Core Viewpoint - The phenomenon of "upgrading from undergraduate to vocational school" reflects a growing trend where individuals with bachelor's degrees are returning to vocational education for better job prospects, indicating a disconnect between higher education and employment opportunities [4][10][15]. Group 1: Background and Context - The recent surge in interest around "upgrading from undergraduate to vocational school" is exemplified by Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, which is now admitting undergraduate students into its technical programs [3][4]. - This trend is characterized as a form of "educational inversion," where individuals who have completed a four-year degree are opting to pursue vocational training instead [4][6]. Group 2: Employment Opportunities - The primary motivation for this trend is the perceived ease of finding employment through vocational education, particularly in industries that are experiencing labor shortages, such as manufacturing [10][12]. - Data from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security indicates that 38.7% of job demand in 2021 was concentrated in the manufacturing sector, highlighting a significant gap between job availability and the qualifications of job seekers [12]. Group 3: Educational Institutions' Response - Vocational schools are adapting to the market by focusing on employability, often directly linking their programs to specific job opportunities, which contrasts with traditional universities that may not prioritize job placement [16][18]. - The survival of vocational institutions hinges on their ability to deliver tangible employment outcomes for students, thereby challenging the traditional prestige associated with higher education [17][18].

最近，"本升专"相关话题再次登上社媒平台热搜。 此次受到广泛关注的，是郑州铁路职业技术学院。据媒体报道，2025年，该校的动车组检修技术、高速 铁路综合维修技术等多个专业备注招生对象为本科生。该校的工作人员在接受采访时称，学校的本科毕 业生报名情况不错，2024年就完成了招生计划。 这个消息引人关注，因为这是一种"学历倒挂"——先上了本科，再回头去读大专。 | 序号 | 专业名称 | 考生类别 | 组别 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 动车组检修技术 | 本科毕业生 | 第一组 | | 2 | 动车组检修技术 | | 第二组 | | 3 | 高速铁路综合维修技术 | 本科毕业生 | 第三组 | | 4 | 高速铁路综合维修技术 | | 第四组 | | 5 | 铁道交通运营管理 | | 第五组 | | 6 | 铁道交通运营管理 | 本科毕业生 | 第六组 | | 7 | 铁道交通运营管理 | | 第七组 | | 8 | 铁道机车运用与维护 高速铁路施工与维护 | 退役士兵 | 第八组 | | | 铁道供电技术 | | | | 9 | 铁道交通运营管理 | | 第九组 | | ...

国联民生（601456）证券发布研报称，维持空调行业"强于大市"评级。当前空调龙头规模优势和一体化 壁垒依旧，即便需求走弱，价格战必要性不大;价格竞争模式边界可见，而能够通过效率实现自由支配 的品牌商利润空间，投向渠道/研发等有战略意义，用于价格战概率或也不大。综上，该行认为空调格 局短期内或不会有太大变化，立恒以适变，中长期趋势变化值得进一步探讨;在内销刺激政策周期内， 关税不确定性减弱的当下，白电估值或有修复空间，建议积极配置。 国联民生证券主要观点如下： 以长虹美菱（000521）-小米产业链作为高效制造模式典型，看制造端成本费用压缩得较为极致的情况 下，终端价格竞争力还有多大的提升空间：首先，整机环节，长虹空调近两年毛利率不到8%，费用率 约5%，压缩空间显然有限，价格端意义不大;向上游看，空调产业人工/折摊占比很低，而占成本90%的 原材料，差异主要来自于大宗采购议价，及通过自配将零部件利润收归体内，两个路径都依赖规模，利 好龙头。 竞争者让利空间在缩小 拆分单台模型，制造商维持良性经营，品牌商毛利为0且渠道极致扁平的极限情形下，估算1.5p挂机空 调终端含税价将近1900元/台，是商业可行范围内的 ...