国庆中秋假期到来，聚会、外出等社交活动会打乱正常的饮食时间和习惯，不规律的进食会导致血 糖波动。 除了双足血液循环差外，足部承重大、易滋生微生物，鞋子不合适造成摩擦，都会增加烂脚风险。 如今，糖尿病已成为危害国民健康的第三大慢性非传染性疾病。我国糖尿病患病率仍在不断上升。 血糖高了，症状通常不明显，但它对身体的伤害一刻都没有停止过。 这5个症状或提示血糖失控 医生说，腿脚就像人体自带"血糖仪"，这个部位出现变化，可能是在提醒你——血糖失控了。 为什么血糖高 腿脚容易释放信号？ 血糖超标时，运输糖的"血管"往往最先受到损伤，其中，小血管受损导致的症状通常先于大血管出 现。在糖基化终末产物的不断攻击下，小血管的管壁内层被破坏，糖蛋白沉积在里面，让血管壁的厚度 远远高于普通人。 而腿脚离心脏较远，血液循环会差一些，当高血糖导致血管管腔变小、病变较重时，缺血症状就会 较明显。因此，腿脚容易释放信号。 另外，对糖尿病患者来说，"足部溃烂坏死"是常见致残原因，也是花费较高的慢性并发症之一。 ■ 腿脚麻木 长期高血糖，如同"把内脏泡在了糖水里"。当腿脚出现以下迹象时，记得查查血糖水平。 ■ 伤口不易愈合 长期血糖超标，会对 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant weight loss effects of oral semaglutide in overweight or obese patients without diabetes, highlighting the results of the OASIS 1 study and the PIONEER PLUS study, which demonstrate its efficacy and safety in weight management and blood sugar control [6][20]. Group 1: OASIS 1 Study Findings - The OASIS 1 study showed that daily oral administration of 50mg semaglutide led to an average weight loss of 15.1% after 68 weeks, with 85% of participants achieving clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) [6][9]. - The study included 667 adults with a BMI of ≥30kg/m² or ≥27kg/m² with weight-related complications, randomly assigned to either the semaglutide group or a placebo group [6][8]. - The treatment demonstrated a significant difference in weight loss compared to the placebo group, which only saw a 2.4% reduction (p<0.0001) [9][11]. Group 2: PIONEER PLUS Study Insights - The PIONEER PLUS study focused on the effects of high-dose oral semaglutide on blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, showing that higher doses (25mg or 50mg) resulted in better glycemic control and weight loss compared to the standard 14mg dose [20]. - Results indicated that the 50mg dose group achieved an average HbA1c reduction of 2.0%, with 63% of patients reaching the target HbA1c <7.0% [18][20]. - The study also reported that patients in the higher dose groups had a higher percentage of weight loss exceeding 5% or 10% compared to the standard dose group [18][20]. Group 3: Safety and Tolerability - The overall tolerability of semaglutide treatment was good, with 80% of patients reporting gastrointestinal adverse effects, mostly mild to moderate [13][15]. - The incidence of any adverse events was higher in the semaglutide group (91.9%) compared to the placebo group (85.6%), but serious adverse events were relatively low [15]. - Common adverse events included nausea (51.8% in the semaglutide group) and gastrointestinal disorders, but no fatal events were reported [15].

Group 1 - The core idea emphasizes the health benefits of walking after meals, particularly in reducing blood sugar and triglyceride levels [4][6][9] - Research indicates that sitting after meals can lead to a significant increase in postprandial blood sugar, with sitting causing a 2.75 times greater increase compared to walking [4] - Engaging in light physical activity, such as walking, can significantly lower post-meal triglyceride levels, with reductions of about one-third observed in studies [7] Group 2 - Walking after meals aids digestion and can help with weight management, as it promotes food movement through the digestive system and alleviates feelings of fullness [9] - For individuals aged 65 and older, specific considerations for walking include choosing appropriate routes, maintaining stable walking pace, being mindful of weather conditions, and planning walking intensity [10][11][12][13][14]

