and 47.9%, respectively, surpassing the average growth in their respective categories by 93.1 and 34.0 percentage points [4] - Profits for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises, turned positive, with growth rates of 1.4% and 4.2%, compared to declines of 1.9% and 1.7% in 2024 [4]

Core Insights - In 2025, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in China reached 73,982 billion yuan, marking a 0.6% increase from the previous year, reversing a three-year decline trend [1][2] Group 1: Profit Growth and Sector Performance - The manufacturing sector saw a profit increase of 5.0%, a significant rebound of 8.9 percentage points compared to 2024 [2] - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply sector experienced a profit growth of 9.4%, while the mining sector faced a decline of 26.2% [2] - In December 2025, profits for industrial enterprises above designated size rose by 5.3% compared to November, recovering 18.4 percentage points from a previous decline [2] Group 2: Improvement in Various Business Entities - Profits for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises, turned positive, with growth rates of 1.4% and 4.2% respectively, compared to declines of 1.9% and 1.7% in 2024 [2] - Profits for joint-stock enterprises and state-controlled enterprises showed significant improvement, with reductions in profit decline narrowing by 3.5 and 0.7 percentage points respectively compared to the previous year [2] Group 3: Inventory and Economic Outlook - By the end of December 2025, the inventory of finished goods was 6.73 trillion yuan, reflecting a 3.9% increase, but a decrease of 0.7 percentage points from November 2025 [3] - The easing of inventory pressure indicates signs of marginal demand recovery, with expectations for continued profit recovery in 2026 driven by stable demand and reduced price declines [3] Group 4: Structural Optimization of Industrial Profits - The profit structure of industrial enterprises is further optimized, with the equipment manufacturing sector showing a profit increase of 7.7%, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [4] - The share of equipment manufacturing profits in total industrial profits reached 39.8%, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [4] - High-tech manufacturing profits grew by 13.3%, surpassing the overall industrial profit growth rate, with significant contributions from smart electronic products and related industries [4] Group 5: Traditional Industries and New Growth Drivers - Traditional industries are experiencing quality upgrades, with profits significantly exceeding the industry average, particularly in the chemical sector [5] - Specific sectors such as biochemical pesticides and cultural information chemicals saw profit increases of 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively, outperforming the average profit growth in the chemical industry by 28.0 and 22.5 percentage points [5]

Core Viewpoint - In 2025, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in China reached 73,982 billion yuan, marking a 0.6% increase from the previous year, reversing a three-year decline trend [1] Group 1: Profit Performance - The profit of state-controlled enterprises was 20,561 billion yuan, down 3.9% year-on-year [1] - The profit of joint-stock enterprises was 55,408.3 billion yuan, a slight decrease of 0.1% [1] - Foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises saw profits rise to 17,447.4 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2% [1] - Private enterprises maintained profits at 22,810.6 billion yuan, unchanged from the previous year [1] Group 2: Sector Analysis - The mining industry experienced a profit decline of 26.2%, totaling 8,345.1 billion yuan [1] - The manufacturing sector's profits grew by 5.0% to 56,915.7 billion yuan [1] - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply sector saw profits increase by 9.4%, reaching 8,721.2 billion yuan [1] Group 3: Monthly Trends - In December 2025, profits for industrial enterprises rebounded by 5.3% from a 13.1% decline in November, marking an 18.4 percentage point recovery [3] - The equipment manufacturing sector's profits increased by 7.7%, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [3] - The share of equipment manufacturing profits in total industrial profits rose to 39.8%, up 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [3] Group 4: High-tech Manufacturing - High-tech manufacturing profits surged by 13.3%, outperforming the overall industrial growth by 12.7 percentage points [4] - The smart consumer electronics sector saw profits grow by 48.0%, with specific industries like smart drones and smart vehicle equipment experiencing profit increases of 102.0% and 88.8%, respectively [4] - The semiconductor industry also showed significant growth, with profits in integrated circuit manufacturing increasing by 172.6% [4] Group 5: Traditional Industries - Traditional industries are showing improved profitability, with sectors like biochemical pesticides and cultural information chemicals seeing profits rise by 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively [5] - In the chemical fiber and power sectors, profits from bio-based chemical fiber manufacturing and biomass power generation increased by 88.6% and 47.9%, respectively [5] - Small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign-invested enterprises, reported profit growth of 1.4% and 4.2%, respectively, reversing previous declines [5] Group 6: Overall Economic Outlook - The overall profit growth of industrial enterprises indicates a significant support from new industrial dynamics, with a focus on technological and industrial innovation [6] - Challenges remain due to external environmental changes and the need for continued structural optimization and new productivity cultivation [6]

