中国的做法并不矛盾。虽然放松了对欧盟稀土的出口管制，但中国依然掌握着绝对的主导权。自2012年中国以稀土牌对日本实施制裁以来，西方国家一直在 寻找打破中国稀土垄断的方法。然而，十几年过去了，中国对稀土产业链的掌控力反而更加稳固。卖不卖稀土、以何种方式卖，完全由中国自主决定，欧盟 只能等待。 对于欧盟猪肉产品征收反倾销税，是中国为了掌握自主权的行动。稀土和猪肉是两回事，若欧盟的行为损害了中国的利益，中国必然会采取反制措施。而中 国的反制力度、方式、范围，都由中国自己决定，欧盟无权干预。中国的态度非常明确，稀土可以卖，欧盟的商品也可以进入中国市场，但前提是欧盟不要 做出损害中欧关系的事。如果欧盟继续做出让中国无法容忍的行为，那这个为期一年的稀土许可证可能会失效。中国拥有最终的解释权，这份许可证并不是 正式的贸易协定，随时可以终止。 接下来，欧盟如何选择将决定未来的局势。事实上，在中国全力反击美国，迫使美国暂时停战之后，欧盟应该意识到自 己的整体实力已经无法与中国匹敌。中国一直秉持不树敌、不结帮结派的外交政策，支持正常的贸易往来。如果欧盟认为中国这个全球第二大经济体、全球 最大的工业国是软弱可欺的，那将是一个历史性 ...

Core Insights - Rare earth elements are essential in modern industry, particularly in defense and high-tech sectors, with heavy rare earths like dysprosium and terbium being crucial for manufacturing high-strength magnets and high-temperature alloys [2] - China dominates the global rare earth refining capacity, controlling over 90% of the market, especially in heavy rare earth separation, which is nearly 100% [2][6] - Western countries are attempting to diversify their rare earth supply chains due to reliance on China, but face significant technological and cost challenges [2][4] Group 1: China's Dominance - China's annual production of heavy rare earths exceeds 150,000 tons, far surpassing Lynas's output, which is only 1% of China's level [6] - China holds 439 patents related to refining processes, with purity levels consistently above 99% [6] - The Chinese government is expanding export controls on rare earths, adding five more elements to the list, indicating a strategic move to maintain its market position [15] Group 2: Western Efforts - Lynas Rare Earths has achieved a breakthrough in heavy rare earth separation at its plant in Malaysia, with plans to produce dysprosium oxide by May 2025 and expand to terbium [4] - The plant is designed to meet military demands, with an initial capacity of 1,500 tons of separated oxides, which will be increased to 5,000 tons by 2026 [4] - Western countries, including the US, EU, and Japan, are investing in overseas projects to reduce dependence on a single source, but face challenges in local regulations and training [7][11] Group 3: Technological Competition - China is advancing in technology, with research institutions reducing the development cycle for neodymium-iron-boron magnets to 17 months using quantum computing models [6] - The Chinese recycling system has achieved a 35% recovery rate, which helps alleviate pressure on mining resources [13] - Western companies are struggling with high costs and dependency on government subsidies, making it difficult to compete with China's established supply chain [11][15] Group 4: Future Outlook - The global rare earth competition is fundamentally a technological race, with China controlling the entire lifecycle from mining to recycling [18] - Western efforts to break free from dependence on China are expected to take a decade, with limited short-term impact [18] - The establishment of alliances, such as the BRICS rare earth alliance, aims to enhance resource security and increase production capacity [11][15]

Core Viewpoint - The U.S. is making strides to break China's dominance in the rare earth market, as highlighted by U.S. Treasury Secretary Becerra's visit to a new rare earth processing plant in South Carolina, which is part of efforts to secure critical mineral supply chains for clean energy and national defense [3][5]. Group 1: U.S. Rare Earth Initiatives - The eVAC Magnetics company, which is establishing a rare earth processing facility, received $112 million in support from the Biden administration, indicating a significant governmental push towards reducing reliance on Chinese rare earth supplies [7]. - Becerra claimed that the facility represents the first rare earth magnet produced in the U.S. in 25 years, marking a pivotal step towards supply chain independence [5][9]. - Despite the optimistic outlook, analysts express skepticism regarding the feasibility of the U.S. breaking China's rare earth monopoly, given the complexities involved in rare earth processing and the significant investment required [9][11]. Group 2: Challenges in Competing with China - The eVAC company, while American, is actually a joint venture with a German parent company, raising questions about the extent of U.S. manufacturing capabilities [7]. - Establishing a fully operational rare earth supply chain in the U.S. is projected to require at least $10 billion in investment and could take 10 to 20 years to develop a competitive edge against China [11][13]. - China's established and comprehensive rare earth industry, along with its cost advantages, poses a significant challenge for U.S. companies attempting to enter the market [11][13]. Group 3: Political and Media Dynamics - Becerra's statements are viewed as politically motivated, aimed at attracting investment to the eVAC company and promoting the narrative of U.S. independence from Chinese supply chains [13][15]. - Media coverage has largely focused on the positive aspects of U.S. efforts to secure rare earth supplies, often overlooking the substantial challenges and current limitations faced by the U.S. rare earth industry [15].