Core Viewpoint - Poor glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes can lead to a significant reduction in adult height, with potential losses of 2 to 3 centimeters, particularly affecting boys during their growth spurts [5][8][10]. Group 1: Impact of Poor Glycemic Control - A nationwide cohort study from Sweden indicates that children with poor blood sugar control may experience a height reduction of 2 to 3 centimeters in adulthood [5][8]. - The study highlights that for every 1% increase in HbA1c levels, children's final height decreases by 0.3 centimeters, especially during puberty when growth hormone secretion is disrupted [6][10]. Group 2: Gender Differences in Height Impact - Male patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 9.0%) experience an average height reduction of 2.91 centimeters, while female patients see a reduction of 1.83 centimeters [10]. - The timing of diabetes onset plays a crucial role; boys are affected regardless of when they develop diabetes, while girls primarily face height loss if diagnosed before puberty [12][14]. Group 3: Recommendations for Height Preservation - Early intervention is critical; establishing a strict blood sugar monitoring system from diagnosis is essential, particularly during the peak growth period of puberty [14][15]. - A balanced diet that reduces high-sugar and high-fat foods while increasing fiber, quality protein, and vitamins is recommended to stabilize blood sugar levels [16]. - Regular aerobic exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity and aid in blood sugar control [17]. - Psychological support is important, as chronic illness can lead to emotional stress; parents should monitor their children's emotional well-being and seek professional help if necessary [18].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the misconceptions surrounding white rice as a staple food, highlighting that while it has a high glycemic index (GI), its impact on blood sugar levels is influenced by dietary habits and food pairings, particularly in the Chinese context [9][10]. Summary by Sections White Rice and Health - The claim that white rice is the "worst staple food" is prevalent, but scientific evidence shows that its high GI (GI > 80) can lead to rapid blood sugar spikes, which is concerning for those managing diabetes [9]. - A meta-analysis from 2022 indicates that consuming over 300 grams of rice daily can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by 13% for every additional 158 grams, though this does not fully apply to the Chinese population due to different dietary practices [9]. Nutritional Role of Rice - Rice serves as a crucial energy source, and completely eliminating it from the diet may lead to health issues such as metabolic disorders and cognitive decline [10]. - Recommendations include moderate consumption, avoiding overcooking, and pairing rice with whole grains and vegetables to stabilize post-meal blood sugar levels [10]. Dietary Differences: Japan vs. China - Japan has a lower diabetes prevalence despite rice being a staple, attributed to four key dietary differences: rice temperature, portion sizes, cooking methods, and the use of vinegar [11][12]. - Japanese people often consume cooled rice, which forms resistant starch that slows glucose absorption, while Chinese diets typically feature hot rice in larger portions [11]. - Cooking methods in Japan are generally healthier, focusing on lighter preparations compared to the heavier, oil-rich Chinese cooking styles [12]. Hidden High-GI Foods - The article warns about "hidden glycemic bombs" that are often perceived as healthy but can significantly impact blood sugar levels, such as flavored milk products and freeze-dried vegetables that may contain added sugars [13][14]. - Fruits like dragon fruit and certain snacks like soda crackers also have high sugar content and glycemic indices, which can be misleading [14]. - It emphasizes that moderate rice consumption, when paired with other foods, is safer than opting for seemingly healthy alternatives that are actually high in sugar [14].

Core Insights - The number of diabetes patients in China has reached 233 million, accounting for one-fourth of the global diabetes population, with a 163% increase since 2005 [2][6]. Group 1: Prevalence and Demographics - The prevalence of diabetes in China is approximately 1 in every 6 individuals [2]. - Male diabetes prevalence is consistently higher than that of females, influenced by smoking, obesity, and various socio-cultural and biological factors [3]. - The highest diabetes prevalence is found in North China, followed by Northeast and East China, with lower rates in South, Southwest, and Northwest regions [6]. Group 2: Regional Distribution - Beijing has the highest diabetes prevalence rate at 28.45%, followed by Tianjin at 25.78% and Shanghai at 22.04% [5]. - Regional differences in diabetes prevalence are closely related to economic development, dietary habits, and lifestyle choices [6]. Group 3: Skin Manifestations of Diabetes - High blood sugar levels can lead to various skin conditions, including acanthosis nigricans, which is common in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients [9]. - Other skin issues include dry skin, skin tags, and reduced sensation in the feet, which are serious complications of diabetes [13][10][11]. Group 4: Dietary Recommendations - To manage blood sugar levels, it is essential to control carbohydrate intake and maintain stable blood sugar levels through a balanced diet [25]. - Recommended dietary components include whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and protein sources, with specific guidelines on portion sizes [26][28]. - Cooking methods should favor steaming and boiling over frying or heavy seasoning to support blood sugar stability [29].

Core Insights - The article emphasizes that not all whole grains are effective in controlling blood sugar levels, with some "pseudo whole grains" having a faster glycemic response than refined grains like white rice and flour [2][6]. Group 1: Types of Grains - Certain sticky grains, such as glutinous millet and black glutinous rice, have a higher glycemic index and can raise blood sugar levels quickly [3][6]. - Whole grains like oats and red beans contain more resistant starch, which has a lower impact on blood sugar due to their tightly packed structure [5]. Group 2: Consumption Methods - The method of consuming whole grains can significantly affect their glycemic index; grinding grains into powder and mixing them with water can increase their glycemic response [9][11]. - For individuals needing to control blood sugar, it is advisable to choose whole grains that maintain a low glycemic index even after processing, such as green beans and lentils [11]. Group 3: Dietary Recommendations - It is recommended to combine whole grains with protein and fiber-rich foods, such as milk and vegetables, to mitigate blood sugar spikes [8][13]. - A balanced intake of whole and refined grains is suggested, ideally maintaining a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1, depending on individual digestive health [14].