Core Insights - In 2025, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in China reached 73,982 billion yuan, marking a 0.6% increase from the previous year, reversing a three-year decline [1] - December 2025 saw a monthly profit increase of 5.3%, recovering from a 13.1% decline in November, representing an 18.4 percentage point rebound [1] Industry Performance - The mining industry reported a total profit of 8,345.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 26.2% year-on-year [3] - The manufacturing sector achieved a total profit of 56,915.7 billion yuan, reflecting a growth of 5.0% [3] - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply industry recorded a profit of 8,721.2 billion yuan, with a growth of 9.4% [3] Sector-Specific Profit Growth - The black metal smelting and rolling processing industry saw profits increase by 3.0 times year-on-year [4] - The non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry grew by 22.6% [4] - The computer, communication, and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry experienced a profit increase of 19.5% [4] - The power and heat production and supply industry grew by 13.9% [4] - The specialized equipment manufacturing industry saw a profit increase of 5.7% [4] - The electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry grew by 4.9% [4] - The general equipment manufacturing industry increased by 4.2% [4] - The agricultural and sideline food processing industry grew by 3.2% [4] - The automotive manufacturing industry saw a slight profit increase of 0.6% [4] - The petroleum, coal, and other fuel processing industry reduced losses compared to the previous year [4] - The non-metallic mineral products industry declined by 1.7% [4] - The chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry decreased by 7.3% [4] - The textile industry saw a decline of 12.0% [4] - The oil and gas extraction industry decreased by 18.7% [4] - The coal mining and washing industry experienced a significant decline of 41.8% [4] Emerging Industry Trends - In 2025, the profit of the equipment manufacturing industry increased by 7.7%, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [4] - The equipment manufacturing sector accounted for 39.8% of total industrial profits, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [4] - The high-tech manufacturing sector's profits grew by 13.3%, surpassing the overall industrial profit growth by 12.7 percentage points [4] Traditional Industry Developments - Traditional industries showed significant profit growth, with the biochemical pesticide and microbial pesticide manufacturing industries growing by 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively, exceeding the average profit growth in the chemical industry [5] - In the chemical fiber and power industries, the bio-based chemical fiber manufacturing and biomass power generation industries saw profits increase by 88.6% and 47.9%, respectively, significantly above their respective industry averages [5] Overall Economic Outlook - The chief statistician of the National Bureau of Statistics indicated that overall profit growth in industrial enterprises is evident, supported by new industrial dynamics, while acknowledging challenges from external environmental changes and the need for continued technological and industrial innovation [5]

Core Viewpoint - In 2025, profits of industrial enterprises above designated size in China increased, reversing a three-year decline, driven by new momentum from sectors like equipment manufacturing and high-tech manufacturing, while traditional industries also saw profit structure optimization [2][5]. Group 1: Overall Industrial Profit Growth - In 2025, profits of industrial enterprises above designated size grew by 0.6% compared to the previous year, with manufacturing profits increasing by 5.0%, a significant rebound of 8.9 percentage points from 2024 [2]. - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply sector saw a profit increase of 9.4%, while the mining sector experienced a decline of 26.2% [2]. - In December, profits for industrial enterprises turned from a 13.1% decline in November to a 5.3% increase, marking an 18.4 percentage point recovery [2]. Group 2: Equipment Manufacturing Sector - Profits in the equipment manufacturing sector rose by 7.7% in 2025, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [3]. - Equipment manufacturing accounted for 39.8% of total industrial profits, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [3]. - Seven out of eight major categories in equipment manufacturing reported profit growth, with railways, shipping, aerospace, and electronics industries seeing double-digit growth rates of 31.2% and 19.5% respectively [3]. Group 3: High-Tech Manufacturing Sector - Profits in the high-tech manufacturing sector increased by 13.3%, surpassing the overall industrial profit growth by 12.7 percentage points [4]. - The smart consumer electronics sector drove significant profit growth, with smart unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturing and smart vehicle equipment manufacturing profits soaring by 102.0% and 88.8% respectively [4]. - The semiconductor industry also experienced rapid growth, with profits in integrated circuit manufacturing and semiconductor device manufacturing increasing by 172.6% and 128.0% respectively [4]. Group 4: Traditional Industries and Other Enterprises - Traditional industries showed significant improvements, with profits in biochemical pesticides and cultural information chemicals manufacturing rising by 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively, exceeding the average profit growth in the chemical industry [5]. - In the fiber and power sectors, profits from bio-based chemical fiber manufacturing and biomass power generation increased by 88.6% and 47.9%, respectively, significantly above their respective industry averages [5]. - Profits for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises, turned positive, growing by 1.4% and 4.2% respectively [5].

