阅读时间：11分钟 美联储货币政策操作已逐步演进为一个简洁框架：充足储备金框架以及"双下限"和"一上限"的利率框架。充足准备金框架维护金融体系的流动性；准备金 余额利率（IORB）和逆回购利率（RRP）分别设定银行体系和市场利率下限（"双下限"），常备回购便利（SRF）利率设定政策性利率上限("一上限")， 形成政策性利率区间（比如目前的4.0-4.25%）。这种简洁操作框架一定程度上体现出流动性与利率分离管理的逻辑，对现代货币金融学的研究和教学来 说，是一种新探索和新演进。 美联储货币政策操作的两大核心任务是管理好当前及未来一段时间内与经济状态相匹配的市场流动性和利率水平。 来源：人大CMF 王晋斌 中国人民大学经济学院原常务副书记兼副院长、国家发展与战略研究院研究员、中国宏观经济论坛（CMF）主要成员 本文字数：3368字 IORB利率和RRP共同为隔夜利率设定了一个下限：IORB对应银行体系利率下限，RRP对应没有资格获得IROB的金融机构利率下限。这两种利率之间的差 距小，需要平衡商业银行持有储备的机会成本和货币市场逆回购之间的收益（成本），以保持银行市场与金融市场之间的平衡。比如，当银行系统的流动 ...

Group 1 - The Federal Reserve's balance sheet reduction is putting pressure on the repurchase agreement market, indicating that tools for controlling short-term interest rates will become increasingly important [1] - As of May 14, the Federal Reserve's balance sheet stood at $3.24 trillion, slightly above the previous week and close to the level when quantitative tightening (QT) began nearly three years ago [2] - The Federal Reserve needs to maintain its balance sheet above $3 trillion to ensure sufficient liquidity and avoid market pressure [2] Group 2 - The Standing Repo Facility (SRF) helps reduce the reserve requirements needed for the central bank to operate effectively under the "ample reserves framework" [3] - The New York Fed plans to incorporate SRF's early settlement operations into its regular schedule to support market stability [3] - There are obstacles that hinder counterparties from using the SRF, including issues with netting transactions and uncertainty in allocation, which increase the cost of using the tool [3]