印度历史上有充满活力的自力更生构想和国家方向。在民族解放运动期间，人们认识到没有经济独立就不可能有政治独立。自力更生是民族解放运动的核 心，当时印度组织了许多行动来抵制英国商品和使用本土产品。 1947年独立后，印度在1948年制定了新的工业政策，旨在建立独立经济。当时印度统治阶级非常清楚，在一个落后的、被殖民的国家建立独立的经济需要国 家发挥强大的作用。这项政策的关键是我们需要快速实现工业化，国家必须通过计划发展在工业化中发挥主导作用，这在某种程度上借鉴了苏联。 我们像苏联一样制定了五年计划。尽管印度不是社会主义国家，但它确实包含了这些方面。大多数的印度大资产阶级，如塔塔和比尔拉，都签署这个计划。 1944-45年印度大资本签署的"孟买计划"其构想的实现是要国家发挥主导作用的。 1953年印度总理尼赫鲁在检查铁路展览上的一些展品 印度斯坦时 报 【文/巴帕·辛哈】 在谈论数字主权之前，我想简单介绍一下印度自力更生之旅的历史背景，特别是工业自力更生，以及数字部分如何融入这个大局。 一些产业被视为对国家的自力更生和经济至关重要。印度试图掌握这些产业——不仅仅是生产最终产品，而是掌握整个供应链。我们还认识到，为了 ...

Group 1 - The trade tensions between the US and India have escalated, with the US imposing a 50% tariff on Indian goods, impacting local businesses and triggering a nationalist sentiment among Indian consumers [1][3][9] - Indian exporters are feeling the immediate effects, with many orders stuck and factories facing reduced operations, leading to concerns about the sustainability of their businesses under such high tariffs [3][4] - There is a growing movement among Indian citizens and businesses to support local products and brands, with calls to boycott American companies like McDonald's and Coca-Cola [6][8] Group 2 - The Indian government acknowledges that the tariff increase could disrupt not only US-India trade but also global trade growth [3][4] - The sentiment of self-reliance is echoed by Indian Prime Minister Modi, who emphasizes the need for Indian companies to focus on domestic demands [4][8] - India's diplomatic stance appears to be shifting, as it seeks to strengthen ties with China and Russia in response to US actions, indicating a potential pivot in trade relationships [6][8]

Group 1: Trade Negotiations and Tariffs - The U.S. trade delegation canceled its visit to India, casting doubt on ongoing tariff negotiations [1][4] - President Trump signed an executive order imposing an additional 25% tariff on Indian imports, raising the overall tariff rate to 50% [1][5] - The cancellation of the trade talks is expected to delay the bilateral trade agreement that was aimed to be finalized by September-October [4][10] Group 2: India's Response - Indian Prime Minister Modi stated that India will not compromise on its national interests despite U.S. tariff pressures [2][8] - Modi emphasized the protection of farmers and laborers' interests in his Independence Day speech, promoting self-reliance and domestic production [8][9] - The Indian government is actively pursuing trade negotiations through multiple channels, indicating the importance of the U.S. as a trade partner [4][10] Group 3: Impact on Industries - The increased tariffs have led to significant disruptions in Indian exports, particularly in the metal products and pharmaceutical sectors [10][9] - Indian exporters are facing challenges with canceled orders and financial difficulties due to the heightened tariffs [10] - The pharmaceutical industry, a key sector for Indian exports to the U.S., may face additional tariffs up to 250%, which could severely impact its operations [9]

Group 1 - The core theme of Prime Minister Modi's speech is "self-reliance," emphasizing the need for India to develop its own capabilities in defense, semiconductors, and artificial intelligence to respond to changing geopolitical dynamics [3][9] - Modi's vision includes a commitment to achieving energy independence and building industries in key sectors, with the first domestically manufactured chip expected to launch by the end of this year [7] - The Indian government aims to promote "Make in India" initiatives to enhance manufacturing, particularly benefiting small farmers, livestock breeders, and fishermen, while reforming the Goods and Services Tax to support small and medium enterprises [5][9] Group 2 - The ongoing trade tensions with the U.S. have prompted India to focus on self-sufficiency as a means to protect its interests, particularly in agriculture and industry [9] - Modi's vision for a developed India by 2047 is underpinned by the principle of self-reliance, which is seen as essential for economic resilience and growth [7] - The Indian government is navigating complex geopolitical challenges while striving to balance its domestic manufacturing goals with international trade relations [5][9]