Core Insights - In 2025, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in China reached 73,982 billion yuan, marking a 0.6% increase from the previous year, reversing a three-year decline trend [1][2] Group 1: Profit Growth by Sector - The manufacturing sector saw a profit increase of 5.0%, rebounding significantly by 8.9 percentage points compared to 2024 [2] - The electricity, heat, gas, and water production and supply sector experienced a profit growth of 9.4% [2] - The mining sector, however, faced a decline of 26.2% in profits [2] Group 2: Profit Improvement Among Different Business Entities - In 2025, profits for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises, turned positive, growing by 1.4% and 4.2% respectively, compared to declines of 1.9% and 1.7% in 2024 [4] - Profits for joint-stock enterprises and state-controlled enterprises showed significant improvement, with the decline narrowing by 3.5 percentage points and 0.7 percentage points respectively compared to the previous year [4] Group 3: Contribution of New Growth Drivers - The equipment manufacturing sector contributed significantly to profit growth, with a 7.7% increase in profits, driving an overall profit increase of 2.8 percentage points for all industrial enterprises [5] - The share of equipment manufacturing profits in total industrial profits rose to 39.8%, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [5] - High-tech manufacturing profits surged by 13.3%, outperforming the overall industrial profit growth by 12.7 percentage points, with smart electronic products leading to a 48% profit increase in the smart consumer device manufacturing sector [5] Group 4: Traditional Industries Upgrading - Traditional industries showed significant improvements, with profits in the biochemical pesticide and microbial pesticide manufacturing sectors growing by 20.7% and 15.2% respectively, exceeding the average profit growth in the chemical industry by 28 percentage points and 22.5 percentage points [6]

Core Viewpoint - In 2025, profits of industrial enterprises above designated size in China showed growth, reversing a three-year decline, driven by new momentum in sectors like equipment manufacturing and high-tech manufacturing, while traditional industries continued to optimize profit structures [2][5]. Group 1: Overall Profit Growth - In 2025, profits of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 0.6% compared to the previous year, with manufacturing growing by 5.0%, electricity, heat, gas, and water supply increasing by 9.4%, while mining saw a decline of 26.2% [2][3]. - In December 2025, profits of industrial enterprises turned from a decline of 13.1% in November to a growth of 5.3%, marking an 18.4 percentage point recovery [2]. Group 2: Equipment Manufacturing Sector - Profits in the equipment manufacturing sector rose by 7.7% in 2025, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [3]. - The equipment manufacturing sector accounted for 39.8% of total industrial profits, an increase of 2.6 percentage points from the previous year [3]. - Seven out of eight major categories in the equipment manufacturing sector reported profit growth, with railways, shipping, aerospace, and electronics industries experiencing double-digit growth rates of 31.2% and 19.5% respectively [3]. Group 3: High-Tech Manufacturing Sector - Profits in the high-tech manufacturing sector increased by 13.3%, surpassing the overall industrial profit growth by 12.7 percentage points [4]. - The smart consumer electronics sector drove significant profit growth, with smart unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturing and smart vehicle equipment manufacturing seeing increases of 102.0% and 88.8% respectively [4]. - In the semiconductor industry, profit growth was substantial, with integrated circuit manufacturing and semiconductor device manufacturing growing by 172.6% and 128.0% respectively [4]. Group 4: Traditional Industries - Traditional industries showed significant improvements, with profits in the biochemical pesticide and cultural information chemical manufacturing sectors growing by 20.7% and 15.2%, respectively, exceeding the average profit growth in the chemical industry [5]. - In the chemical fiber and power sectors, profits in bio-based chemical fiber manufacturing and biomass energy generation increased by 88.6% and 47.9%, respectively, significantly above the average for their respective categories [5]. - Profits for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as foreign and Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-invested enterprises, turned positive, with growth rates of 1.4% and 4.2% respectively [5].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint is that the support of new industrial momentum is becoming increasingly evident, with industrial profits showing a slight increase despite a slowdown in growth rate [1] - From January to November, the total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 66,268.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 0.1%, maintaining growth for four consecutive months [1][2] - High-tech manufacturing profits grew by 10.0% year-on-year, accelerating by 2.0 percentage points compared to the previous period, significantly outpacing the average growth of all industrial enterprises [2] Group 2 - The equipment manufacturing sector played a crucial role, with profits increasing by 7.7% year-on-year, contributing 2.8 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [3] - Among the eight major categories in the equipment manufacturing sector, seven achieved year-on-year profit growth, with notable performances in the railway, shipbuilding, aerospace, and electronics industries [3] - The automotive industry also showed steady profit growth of 7.5%, with an acceleration of 3.1 percentage points compared to the previous period, indicating positive recovery signals [3] Group 3 - The raw materials manufacturing sector saw a significant profit increase of 16.6% year-on-year, contributing 2.0 percentage points to the overall profit growth of industrial enterprises [4] - The steel industry has shown marked improvement in profitability this year, driven by increased market demand and rapid revenue growth in the non-ferrous sector [4] - In 2025, the steel industry is expected to experience distinct phase fluctuations, with improved profitability compared to 2024, supported by falling coal prices and unexpected export growth [5]