宏观研究 证 券 研 究 报 告 【宏观快评】 "小微企业"的利润率有多少？ 核心观点 小微企业是经济的重要组成部分，但由于其统计数据较少、市场感知不深，我 们估算"小微企业"的利润率：对于工业，观察规上工业企业中的小型企业， 2023 年其利润率在 4.6%左右；对于服务业，我们基于规上（或限额以上）企 业的财务数据进行估算，2023 年，11 个服务业"小微企业"的利润率或在 7.7% 左右，但细分行业差别较大。此外还可参考北京大学、蚂蚁研究院、网商银行 发布的调研数据，覆盖约 8000 家小微经营者，2024 年其利润率平均为 4.9%。 如何界定"小微企业" 宏观层面，观察"小微企业"大致有三个视角： 一是，观察规模以下企业。以工业为例，"年主营业务收入 2000 万元及以上的 工业法人单位"为规模以上工业企业，其余为规模以下企业。体量方面，2023 年，全国工业企业总营收为 152 万亿元，其中规模以上工业营收 136 万亿、占 比约九成，规模以下工业企业占比约一成。 二是，观察"小型、微型企业"。在规上样本的基础上，可基于《统计上大中 小微型企业划分办法(2017)》将样本企业划分为大型、中型、小 ...

Group 1: Service Industry and Consumption Dynamics - In 2023, China's final consumption rate was 56.8%, which is 10.5 percentage points lower than that of middle-income countries and 19.2 percentage points lower than high-income countries[7] - Service industry output primarily flows into the consumption sector, with 78.5% of service industry final use being consumption, compared to only 36.2% for the industrial sector[12] - Urban residents' consumption accounts for 35.5%, rural residents 8.4%, and government consumption 34.6% of final use, highlighting the significant role of both resident and government consumption[15] Group 2: Potential Directions for Service Industry Development - The healthcare and social security sector in China accounted for only 2.6% of GDP in 2022, significantly lower than the sample region average of 7.2%[38] - The accommodation and catering industry represented 1.8% of GDP in 2024, which is 0.8 percentage points lower than the sample region average[38] - Cultural, sports, and entertainment sectors accounted for just 0.7% of GDP in 2022, compared to the sample region average of 2.5%[38] Group 3: Recommendations for Industry Improvement - For healthcare and elderly care services, macro policies should support the construction and operation of elderly care institutions through fiscal subsidies and loans, while also providing direct elderly care subsidies to low-income seniors[2] - In the cultural and tourism sector, the government should increase investment in cultural infrastructure and explore mechanisms like cultural consumption vouchers to stimulate demand[2] - In the accommodation and catering sectors, policies should focus on reducing tax burdens for individual operators and providing direct consumption subsidies to stimulate market demand[2] Group 4: Employment and Income Impact - The service industry accounted for 62.4% of non-agricultural employment in 2023, surpassing its 60.5% share of non-agricultural GDP[27] - The value added in the service industry flows more towards labor compensation, with 52.9% of service industry value added going to labor, compared to 34.8% in the industrial sector[23] - Each 1% increase in service industry employment leads to a 1.15% increase in manufacturing employment, indicating a strong multiplier effect[29]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the May non-farm payroll data, highlighting that while job additions slightly exceeded expectations, the overall employment market shows signs of slowing down, with a notable focus on wage growth as a positive aspect [1]. Group 1: Employment Data Overview - In May, non-farm employment increased by 139,000, surpassing the expected 130,000, with job growth concentrated in three sectors: education and health services (+87,000), leisure and hospitality (+48,000), and financial activities (+13,000) [2][16]. - The unemployment rate remained steady at 4.2%, but this stability was achieved at the cost of a declining labor force participation rate, which fell from 62.6% to 62.4% [5][22]. - The employment growth breadth has decreased, with the employment diffusion index dropping to 50%, indicating that job growth is becoming less widespread across various sectors [4][16]. Group 2: Wage Growth Insights - Wage growth in May was a highlight, with hourly earnings increasing by 0.4% month-over-month, exceeding the expected 0.3%, and a year-over-year increase of 3.9%, also above the anticipated 3.7% [6][31]. - The article emphasizes that the wage growth is crucial for protecting the purchasing power of consumers, particularly for low- and middle-income groups, amidst rising inflation concerns [6][12]. Group 3: Market Reactions - Following the non-farm report, market expectations for interest rate cuts have cooled, with the probability of a September rate cut dropping from 61.3% to 51.8% [3][35]. - The stock market reacted positively, with major indices such as the Dow Jones and Nasdaq rising, indicating a rebound in risk appetite among investors [3][35].

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 陆银波（15210860866） 韩港（微信 HGK1366） 2&3 ）从就业 & 工资来看 ，结合量（以就业增速衡量）价（以工资增速变化衡量）两个维度， 2024 年， 建筑业或是"缩量保价"，即农民工就业人数减少、但工资增速提升。制造业是"量价齐升"，农民工就业人数 增长、同时工资增速提升，后续吸纳就业或仍有空间。交运仓储、批发零售、住宿餐饮则是"量升价落"， 后续吸纳就业或面临量与价的抉择。 4 ）从消费结构看 ，此前农民工消费结构更侧重商品消费，但从近期情况看，其教育、住房、娱乐等服务 消费或在快速增长，消费结构有望向服务倾斜。 5 ）从经济体感看， 我们计算农民工视角下的 GDP 增速。 2020-2022 年该增速持续高于官方 GDP 增速， 对应该时期消费 K 型复苏。 2023-2024 年农民工视角下的 GDP 增速持续高于官方 GDP 增速，对应该时期 消费下沉。而从 2025 年一季度看，农民工视角下的 GDP 与官方 GDP 之间的差距已基本弥合，意味着此 前的消费 K 型复苏、 ...