Core Viewpoint - Energy Fuels has announced a significant breakthrough in extracting high-purity rare earth elements, claiming to achieve 99.999% purity, which is seen as a challenge to China's dominance in the rare earth market [1][3] Cost Analysis - The extraction technology used by Energy Fuels, known as "molecular recognition extraction," requires specialized high-cost extraction agents priced over $200 per gram, leading to a production cost of approximately $20 million per kilogram of dysprosium, which is about 50 times higher than China's production cost of under 3,000 RMB per kilogram [5][7] - The high costs associated with this technology could significantly increase the price of military equipment, such as the F-35 fighter jet, by approximately 3 million RMB per aircraft if this extraction method were to be used [5] Production Capacity Comparison - The current output from Energy Fuels is less than 100 grams in a laboratory setting, while a single production line in China can produce 200 tons of high-purity rare earth products daily, highlighting a vast disparity in production capabilities [7][10] - The transition from laboratory success to industrial-scale production involves overcoming numerous challenges, including equipment scaling, process stability, wastewater treatment, and energy consumption [7] Industry Strengths of China - China dominates the global rare earth market, accounting for 85% of the refining and separation output, due to a well-established and complete industrial chain developed over decades [10][12] - Technological advancements in China have improved mining recovery rates from 60% to over 90%, alongside effective wastewater recycling, showcasing real progress in the industry [10] - The comprehensive industrial chain in China encompasses mining, refining, material processing, and end-use applications, providing a significant competitive advantage [10] Strategic Moves by China - In response to international competition, China is adjusting its export control lists and increasing research and development investments to enhance its technological capabilities [12][14] - China is also establishing rare earth processing facilities in countries like Tanzania and Burundi to secure resource supply and export mature technologies [12] Conclusion on Manufacturing - The case illustrates that true manufacturing breakthroughs rely on solid technological foundations, industrial chain development, and industrialization capabilities rather than mere announcements or laboratory results [14]

Core Insights - The recent signing of an $8.5 billion rare earth supply agreement between the U.S. and Australia has garnered significant attention, with U.S. President Trump expressing optimism about the potential for abundant rare earth supplies in the near future [1] Industry Overview - Historically, China has faced challenges in the rare earth sector, possessing rich reserves but lacking the technology to process them, leading to low export prices and reliance on foreign processed products [3] - A breakthrough in rare earth separation technology in the 1970s, led by Chinese scientist Xu Guangxian, allowed China to overcome foreign monopolies and establish itself as a leader in rare earth separation [4] Current Market Position - China currently dominates the global rare earth market, producing approximately 70% of the world's rare earth minerals and refining over 90% of rare earth products, making it the only country capable of supplying all 17 rare earth metals [4] - The establishment of a complete industrial chain from mining to high-purity products has solidified China's position in the rare earth sector, with significant advancements in downstream applications such as permanent magnets and catalytic materials [4] Regulatory Environment - China has implemented stricter export controls on rare earths and related technologies, enhancing its leverage in international trade and making it difficult for other countries to challenge its dominance [6] Competitive Landscape - The U.S.-Australia rare earth agreement, while ambitious, faces significant challenges in breaking China's long-established dominance, which is supported by decades of technological and policy development [7] - The complexities of technology, cost, and talent present substantial barriers for the U.S. and Australia in their efforts to compete with China's rare earth capabilities [7] Strategic Recommendations - In the context of global economic integration, collaboration rather than confrontation may be a more effective approach for the U.S. and Australia to engage with China in the rare earth sector, promoting resource allocation and joint development [7]

