（来源：中国改革报） 转自：中国改革报 □ 黄 健 黄 静 要素流动对营商环境质量的影响分析 高水平的营商环境需要建立要素多维流动的法治保障和标准体系。针对劳动力要素的流动而言，应完善 跨区域劳动力权益保障机制，健全劳动争议仲裁跨省协调处理制度，保证劳动者流动过程中法律地位的 一致性。对于数据、技术等新要素应加快确权、估值、交易、安全管理的标准化建设，弥补法律法规在 数字经济领域的空白。从具体操作层面而言，应不断改进统一的公共资源交易平台功能，将要素交易的 全过程纳入法治化的监管轨道，保证碳排放权、排污权等绿色要素在交易过程中程序公正、结果公开。 这一标准化的支撑体系可以降低要素流动的摩擦成本和合规风险，使法治成为营商环境质量最硬的支 撑。 劳动力要素的流动降低了企业与劳动者之间的信息不对称与匹配成本，使企业可以根据市场变化快速改 变生产规模。从宏观角度而言，劳动力要素向高效率的地区、行业自发集聚，会产生强烈的倒逼效应， 迫使地方政府在户籍准入、住房保障、子女教育等公共资源配置上进行改革。由劳动力要素流动所引领 的社会治理优化，是营商环境由硬基础设施向软服务环境转变的过程。 劳动、资本、技术、数据要素的流动是 ...

Core Insights - Guangdong's cross-border RMB settlement scale ranked among the top three provinces in China in 2025, with a year-on-year growth of 21.5%, accounting for over 50% of the total cross-border receipts and payments in both domestic and foreign currencies, reaching a historical high in both settlement volume and proportion [1] Group 1: Cross-Border RMB Settlement - The People's Bank of China in Guangdong has been promoting RMB internationalization through trade and financial openness, optimizing services and innovating systems [1] - The bank has upgraded the "Convenience Scheme for Cross-Border RMB Settlement for Quality Enterprises," allowing for a shift from "pre-transaction review" to "post-transaction random checks," significantly improving fund turnover efficiency by saving 2-3 hours of preparation time per transaction [1] Group 2: Support for E-commerce and Global Trade - Guangdong, as the largest cross-border e-commerce province in China, has focused on enhancing the funding chain for "buying global and selling global," collaborating with leading payment institutions to reduce exchange fees for small and micro e-commerce sellers [2] - In 2025, new business entities processed RMB settlements exceeding 800 billion yuan, accounting for over 90% of the total cross-border settlement volume [2] Group 3: Belt and Road Initiative and Regional Cooperation - The bank facilitated nearly 500 Guangdong enterprises in connecting with overseas banks to address settlement challenges in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, leading to a significant increase in RMB settlement volume in these regions, with the regional structure proportion rising to 36.9% [2] Group 4: Free Trade Account System and Cross-Border Wealth Management - The free trade account system in Guangdong has expanded, with 12,800 accounts opened by the end of 2025, and the number of multi-functional free trade accounts increasing by 2.2 times since the beginning of the year [3] - The "Cross-Border Wealth Management Connect" mechanism has deepened, with 10 banks in mainland China collaborating with banks in Hong Kong and Macau, facilitating a cross-border RMB fund transfer scale of 131.3 billion yuan involving 70 banks and 28 securities companies by the end of 2025 [3]

全国统一大市场建设条例是全国统一大市场的制度底座。支撑规则统一的是贯穿市场运行全环节的制度 规范，只有不断完善市场制度，才能确保各类市场活动从准入、交易到监管、退出全流程均有章可循、 有规可依。公平竞争审查规则、市场准入与退出规范、市场监管执法标准、要素配置制度等，均要形成 与市场经济规律相契合、覆盖全国各区域各行业的统一配套。这将成为覆盖全面、标准一致、执行刚性 的市场基础制度规则体系的重要组成部分。 破除要素流动障碍，就是要构建与各类要素属性精准适配的统一要素市场体系。技术、人力资源、数据 与资本等要素，是支撑全国统一大市场运转的"血液"，其流动效率直接决定市场活力。这就要求制度设 计既需打破区域分割与垄断壁垒，还需针对不同要素特性搭建适配的流通框架，让要素能遵从市场规律 顺畅循环。 2025年以来，随着全国统一大市场建设持续深入，不少问题得到解决，目前仍然存在的卡点难点大多是 难啃的"硬骨头"，涉及政府与市场关系、地方经济发展方式转型等。中央经济工作会议明确提出，制定 全国统一大市场建设条例，深入整治"内卷式"竞争。打通全国统一大市场的"毛细血管"，还需系统破除 制度堵点与市场断点，更有效地畅通制约要素 ...

