Core Viewpoint - The increasing trend of civil service examinations among young people is a rational risk management decision based on current employment conditions, rather than a sign of lost dreams or conservatism [1][4][11]. Group 1: Examination Trends - The number of candidates for the national civil service examination surpassed that of graduate school entrance examinations for the first time in history in 2026, with a significant increase from 157.6 million in 2021 to 371.8 million in 2026, marking a growth rate of 235.9% [2][4]. - In contrast, the number of graduate school applicants has been declining rapidly, with a drop from a peak of 4.74 million in 2023 to 3.43 million in 2026, a decrease of over 1.3 million [2][4]. Group 2: Competitive Landscape - The competition for civil service positions is intense, with an admission ratio of approximately 98:1 for the national examination compared to 3.2:1 for graduate school [4]. - The phenomenon of "civil service examination fever" reflects a broader societal anxiety that transcends age and class, indicating a shift from a growth-oriented mindset to one focused on job security and stability [4][19]. Group 3: Long-term Implications - The long-term effects of failing the civil service examination can lead to significant career disadvantages, including lower starting salaries and limited advancement opportunities, as candidates return to the job market with gaps in their resumes [6][8]. - The current employment pressure is characterized as a systemic anxiety affecting various demographics, including young graduates and middle-aged workers, indicating a shift away from the belief that hard work guarantees better outcomes [19]. Group 4: Changing Definitions of "Good Jobs" - The definition of a "good job" has shifted from seeking high growth opportunities to prioritizing job security and stability, reflecting a broader change in societal values and economic conditions [9][11]. - The current job market emphasizes the importance of practical skills and experience over academic credentials, leading to a more competitive environment for graduates [23][24]. Group 5: Structural Employment Issues - There exists a structural mismatch in the job market, where the increase in job postings does not align with the expectations of recent graduates, leading to a perception of difficulty in finding suitable employment [13][14]. - The employment landscape is increasingly complex, with various groups, including young graduates, middle-aged workers, and small business owners, facing unique challenges that contribute to a pervasive sense of job insecurity [19][18].

（原标题：对话李燕萍："考公热"深刻塑造一代年轻人） 12月11日，武汉大学二级教授、中国人力资源开发研究会副会长李燕萍在专访中表示，"考公热"并非年 轻人"失去梦想"或"变得保守"，恰恰相反，这是他们在当前就业形势下，基于可获得的信息和对未来的 理性预期，所做出的最"精明"、最"理性"的风险管理决策。 但早期劣势会像"疤痕"一样，在考公失败人群的整个职业生涯中持续存在，甚至导致长期的收入损失和 晋升困难。长期来看，"考公热"将深刻改变一代人的职业轨迹，甚至影响未来的经济结构。 自二十世纪90年代起，李燕萍就持续观察、研究中国的就业市场和人力资源开发与管理，先后主编、参 编著作或教材16部。 她表示，当前的就业压力，其深刻性在于它不再是特定人群的短期困难，而是一种跨越年龄、阶层并相 互影响的焦虑：年轻人找不到理想工作，会加剧"内卷"；中年人被优化，会减少家庭消费，冲击小微企 业的生存；小微企业倒闭，又会进一步减少就业岗位。这种连锁反应，标志着社会已告别那个"只要努 力就能更好"的单向增长时代。 在国考（国考为中央机关及其直属机构招录公务员考试，人数指通过用人单位资格审查的人数）人数连 续多年低于考研人数后，2 ...

近年来，参加公务员考试成为不少高校毕业生的选择，"考公热"受到关注。 没考上可退费？"考公"培训靠谱吗？(百姓关注) 为何学生都愿意参加商业"考公"培训，而非求助高校等专业教育机构？江苏南京市的汪同学认为，"在 学校时，学校的就业中心或学院老师会发布求职信息，也会开展就业宣讲，可以帮助整合一些信息，但 在具体的求职技巧方面帮助并不大。至于毕业后，大家都不在学校了，也不太了解有关的就业帮扶政 策。" "选择培训机构须警惕合同陷阱、虚假宣传、师资造假等问题。"中国人民大学劳动人事学院副教授陈力 凡认为，在报班培训之前，可以先参加试听课。一些声称"命题组专家命题""内部押题卷"的宣传多半不 靠谱。也可以通过老学员了解真实体验，警惕网络刷评机构。在与培训机构签合同时需要特别关注其中 的退费条款、免责条款，保留好合同等证据，以便出现问题后维权。 陈力凡建议，应健全就业公共服务体系，加强就业指导。高校可提供"一站式"就业服务，整合政策咨 询、职业指导等功能，提供简历诊断、面试技巧等一对一指导，减少良莠不齐的有偿求职服务带来的弊 端。 同时，强化实践能力与跨领域技能，引导社会理性看待职业选择。"注重讲好跨境电商、无人机飞行 ...

