以下文章来源于熊园观察 ，作者熊园、刘新宇 熊园观察 . 记录【国盛证券.熊园团队】对宏观经济的思考。 文/国盛证券首席经济学家、中国首席经济学家论坛理事 熊园 4月初特朗普宣布对等关税后，部分观点认为海外国家可以采取抛售美债 的 方式来反制，虽然 近期关税有 所缓和， 但尚不 能 排除后 续是否出 现 反 复。由于目前美债规模十分庞大，市场担忧一旦海外国家抛售美债，可能 导致美债市场出现系统性风险。本文从美债期限结构与投资者结构、到期 分布与偿还压力、交易规模与外国减持复盘这3大维度，详细分析了美债 市场的运行状况，并对潜在抛售风险做出评估。 美债期限结构与投资者结构 期限结构： 美国国债期限可大致划分为短期（1年以内，也称T-Bills）、中期（1-10年，也称T-Notes）、长期（10年以上，也称T- Bonds）。存量角度看，截至2025年3月，短期国债占比21.5%，中期国债占比51.8%，长期国债占比17.2%，此外还包括TIPS债券和浮动 利率票据，规模较小。增量角度看，2023年以来，美债发行中短期国债占比基本保持80%以上。通常而言，美国政府为降低负债成本， 往往会在低利率时发行更多中长期 ...

2025 年 05 月 22 日 证券研究报告 | 策略专题报告 2025 年美债到期压力有多大？ 海外市场观察系列之一 分析师：蔡梦苑 分析师登记编码：S0890521120001 电话：021-20321004 邮箱：caimengyuan@cnhbstock.com 分析师登记编码：S0890524100002 电话：021-20321091 邮箱：liufang@cnhbstock.com 021-20515355 投资要点 分析师：刘芳 美债实际的到期压力相对可控。尽管美债 5-7 月存在集中到期的压力，但短 债占比较高。考虑到短债市场流动性相对充足，展期压力整体可控。除短期国 债外，美国其他期限的国债到期分布相对较为平稳，未出现集中兑付峰值，到 期压力不高。由于一年以内利率上升的幅度有限，短期国债到期滚续带来的额 外利息支出压力有限。后续利息支出负担增加的压力主要来源于中期国债的到 期，2025 年来源于美国中期国债的新增利息支出约为 266 亿美元。 销售服务电话： 相关研究报告 2025 年美债到期引发的流动性冲击整体可控，当前可以择机进行美债配 置。当前 10 年期美债收益率受到评级下调、减 ...

证券研究报告 | 宏观研究 gszqdatemark 2025 05 21 年 月 日 宏观点评 三大维度看，美债抛售风险有多大？ 4 月初特朗普宣布对等关税后，部分观点认为海外国家可以采取抛售美债 的方式来反制，虽然近期关税有所缓和，但尚不能排除后续是否出现反复。 由于目前美债规模十分庞大，市场担忧一旦海外国家抛售美债，可能导致 美债市场出现系统性风险。本文从美债期限结构与投资者结构、到期分布 与偿还压力、交易规模与外国减持复盘这 3 大维度，详细分析了美债市场 的运行状况，并对潜在抛售风险做出评估。 核心结论：美债存量规模和日均交易规模均十分庞大，远超任一海外国家 持有美债的规模，因此单一国家不具备操控美债市场的能力。历史经验也 表明，海外国家减持对美债走势的影响要弱于基本面变量。需要警惕的是， 若关税反复引发"众怒"，促使海外各国实施联合抛售，则对美债市场乃至 全球金融市场造成的冲击将明显加剧。 1、美债期限结构与投资者结构 1、《关税下降对美国经济和通胀的影响——兼评美国 4 月 CPI 》 2025-05-14 2、《唯一确定的是不确定性——美联储 5 月议息会议 点评》 2025-05-08 3、 ...

Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content found. Core Viewpoints - The aluminum market is expected to fluctuate within a wide range, with the Shanghai Aluminum 2506 contract likely to remain around the 20,000 level in the short term. The market anticipates that the US may choose to ease policies and tariff confrontation with China before the US debt matures in June, which will limit the downside of aluminum prices. However, the transmission of domestic favorable policies takes time, and the market has strong expectations of weakening demand due to the change of seasons, the end of PV rush installation, and the decline in export orders, which will reduce the upward momentum of aluminum prices [5][13]. - The supply of bauxite is expected to increase in May, and the market may achieve a re - balance of supply and demand after July, with the price center expected to stabilize in the range of $70 - 75 per dry ton. The alumina market has a shortage due to maintenance, and the spot supply is tight, with a possible increase in spot prices in the future. The global primary aluminum production growth rate is only 1.9%, and the import of electrolytic aluminum has a theoretical loss, but the export volume is expected to gradually recover [10]. - The operating rates of different downstream aluminum processing sectors show a differentiated pattern. The overall operating rate of downstream processing enterprises is expected to rise slightly next week. The inventory of aluminum ingots may continue to rise in May, while the destocking speed of aluminum rods has significantly narrowed [12][25][26]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs Mid - term Market Analysis - The aluminum price is expected to fluctuate in the range of 19,000 - 21,000. The Shanghai Aluminum 2506 contract may have a slight rebound next week and generally remain around the 20,000 level [5]. Variety Trading Strategy - Last week's strategy: It was expected that Shanghai Aluminum would remain around the 20,000 level, and it was recommended to wait and see [7]. - This week's strategy: It is expected to continue to consolidate around the 20,000 level. The Shanghai Aluminum 2506 contract is temporarily seen in the range of 19,500 - 20,000, and it is advisable to wait and see or conduct short - band trading [8]. - Hedging suggestions for spot enterprises: It is advisable to purchase and stock up as needed [9]. Overall Viewpoint Bauxite Market - The supply of domestic bauxite has slightly improved compared with the previous period, and the overall supply of imported bauxite can basically meet the downstream demand. The bauxite supply is expected to continue to increase in May, and the market may achieve supply - demand re - balance after July, with the price center stabilizing at $70 - 75 per dry ton [10]. Alumina Market - As of May 8, the built - in alumina production capacity in China was 110.6 million tons, the operating capacity was 86.55 million tons, and the operating rate was 78.25%. Due to maintenance and production cuts of alumina enterprises, the market spot supply is tight, and there may be a rise in spot prices [10]. Production of Electrolytic Aluminum - The theoretical operating capacity of the electrolytic aluminum industry this week was 43.835 million tons, remaining stable compared with last week. The global primary aluminum production growth rate is only 1.9% [10]. Import and Export - The theoretical loss of electrolytic aluminum imports is about 1,500 yuan per ton, showing a slight expansion in the past two weeks. The export volume in May is expected to decline month - on - month, but it is expected to gradually recover through supply chain reconstruction and tariff cost sharing mechanisms [10]. Demand - The operating rates of different downstream sectors show a differentiated pattern. The operating rate of profiles decreased by 1.5 percentage points to 57.5%; the operating rate of aluminum plate, strip and foil decreased; the operating rate of aluminum cables increased by 1.4 percentage points to 65.6%; the operating rate of primary aluminum alloy increased by 0.2 percentage points to 55.2%, and the operating rate of recycled aluminum increased by 2.5 percentage points to 55.0% [12]. Inventory - The latest social inventory of aluminum ingots is 619,000 tons, an increase of about 1% compared with last week and about 20% lower than the same period last year. The inventory may continue to rise in May. The inventory of aluminum rods is 150,100 tons, a decrease of about 2% compared with last week and about 27% lower than the same period last year. The LME electrolytic aluminum inventory has been falling slightly since May 2024 and is currently at a low level since 1990, but there may be an inflection point [12]. Profit and Market Expectation - The average cash cost of the domestic alumina industry is about 2,600 yuan per ton, and the profit is about 300 yuan per ton. The average production cost of domestic electrolytic aluminum is about 17,100 yuan per ton, and the theoretical profit is about 2,500 yuan per ton. The aluminum price is expected to rise slightly next week, with an average price of about 19,700 [13]. Important Industrial Link Price Changes - The prices of most aluminum - related products have changed. For example, the price of bauxite has generally declined, the price of alumina in Henan has increased slightly, and the price of electrolytic aluminum has decreased [14]. Important Industrial Link Inventory Changes - The domestic bauxite port inventory has increased for the fourth consecutive week, the alumina inventory has slightly decreased, the social inventory of aluminum ingots has increased, the inventory of aluminum rods has decreased, and the LME aluminum inventory has continued to decline slightly [16][18]. Supply - Demand Situation - The profits of domestic alumina and electrolytic aluminum industries this week are about 300 yuan per ton and 2,500 yuan per ton respectively. The theoretical import loss of electrolytic aluminum is about 1,500 yuan per ton [20]. - The overall operating rate of domestic aluminum downstream processing leading enterprises has increased by 0.3 percentage points to 61.9%, showing a differentiated pattern. The operating rate is expected to rise slightly next week [25][26]. Futures - Spot Structure - The current price structure of Shanghai Aluminum futures is neutral. The market is bearish on the demand in the second and third quarters but expects a rebound in demand at the end of the year [32]. Spread Structure - The LME (0 - 3) is at a discount of $9.4 per ton. The A00 aluminum ingot spot is at a discount of 0 yuan per ton. The spread between aluminum ingots and ADC12 is about - 3,190 yuan per ton [34][36]. Market Capital Situation - The net long position of LME aluminum has slightly rebounded, and the short - term overseas aluminum price is under pressure. The net long position of Shanghai Futures Exchange electrolytic aluminum has also slightly increased, and the short - term market is expected to be volatile [40][43].

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人：殷雯卿（19945767933） 核心观点 近期关于美债今年是否会是到期最高峰、 6 月前后是否会出现天量到期潮的问题被市场高度关注。对 这一问题我们详细解释了国债到期额的合理统计方法，并对其进行统计。可以看到： 2025 年美国国 债并未如市场所传的那样出现天量到期墙问题，但目前美国国债、特别是短期国债的到期滚续压力确 实很大，远高于 2023 年以前的水平，高额的国债到期规模可能会加大国债市场的供需压力，美债收 益率难下。 报告摘要 1 、 2025 年是天量到期潮吗？与 2024 年大致持平 以上文所述统计方法，滚动以每年 1 月 1 日为数据观察日，统计美国国债每年到期额。 则 2025 年 美国国债到期规模 10.8 万亿美元，与 2024 年到期额 10.6 万亿美元接近，但远高于 2023 年以前 水平。因此， 2025 年其实并没有出现国债到期额相较 2024 年的巨幅提升，但美国国债的债务到期 问题确实愈发严重。 2 、 2025 年 5-6 月将是年内债务到期高峰？ 为何会出现 2025 ...