现如今糖尿病和高血糖的患病人群越来越常见，如何通过饮食控制好血糖成了大众关注的焦点。很多人认为"只要坚持吃素，血糖就稳了"，但实际上这种 想法并不正确，甚至还可能进入另一个健康误区中。 一、真正决定升血糖速度的是这两个指标 ●血糖负荷（GL）：GI只表明了食物中碳水化合物的"质"，但没有考虑"量"。而GL则同时兼顾了食物中碳水化合物的"质"和"量"。 计算公式为：GL=(食物的GI值×食物中可利用碳水化合物克数)/100。 GL值越高，对血糖水平的影响越大。例如，西瓜的GI值高达 72，属于高 GI 食物，但100克西瓜仅含约6.6克可利用碳水化合物，计算下来GL值仅为4.8左 右，属于低GL食物。因此，只要不过量食用，对血糖的影响并不会很大。 | | 食物 GI 值与 GL 值分类表 | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 指标 | ਜ਼ਿੰਦ | E | 름 | | GI 值(升糖指数) | ≤55 | 55 70 | >70 | | GL 值(血糖负荷) | <10 | 10 20 | >20 | 除此之外，食物的加工程度、烹饪方式以及膳食中其他营养成分（如脂肪、蛋白质）的存 ...

Core Insights - Many people consider consuming coarse grains as a healthy choice for controlling blood sugar, especially for those with high blood sugar or diabetes, but some coarse grains can actually cause blood sugar levels to rise more quickly than white rice or steamed buns [1] Group 1: High Glycemic Index Coarse Grains - Glutinous corn has a glycemic index (GI) of approximately 70-80, which is classified as high, leading to a faster increase in blood sugar levels compared to other grains [2] - Yellow millet porridge, particularly made from glutinous varieties, can raise blood sugar levels faster than white rice porridge, making it important for those with blood sugar issues to limit its consumption [2] - Baked sweet potatoes have a GI of 94, significantly higher than steamed ones (GI of 77), due to the conversion of some sucrose into faster-acting maltose during baking [2] Group 2: Factors Contributing to High Glycemic Response - The breeding of sweeter varieties of foods like sweet potatoes and pumpkins has resulted in higher sugar content and GI values compared to older varieties [3] - Overcooking grains increases the gelatinization of starch, leading to faster absorption in the intestines and a quicker rise in blood sugar [3] - Excessive processing, such as making mashed potatoes or grain pastes, removes dietary fiber that helps slow down sugar absorption, resulting in a doubled glycemic response [3] Group 3: Recommended Coarse Grains for Stable Blood Sugar - Whole grain cereals like oats, barley, and buckwheat have lower GI values compared to refined grains, aiding in better blood sugar control for diabetic patients [5] - Legumes such as red beans, green beans, and chickpeas have a milder GI, providing essential nutrients while avoiding excessive saturated fats and cholesterol [6] - Bran products, including oat bran and whole grain bread, are rich in dietary fiber, which helps slow digestion and sugar absorption, making them beneficial for diabetes management [7] - Germ foods like wheat germ and corn germ are nutrient-dense, containing vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats that support overall health, particularly for diabetic patients [7]

整理 | GLP1减重宝典内容团队 一项最新研究表明，广受欢迎的减肥药物，不仅能减小腰围并控制血糖，还有可能减弱酒精的效应。 弗吉尼亚理工大学弗拉林生物医学研究所的研究人员分析了20名肥胖成人的反应，其中一半服用了至少四周的GLP-1受体激动剂药物。 研究的目的是将这些人的酒精反应与未服用药物的参与者进行比较。 早期的研究表明，GLP-1药物与减少酒精使用障碍者的饮酒量相关。 什么是GLP-1药物？ GLP-1药物，如司美格鲁肽（Ozempic和Wegovy）和替尔泊肽（Mounjaro），模拟了调节血糖和食欲的天然激素。研究包括了使用司 美格鲁肽、替尔泊肽和利拉鲁肽的参与者。 "我们已有证据表明，这些药物在实验室外能减少饮酒，"研究共同作者、弗拉林生物医学研究所助理教授Alex DiFeliceantonio表 示。"我们这项研究的目的是了解其中的原因。" 新兴的数据表明，GLP-1药物可能在成瘾治疗中发挥作用。Bhagavathula指出，GLP-1受体不仅影响食物的奖励信号，还影响酒精和尼 古丁等物质的欲望。"如果这一发现能够在更大规模的研究中得到验证，这些药物可能成为一种新的代谢性成瘾治疗方法，架起内 ...