Core Points - Modi delivered the longest Independence Day speech in Indian history, lasting 103 minutes, emphasizing themes of "self-reliance," "defense preparedness," and "youth empowerment" for India's vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 [1][3] - The speech included a warning to Pakistan regarding nuclear threats and highlighted India's military actions, specifically the "Operation Zarb-e-Azb" [3][4] - Modi's focus on "Make in India" initiatives aims to boost domestic production across various sectors, including fertilizers, jet engines, and electric vehicle batteries, with a commitment to energy independence [5] Group 1 - Modi's speech marked his 12th Independence Day address, making him the second-most frequent speaker after Nehru [3] - The speech broke his previous record of 98 minutes from last year [3] - Key topics included "Operation Zarb-e-Azb," "Make in India," and tariff issues, with a strong emphasis on national security [3][4] Group 2 - Modi's remarks on the Indus Water Treaty suggest a potential unilateral suspension, citing it as "unfair and one-sided" [3] - The speech received mixed reactions, with some Indian citizens expressing enthusiasm while others criticized its length [1][3] - The atmosphere during the celebrations was notably subdued compared to previous years, influenced by upcoming religious festivities and social issues [5]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the dedication and transformation of Wang Yougong, a former oil worker who became a passionate guide at the Military-Civilian Production Memorial Hall in Huachi County, Gansu Province, emphasizing the importance of preserving historical memory and promoting self-reliance through education and storytelling [3][5][9]. Group 1: Historical Context - The Military-Civilian Production Memorial Hall showcases the fervent spirit of the military-civilian production movement initiated by the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army in April 1943 [3]. - The memorial hall serves as a platform to educate visitors about the historical significance of self-reliance and economic development during wartime [7]. Group 2: Wang Yougong's Journey - Wang Yougong transitioned from a well-paying job in the oil industry, earning 4,000 yuan per month, to a role as a museum administrator with a salary of 1,800 yuan, valuing the spiritual fulfillment over financial gain [5][8]. - Initially struggling with public speaking, Wang improved his storytelling skills by collecting oral histories and engaging with veterans, leading to a more natural and relatable presentation style [4][5]. Group 3: Visitor Engagement - Wang's innovative approach to engaging visitors includes using historical tools and artifacts to create immersive experiences, such as demonstrating the exchange of grain for cloth, which resonates deeply with students [7]. - Feedback from visitors, including veterans, highlights the emotional impact of Wang's storytelling, reinforcing the memorial's role as a "spiritual lighthouse" [9]. Group 4: Commitment and Dedication - Wang Yougong maintains a meticulous record of his efforts, including restoring artifacts and compiling oral histories, demonstrating his commitment to preserving the legacy of the military-civilian production movement [8]. - His dedication is evident in his willingness to face challenges, such as braving harsh weather conditions to ensure the memorial's upkeep and visitor safety [8].