Core Viewpoint - The recent new rare earth policy introduced by China has drawn significant international attention, particularly from the United States, which perceives it as a monopolistic move and has initiated a series of countermeasures [1][3]. Group 1: U.S. Response and Strategy - The U.S. has issued threats, including potential cancellation of high-level meetings and imposing high tariffs on Chinese goods if China does not alter its rare earth export controls [3]. - Despite the threats, there are indications that the U.S. may consider lifting tariffs in exchange for China easing its rare earth export restrictions, suggesting a complex and fluctuating stance [3]. - The U.S. is attempting to rally allies, with the EU and G7 expressing intentions to collectively confront China's new rare earth regulations, although internal divisions exist among these allies regarding their approach to China [5][6]. Group 2: U.S. and Global Rare Earth Dynamics - The U.S. is exploring partnerships to reduce reliance on Chinese rare earths, exemplified by a recent agreement with Pakistan, but the global supply chain's current state makes it challenging to quickly eliminate dependence on China [8]. - Research indicates that establishing a complete rare earth supply chain independent of China could take at least a decade, highlighting the difficulty of rapid substitution [8]. Group 3: Future Outlook - Anticipation surrounds the upcoming high-level U.S.-China meeting, which could serve as an opportunity for easing trade tensions, contingent on the U.S. demonstrating sufficient goodwill [9]. - The outcome of this meeting may significantly influence the dynamics of U.S.-China relations and their cooperation in other sectors [9][10].

Core Insights - The article discusses the urgency of the U.S. Department of Defense's $1 billion procurement plan for critical minerals in response to China's export controls on rare earth elements, highlighting a growing sense of panic in the U.S. regarding its reliance on Chinese resources [1][3][5]. Group 1: U.S. Defense Procurement - The Pentagon's $1 billion procurement plan aims to acquire essential minerals such as cobalt, antimony, tantalum, and scandium, which are crucial for advanced technologies in defense systems [3][5]. - The urgency of this procurement reflects a significant imbalance in supply and demand, driven by fears of potential supply disruptions from China [5][6]. - The planned procurement quantities, particularly for antimony, exceed the projected total consumption for 2024, raising questions about the feasibility and implications of such large-scale purchases [6]. Group 2: U.S.-China Resource Dynamics - The article emphasizes that the U.S. has long been aware of its dependence on China for rare earth elements, yet it has only recently taken steps to address this vulnerability [3][5]. - The increasing control of the rare earth market by China is likened to a "ticking time bomb," with potential consequences for U.S. high-tech weapon systems if supply lines are cut [5][6]. - The U.S. government's intensified search for alternative mineral sources reveals a deeper issue of dependency on both domestic and foreign supplies, highlighting the challenges in establishing a more independent and secure supply chain [8].

Core Viewpoint - The G7 and EU countries are attempting to challenge China's dominance in the rare earth market through various strategies, but these efforts may ultimately backfire and strengthen China's position [1][8]. Group 1: Strategies Employed by G7 and EU - The first strategy involves increasing regulatory thresholds for foreign investments to limit corporate investments in China, aiming to slow down China's potential monopoly on critical minerals like rare earths [3]. - The second strategy is to establish local content rules or limit procurement quotas for rare earths from China in public tenders, thereby reducing dependency on Chinese rare earths [3]. - The third strategy includes imposing tariffs or carbon taxes on China's rare earth and minor metal exports, increasing the cost of these exports to Western countries [4]. - The fourth strategy aims to set a price floor for rare earths, following a path previously practiced by the U.S., in an attempt to seize control over rare earth pricing [5]. Group 2: Challenges Faced by G7 and EU - Despite these strategies, the G7 and EU face significant challenges in establishing a non-China rare earth supply chain, making their efforts seem futile and likely to lead to failure [6][8]. - China's dominance in the rare earth sector is evident, with over 60% of global rare earth production and 92% of processing capacity being controlled by China, making it difficult for other countries to compete [6]. - Previous attempts by Western countries to reduce reliance on Chinese rare earths have consistently failed, highlighting the difficulty of overcoming China's established position in this market [8]. Group 3: Potential Outcomes - The current situation allows China to explore new rare earth markets and maintain strategic reserves, which could be beneficial in the long run [10]. - It is suggested that Western countries reconsider their approach, advocating for the removal of tariffs and trade barriers to restore normal trade relations as a more effective solution to the rare earth crisis [12].