Core Insights - The global prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is rising, with 529 million cases reported in 2021, projected to exceed 1.3 billion by 2050, highlighting an increasing public health burden [2] - Current drug therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, have been developed to manage high blood sugar, but a significant portion of patients still experience poor glycemic control due to clinical inertia and patient non-adherence [2] - There is an urgent need for alternative methods that can provide sustained blood sugar control independent of daily patient adherence [2] Group 1 - A multicenter, open-label, single-arm study published in the journal Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy evaluated catheter-based endovascular denervation for T2D patients with poor glycemic control [3] - The study involved 37 patients, with 30 undergoing endovascular denervation (EDN) treatment between December 2022 and October 2023, assessing safety and efficacy [4] - The primary endpoints included the incidence of major adverse events (MAE) within 30 days post-surgery and changes in HbA1c levels at 6 months [4] Group 2 - Patients had a baseline average HbA1c of 9.0% and fasting blood glucose of 8.6 mmol/L; no MAE were observed within 30 days post-treatment [5] - At 6 months, HbA1c levels decreased by 1.0%, with significant improvements in blood glucose control observed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months [5] - 37% of patients reported mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse events, indicating the need for further randomized controlled trials to validate the efficacy of EDN in improving glycemic control in T2D patients [5]

Core Insights - Diabetic retinopathy ('sugar net') often shows no early symptoms, leading many patients to seek medical help only after experiencing significant vision issues, indicating irreversible retinal damage [1] - Approximately one-third of diabetic patients will develop diabetic retinopathy, with other eye complications including cataracts and neovascular glaucoma [1] - Long-term high blood sugar levels increase the permeability of retinal blood vessels, causing leakage and retinal edema, which can ultimately lead to vision loss [1] Group 1 - Diabetic retinopathy is not exclusive to the elderly; younger individuals are increasingly affected, with rapid disease progression noted in younger patients due to faster metabolism and proliferation [2] - Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection and management of diabetic retinopathy, especially for younger patients [2] - Strict blood sugar control is essential to reduce vascular damage and improve retinal oxygenation, thereby lowering the risk of disease progression [2]

Core Viewpoint - The belief that a vegetarian diet alone can effectively control blood sugar levels is misleading, as blood sugar management depends on a balanced overall diet rather than simply avoiding animal products [2][4][23]. Dietary Structure - Effective blood sugar control is influenced by the overall dietary structure, including the types of carbohydrates consumed and their glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) [5][7]. - High-GI foods (GI > 70) can cause rapid increases in blood sugar, while low-GI foods (GI ≤ 55) help maintain stable blood sugar levels [5][6]. Misleading Vegetarian Choices - Certain starchy vegetables (e.g., potatoes, yams) and heavily processed vegetarian dishes (high in sugar and oil) can lead to significant blood sugar spikes if consumed in excess [9][11]. - A diet high in unhealthy vegetarian options can increase the risk of diabetes, contrary to the belief that vegetarianism is inherently healthy [12][13]. Nutritional Quality - The quality of food is more important than the "meat vs. vegetarian" label; unhealthy vegetarian diets can lead to nutrient deficiencies and health risks [12][15]. - Key nutrients such as protein, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids may be lacking in poorly planned vegetarian diets, affecting overall health and blood sugar stability [15]. Healthy Eating Strategies - A balanced approach to eating, including a mix of whole grains, vegetables, and quality proteins, is essential for effective blood sugar management [17][18]. - Recommended eating patterns include prioritizing vegetables and proteins before carbohydrates, using healthy cooking methods, and incorporating natural spices for flavor [19][20][22]. Conclusion - Instead of focusing solely on whether to eat meat or not, individuals should concentrate on achieving a balanced diet, making informed food choices, and employing healthy cooking techniques to maintain stable blood sugar levels [24][25].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the increasing prevalence of diabetes in China, emphasizing the health risks associated with high blood sugar levels and the importance of monitoring and controlling blood sugar to prevent complications. Group 1: Diabetes Prevalence and Risks - Diabetes has become the third most significant chronic non-communicable disease affecting public health in China, with the prevalence continuously rising [1] - High blood sugar levels can lead to various health issues, often without noticeable symptoms, causing ongoing damage to the body [1] Group 2: Symptoms Indicating High Blood Sugar - Changes in the legs and feet can signal uncontrolled blood sugar levels, as small blood vessels are often damaged first, leading to noticeable symptoms in these areas [3] - Common symptoms of high blood sugar include slow wound healing, itching, numbness in legs and feet, appearance of "sugar spots," and dry skin [6][7][8][9][10][11] Group 3: Blood Sugar Control Strategies - Effective blood sugar management involves not only lowering blood sugar levels but also maintaining stability to prevent complications such as heart attacks and kidney damage [13] - Recommended strategies for controlling blood sugar include increasing whole grains in the diet, eating harder foods, slowing down eating speed, adjusting the order of food intake, and being mindful of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of fruits [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] - Regular exercise is also emphasized as a crucial component for lowering blood sugar and improving insulin response [22]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant weight loss effects of oral semaglutide in overweight or obese patients without diabetes, highlighting the results of the OASIS 1 study and the PIONEER PLUS study, which demonstrate its efficacy and safety in weight management and blood sugar control [6][20]. Group 1: OASIS 1 Study Findings - The OASIS 1 study showed that daily oral administration of 50mg semaglutide led to an average weight loss of 15.1% after 68 weeks, with 85% of participants achieving clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) [6][9]. - The study included 667 adults with a BMI of ≥30kg/m² or ≥27kg/m² with weight-related complications, randomly assigned to either the semaglutide group or a placebo group [6][8]. - The treatment demonstrated a significant difference in weight loss compared to the placebo group, which only saw a 2.4% reduction (p<0.0001) [9][11]. Group 2: PIONEER PLUS Study Insights - The PIONEER PLUS study focused on the effects of high-dose oral semaglutide on blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, showing that higher doses (25mg or 50mg) resulted in better glycemic control and weight loss compared to the standard 14mg dose [20]. - Results indicated that the 50mg dose group achieved an average HbA1c reduction of 2.0%, with 63% of patients reaching the target HbA1c <7.0% [18][20]. - The study also reported that patients in the higher dose groups had a higher percentage of weight loss exceeding 5% or 10% compared to the standard dose group [18][20]. Group 3: Safety and Tolerability - The overall tolerability of semaglutide treatment was good, with 80% of patients reporting gastrointestinal adverse effects, mostly mild to moderate [13][15]. - The incidence of any adverse events was higher in the semaglutide group (91.9%) compared to the placebo group (85.6%), but serious adverse events were relatively low [15]. - Common adverse events included nausea (51.8% in the semaglutide group) and gastrointestinal disorders, but no fatal events were reported [15].