Core Viewpoint - The recent escalation in trade tensions between the EU and the US, particularly driven by Trump's ultimatum for increased tariffs, has led Germany to adopt a surprisingly aggressive stance in defense of its economic interests [1][3][4]. Group 1: Trade Relations and Tariffs - Trump has threatened to raise tariffs on EU imports to 15% starting August 1, which could impose additional costs exceeding 100 billion euros on EU businesses [3]. - Germany, as the EU's largest exporter, faces significant risks, particularly in its automotive sector, where a 15% tariff could severely undermine price competitiveness in the US market [4]. - The German government has responded with a strong commitment to explore all options in retaliation against US trade policies, indicating a readiness for a trade conflict [4][11]. Group 2: Germany's Strategic Shift - Germany is seeking to strengthen ties with China, as evidenced by high-level visits aimed at enhancing cooperation in trade, climate, and technology [4][6]. - The planned visit by German Chancellor Merz to China, accompanied by CEOs from major German companies, aims to secure Chinese investments and deepen bilateral cooperation [6]. - Germany's observation of China's resilience during the US-China trade war has prompted a reevaluation of its own economic strategies, focusing on self-reliance and independence from US influence [8][9]. Group 3: Lessons from China - China's experience in navigating trade conflicts has shown that maintaining control over key industries and supply chains is crucial for economic stability [8][9]. - Germany recognizes the need to reduce dependency on US technology and components, particularly in high-tech sectors where over 60% of critical components are sourced from the US [9]. - The shift in Germany's approach reflects a broader trend among nations seeking to assert more control over their economic destinies and reduce reliance on a single dominant power [11].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the historical significance of the South Mud Bay (南泥湾) during the Chinese resistance against Japanese invasion, emphasizing the spirit of self-reliance and hard work demonstrated by the soldiers and local people in transforming a barren land into a productive area [3][4][10]. Group 1: Historical Context - In 1941, the Eighth Route Army soldiers advanced to South Mud Bay amidst severe material difficulties due to prolonged warfare and natural disasters [3]. - The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called for a production mobilization campaign in 1939, leading to a large-scale production movement in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area [3]. Group 2: Agricultural Development - Upon arrival at South Mud Bay, the soldiers initiated a vigorous campaign to reclaim land, transforming it from a desolate area into a fertile region with abundant crops and livestock [4][7]. - By 1941, the soldiers had reclaimed 11,200 acres of land, producing 1,200 shi of grain and achieving complete self-sufficiency in vegetables [7]. - By 1943, the reclaimed land exceeded 100,000 acres, yielding 12,000 shi of grain, fulfilling the goal of complete self-sufficiency without reliance on government support [7]. Group 3: Cultural Impact - The song "South Mud Bay," written by He Jingzhi and composed by Ma Ke, became popular in the border area in 1943, symbolizing the spirit of the movement [7]. - The efforts in South Mud Bay not only bolstered material support for the anti-Japanese war but also improved the lives of the people and strengthened the relationship between the military and civilians [10]. Group 4: Legacy - The entrepreneurial spirit of self-reliance and hard work established during this period continues to inspire future generations [10][12]. - Today, South Mud Bay is characterized by lush forests and well-maintained roads, reflecting the ongoing legacy of the stories of perseverance and resilience [12].

Group 1 - The Indian government is considering relaxing additional scrutiny rules for Chinese investments, which have caused delays in significant transactions [1][4] - The proposal from NITI Aayog suggests that Chinese companies could hold up to 24% of shares in Indian companies without requiring approval [1][2] - India's foreign direct investment (FDI) has dropped to a record low of $353 million in the last fiscal year, which is less than 1% of the $43.9 billion recorded for the fiscal year ending in March 2021 [1][6] Group 2 - The Indian government has imposed investment barriers for Chinese companies since the 2020 border conflict, leading to delays in transactions such as BYD's $1 billion electric vehicle joint venture in India [4][6] - Despite the restrictions, there is a growing recognition of the need for a stable relationship between India and China, as indicated by recent high-level visits and discussions [6][7] - The NITI Aayog's recommendations are part of a broader effort to attract foreign investment, with various government departments currently reviewing the proposals [1][4]

Core Viewpoint - The development of advanced aircraft is a long-term commitment requiring dedication, innovation, and collaboration among various sectors and individuals in the aviation industry [1][2][3]. Group 1: Historical Context and Contributions - The history of the aviation industry is marked by the perseverance and contributions of generations of engineers and workers, showcasing a spirit of dedication to national aviation [1]. - The journey from developing the J-5 to the J-20 fighter jets illustrates the challenges faced, including foreign technology withdrawal and technical blockades, highlighting the resilience and growth of China's technological capabilities [1]. Group 2: Collaborative Efforts - The development of fighter jets necessitates collaboration across multiple departments, regions, and industries, emphasizing that national interests take precedence over individual goals [2]. - Establishing a new type of national system can better transform institutional advantages into strategic initiatives, ensuring a robust support system for critical technology development [2]. Group 3: Spirit of Innovation - The spirit of serving the country through aviation must be passed down, ensuring that future aircraft will achieve greater heights and success in the skies [3].