证券研究报告/固收专题报告 2025 年 12 月 16 日 分析师：游勇 债市长期思维转换主导短期下跌 执业证书编号：S0740524070004 Email：youyong@zts.com.cn 执业证书编号：S0740525070001 Email：yanly@zts.com.cn 联系人：苏鸿婷 Email：suht@zts.com.cn 1、《长债大跌后，供需成为焦点》 2025-12-07 2、《跌多了买，涨多了卖》2025- 11-30 3、《债市不跟权益，自身或遇"十 面埋伏"》2025-11-23 上周"超级宏观周"落地。海外美股周五重创、利率上行，国内权益债券双弱，商 品继续走供需两弱逻辑。 分析师：严伶怡 海外方面，美联储如期降息 25BP，表态偏鸽。鲍威尔强调关注就业风险，美联储上 调经济增长预期、下调通胀预期，并且重启扩表进程，市场相对较为失望。 周五美股抹去过去近两周涨幅，回到 10 月议息会议后的水平。由于前期涨幅较多的 AI 板块继续回调，甲骨文业绩后暴跌，资本开支巨增，核心收入不及预期，引发 AI 相关板块高位震荡，我们认为当下美股 AI 叙事处于高波向上趋势，容易受各类宏 ...

Group 1: Report Industry Investment Rating - The industry rating is not explicitly mentioned in the report regarding the specific investment rating for the bond market [17] Group 2: Core View of the Report - The supply - demand contradiction of ultra - long bonds next year is prominent, and there is a need for the spread to widen. The market is currently trading this trend in advance, and the focus has shifted from short - term factors to long - term supply - demand issues, which is a long - term negative for the market. However, there may be short - term over - selling [3][15] Group 3: Summary by Related Catalogs Bond Market Performance This Week - Ultra - long bonds had a deep decline this week. The 30 - year active bond yield rose from 2.18% last week to 2.28% (up 10BP). The 10 - year bond was relatively stable, with a maximum decline of about 3BP this week and has fluctuated between 1.8% - 1.85% since October. Ultra - long bonds deviated from the stock - bond seesaw, with multiple days of simultaneous decline in stocks and bonds [3][5] New Factors This Week - The Ministry of Finance's positive stance on future fiscal policy has led to market expectations for next year's deficit rate. There are concerns about fund dividends at the end of the year, increasing the pressure on bond fund redemptions. The market's focus is shifting from short - term redemption issues to long - term bond market supply - demand issues, and the supply - demand of ultra - long bonds/local bonds is evolving from point - like to "framework - like" problems, with the spread of ultra - long bonds being re - evaluated [3][5] Demand Side Analysis - **Insurance**: Due to slower liability expansion, asset allocation changes, lower premium income growth (the cumulative year - on - year growth rate of premium income in October 2025 dropped to 7.99%) due to falling predetermined interest rates, more marginal incremental funds flowing to the equity market, and the promotion of dividend - type insurance (with premiums exceeding 700 billion by the end of Q3 2025, up over 10% year - on - year), the demand for ultra - long bonds has significantly weakened. Currently, insurance mainly buys ultra - long bonds from a trading perspective, and local bonds have higher cost - effectiveness than national bonds [3][6] - **Banks**: Constrained by interest rate indicators, banks are difficult to take on a large amount of ultra - long bonds. Due to the large issuance of ultra - long - term government bonds in the past two years, the duration gap of banks' assets and liabilities has been magnified. Under the IRRBB regulatory framework, the interest rate risk of bank books is relatively large. As of the end of 2024, the average economic value sensitivity of state - owned banks (ΔEVE/primary capital) was 12.34%, and some banks' indicators were close to the regulatory attention level of 15%. Banks may mainly buy short - term bonds in secondary bond allocation [3][8] - **Trading Desk (Funds)**: The large redemption pressure of funds and the end of the unilateral bond market have weakened the trading enthusiasm for ultra - long bonds. Since the second half of this year, bond funds have continuously sold ultra - long bonds. When the bull - bond trend ends, a large amount of funds will withdraw from such assets [3][9] Supply Side Analysis - **Policy Tone**: In early December, the Minister of Finance mentioned in a signed article that "beyond - expected" policy measures would be introduced, which may increase the supply of ultra - long bonds [3][13] - **Supply Scale**: If the deficit rate is further raised from this year's 4.0% level, the supply of government bonds may increase by nearly one trillion yuan [3][13] - **Supply Maturity**: Since 2024, the issuance scale of long - term and ultra - long - term government bonds has increased significantly, and the proportion of government bonds with a maturity of over 10 years has risen from 20% in 2021 to 26% in 2025. If this trend continues next year, the supply pressure of ultra - long bonds will increase. However, if the demand for ultra - long - term bonds in the secondary market weakens, it may affect primary issuance, and the maturity structure of local bonds may be adjusted first [3][13]