Group 1 - The core idea emphasizes the health benefits of walking after meals, particularly in reducing blood sugar and triglyceride levels [4][6][9] - Research indicates that sitting after meals can lead to a significant increase in postprandial blood sugar, with sitting causing a 2.75 times greater increase compared to walking [4] - Engaging in light physical activity, such as walking, can significantly lower post-meal triglyceride levels, with reductions of about one-third observed in studies [7] Group 2 - Walking after meals aids digestion and can help with weight management, as it promotes food movement through the digestive system and alleviates feelings of fullness [9] - For individuals aged 65 and older, specific considerations for walking include choosing appropriate routes, maintaining stable walking pace, being mindful of weather conditions, and planning walking intensity [10][11][12][13][14]

Core Viewpoint - Poor glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes can lead to a significant reduction in adult height, with potential losses of 2 to 3 centimeters, particularly affecting boys during their growth spurts [5][8][10]. Group 1: Impact of Poor Glycemic Control - A nationwide cohort study from Sweden indicates that children with poor blood sugar control may experience a height reduction of 2 to 3 centimeters in adulthood [5][8]. - The study highlights that for every 1% increase in HbA1c levels, children's final height decreases by 0.3 centimeters, especially during puberty when growth hormone secretion is disrupted [6][10]. Group 2: Gender Differences in Height Impact - Male patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 9.0%) experience an average height reduction of 2.91 centimeters, while female patients see a reduction of 1.83 centimeters [10]. - The timing of diabetes onset plays a crucial role; boys are affected regardless of when they develop diabetes, while girls primarily face height loss if diagnosed before puberty [12][14]. Group 3: Recommendations for Height Preservation - Early intervention is critical; establishing a strict blood sugar monitoring system from diagnosis is essential, particularly during the peak growth period of puberty [14][15]. - A balanced diet that reduces high-sugar and high-fat foods while increasing fiber, quality protein, and vitamins is recommended to stabilize blood sugar levels [16]. - Regular aerobic exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity and aid in blood sugar control [17]. - Psychological support is important, as chronic illness can lead to emotional stress; parents should monitor their children's emotional well-being and seek professional help if necessary [18].