Group 1: Policy Overview - The Hainan Free Trade Port's closure policy aims to enhance market vitality and openness by reducing institutional costs through "zero tariffs," trade management relaxation, and efficient supervision[5] - "One line open" allows free movement of goods between Hainan and foreign countries, while "two lines control" regulates goods entering the mainland, ensuring tax security and preventing smuggling[5][17] - The proportion of "zero tariff" goods will increase from 1,900 to approximately 6,600 items, covering 74% of all tariff items, significantly reducing import costs[9] Group 2: Economic Impact - Hainan's policies are expected to attract global resources, enhancing its role as an international resource allocation hub[5] - The personal income tax rate for high-end and scarce talents in Hainan is capped at 15%, significantly lower than the mainland's 25%, attracting high-income individuals[27] - The corporate income tax rate for eligible enterprises is reduced to 15%, encouraging talent retention and investment[29] Group 3: Industry Development - Hainan's focus on processing and value-added tax exemptions is driving the clustering of high-tech enterprises and industrial upgrades, particularly in energy, digital economy, and biomedicine[24][30] - Key industrial parks in Hainan, such as Yangpu and Haikou, are becoming hubs for high-end industries, contributing over 30% of total tax revenue despite occupying less than 1% of the land area[32] Group 4: Regional Collaboration - The "front store, back factory" model is evolving, with Hainan serving as an order and trade settlement center while surrounding provinces handle large-scale production[45] - Enhanced logistics capabilities at Hainan's ports and airports are expected to create a complementary port cluster with Guangdong and Guangxi, improving regional cooperation and trade efficiency[45]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the need for proactive macroeconomic policies to promote sustained economic recovery and high-quality development amidst a complex international environment and domestic challenges [1] - The implementation of five-year plans is highlighted as a crucial experience for governance, contributing to significant economic and social advancements over the decades [1] - Achievements such as poverty alleviation and innovation in key industries are attributed to long-term strategic planning rather than short-term policies [1] Group 2 - The vitality of the economy is reflected in the smooth flow of labor, logistics, capital, and information, indicating a stable labor market and effective employment support for key groups [2] - The construction of a unified national market is progressing, enhancing the resilience of supply chains and reducing social logistics costs [2] - The integration of new technologies like 5G, AI, and big data with the real economy is fostering the growth of new industries and business models [2] Group 3 - China's economic resilience is underscored by its complete industrial system, strong production capacity, and a large domestic market of over 1.4 billion people, providing vast innovation opportunities [2] - The commitment to high-level opening-up and the unique institutional advantages of China are seen as key factors in effectively managing risks and ensuring stability in economic and social development [2] - Despite facing challenges, there is a strong emphasis on maintaining confidence in the long-term development trends of the economy and the vitality of microeconomic entities [3]

Core Viewpoint - The Hainan Free Trade Port will officially close its borders on December 18, 2025, marking a new phase of "one line open, two lines managed, and free flow within the island" [1][2] Group 1: Opportunities for Guangdong - The closure of Hainan's borders presents multiple opportunities for Guangdong, including promoting consumption upgrades and enhancing cooperation in industrial park construction between Guangdong and Hainan [2][3] - Guangdong will leverage its strong industrial foundation and Hainan's policy advantages to play a pivotal role in China's economic landscape, contributing to a dual circulation strategy [2][3] Group 2: Internal Factor Flow Activation - The "one line open" policy will facilitate easier international connections for Hainan, attracting global quality resources and paving the way for nationwide reform and opening-up [3][4] - Hainan will become a significant region with "domestic and foreign" management characteristics, enjoying zero tariffs and low tax rates under specific conditions [4][5] Group 3: Financial and Talent Flow - Future enterprises registered in Hainan will have more flexible cross-border financing options, free from the current restrictions imposed on mainland enterprises [4][5] - The free trade port system will create conditions for high-end talent flow, allowing individuals to benefit from a 15% personal income tax rate after working in Hainan for 183 days [4][5] Group 4: Industrial Cooperation and Upgrading - The closure of Hainan's borders will reshape the regional industrial landscape, transitioning from a "Guangdong manufacturing, Hong Kong export" model to a "Guangdong manufacturing, Hainan value-added, global sales" model [6][7] - Hainan's policy mandates that manufacturing enterprises must achieve a 30% value-added locally, preventing "hollowing out" of industries while promoting industrial upgrades in Guangdong [7][8] Group 5: Regional Development Framework - The future development of Guangdong and Hainan can be summarized as a combination of "three types of regions" and "two-level mechanisms," with specific roles assigned to different areas [8][9] - The establishment of a joint working group for Guangdong-Hainan cooperation will facilitate dynamic adjustments to industrial directories and regulatory rules [9]