来自陕西西安市的章同学曾在两年前的毕业季参加了50余家单位不同岗位的招聘，其中包含公务员、事 业单位、高校、央国企等。章同学表示，"我最想去的岗位是公务员岗。一方面是因为比较稳定，另一 方面选拔过程比较公平。各个地区的公务员考试只要时间上不冲突，我都会去参加。" 在"考公"热潮的推动下，五花八门的"考公"培训也成了热门。许多读者告诉记者，在"考公"的过程中曾 花钱报班参加辅导。 "'考公'培训分为笔试和面试两种，笔试可参考的资料较多，可以通过自学掌握。而面试更多依靠线下 面对面的经验传授，所以大多数同学会在通过笔试后报名面试培训班，与之相应地，面试培训班价格也 更贵。"章同学说。 在某"考公"辅导机构的"面试集训营"的宣传海报上，记者看到：8天面试培训课程的价格为9800元，另 外还有定价为2.38万元的"协议课程"，如考不上则退回1.7万元。福建厦门市的王同学曾在某"考公"辅导 机构做过面试辅导兼职。他告诉记者，"面试培训班多数是8至10人的小班集训，收费会根据不同地区和 考试类型有所调整，一般是一周1万元左右，热门考试类型会更贵些。也有全程一对一的辅导，价格就 不止1万元了。" 面对高昂的价格，"考公"培 ...

近几年，只要到了报名和笔试节点，「考公」几乎都会登上一轮热搜。招聘公告一发布，职位表被人反 复下载，教学视频和经验贴在各个平台密集出现，培训机构的广告占满社交媒体的缝隙。「上岸」成了 无数年轻人口中最常见的词之一，也成了他们在不确定环境下为自己争取的一种心理锚点。 招录人数在增加，报名人数涨得更快，竞争比被一次次推高。数据年年刷新，趋势没有松动的迹象。与 此同时，走进考场的人也变得不同了。从应届毕业生到在职考生，从互联网行业的转行者到三四线城市 的年轻人，这支队伍在不断扩容，背景越来越多样，但选择的目标却越走越同质，进入体制，被视为一 条重要乃至唯一的稳定路径。 当几百万考生在同一个时间段、为同一条路径而竞争时，这不仅是年轻人的职业判断，更是社会结构变 化的映照。为什么是在这个时间点？为什么是这代人？为什么是体制内？这些问题若不回答，我们就无 法真正理解考公热背后的动力，也无法看清它未来将把更多人推向何处。 名额扩招难抵报名激增，考公竞争陷入供需错位 考公热最直接也最容易观察到的，是报名人数年年刷新纪录。2025 年国考计划招录 39,721 人，而通过 资格审查的报名人数达到 341.6 万左右，平均竞争比 ...

Core Points - The 2026 National Civil Service Examination (国考) has a total recruitment of 38,119 positions, with a record number of 3,515,251 applicants, an increase of nearly 260,000 compared to the previous year, marking a historical high [1][5] - The average competition ratio stands at 92:1, with 3,207,060 applicants passing the recruitment unit's review [1][6] - The age limit for applicants has been relaxed, allowing candidates aged 18 to 38, and for 2026 graduates with master's and doctoral degrees, the limit is extended to 43 [2][3] Recruitment Data - The recruitment numbers and competition ratios for various agencies are as follows: - Tax Bureau: 25,004 positions, 2,362,629 applicants, competition ratio of 94.49:1 - People's Bank of China: 2,780 positions, 149,220 applicants, competition ratio of 53.68:1 - Customs: 2,763 positions, 228,616 applicants, competition ratio of 82.74:1 - Financial Regulatory Bureau: 2,459 positions, 129,240 applicants, competition ratio of 52.56:1 - Railway Public Security Bureau: 479 positions, 72,107 applicants, competition ratio of 150.54:1 [2] Policy Implications - The relaxation of age limits is seen as a response to the delayed retirement policy, suggesting a need for adjustments in recruitment criteria [3][4] - The adjustment reflects a broader trend in various regions, with several local governments already implementing similar age relaxations for public service examinations [4][5] - Experts suggest that this move could create a "demonstration effect" in the job market, encouraging a more inclusive approach to age in recruitment [5] Trends and Observations - The recruitment plan from 2019 to 2025 shows a steady increase in the number of positions, although the growth rate has slowed down, with a slight decrease of about 1,600 positions for 2026 compared to the previous year [5] - The tax system is expected to account for approximately 65.6% of the total recruitment, driven by a wave of retirements and the need for skilled professionals in finance, accounting, and technology [6] - The "public service examination craze" reflects a strategic career adjustment by graduates in response to economic changes, highlighting the stability and social recognition associated with civil service roles [7]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the phenomenon of "degree devaluation" in the context of the increasing number of university graduates in China, drawing parallels with Japan's historical experience during the 1990s economic downturn [2][3]. Group 1: Current Job Market Situation - The number of university graduates in 2023 is projected to reach a record 12.22 million, leading to the largest job-seeking wave in history [1]. - The offer acquisition rate for 2024 master's and doctoral graduates is only 44.4%, a decrease of 12.3% year-on-year, which is lower than the 45.4% rate for undergraduate graduates [1]. - The job market is increasingly competitive, with the employment rate for undergraduate graduates being lower than that of vocational school graduates [1]. Group 2: Historical Context and Lessons from Japan - Japan experienced a similar "degree devaluation" phenomenon in the 1990s, where a significant economic downturn led to a drastic drop in employment rates for university graduates [10][12]. - The 1990s marked a turning point for Japan, where the employment rate for graduates fell from 80% to below 70%, leading to a generation labeled as "lost" due to their struggles in the job market [10][30]. - The Japanese government attempted various measures to alleviate the employment crisis, including increasing the number of graduate students, but these efforts did not address the underlying issues of economic stagnation and job market demand [21][35]. Group 3: Economic Implications - The article highlights that the root cause of degree devaluation is not merely the oversupply of graduates but the lack of corresponding job opportunities due to economic stagnation and a failure to innovate [35][37]. - Japan's experience illustrates that without significant economic growth and innovation, an increase in educational attainment can lead to a surplus of graduates without adequate job prospects [35][37]. - The article concludes that creating new job opportunities through industrial upgrades and innovation is essential to prevent degree devaluation and ensure that higher education translates into economic productivity [35][37].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the phenomenon of "degree devaluation" in the context of the increasing number of university graduates in China and draws parallels with Japan's historical experience during its economic downturn in the 1990s [4][20]. Group 1: Current Situation of Graduates - In 2024, the number of university graduates in China is expected to reach a record 12.22 million, leading to the largest job-seeking wave in history [4]. - The offer acquisition rate for master's and doctoral graduates is only 44.4%, a decrease of 12.3% year-on-year, which is lower than the 45.4% for undergraduate graduates [4]. - The trend of increasing university graduates is projected to continue until 2038, when it will peak at 14.45 million [4]. Group 2: Historical Context from Japan - In the 1980s, Japan experienced a booming economy where university graduates were highly sought after, with many receiving multiple job offers before graduation [5][6]. - The economic bubble burst in the 1990s led to a drastic decline in job opportunities, with the employment rate for graduates dropping significantly [8][9]. - The term "lost generation" emerged in Japan, referring to those who graduated during the economic downturn and faced severe employment challenges [12]. Group 3: Government Responses and Consequences - The Japanese government implemented various measures to address the employment crisis, including increasing the number of graduate students and promoting vocational training [13][15]. - Despite these efforts, the oversupply of graduates and the lack of corresponding job opportunities led to a rise in "high-education refugees" and "浪人博士" (wandering PhDs) [15][19]. - The shift towards non-regular employment, such as temporary and contract work, became prevalent, further complicating the job market for graduates [16][19]. Group 4: Lessons Learned - Japan's experience highlights the importance of aligning higher education with market needs and the dangers of overemphasizing degree attainment without corresponding job creation [21]. - The article suggests that economic growth and innovation are crucial for creating job opportunities that can absorb the increasing number of graduates [21].