以价值核算和权益配置推进生态优势市场化。青海生态系统服务具有显著外溢性，必须用市场机制与补 偿机制破解成本—收益错配问题，打通"可核算、可定价、可交易、可融资"的实现通道。把生态产品价 值实现作为关键抓手：一方面，深化生态产品调查监测和价值核算应用，推动GEP核算与生态资产管理 理念落地，把水源涵养、固碳释氧、保持水土、生物多样性等生态贡献转化为可计量的价值，为政策制 定、项目布局、资金安排和绩效评价提供依据。另一方面，稳步推进生态资源权益交易与价格形成机制 建设，探索完善林草碳汇、水权、排污权等交易，推动参与全国碳市场和自愿减排等机制，促进"保护 行为"与"收益回报"形成正向激励。同时，创新绿色金融供给，把可核算、可确权、可交易的生态权益 转化为可融资资产，发展绿色信贷、绿色基金、收益权融资等工具，让生态修复、污染防治、绿色转型 获得更低成本、更可持续的资金来源。对青海而言，市场机制不能替代政府责任，必须完善纵向补偿、 横向补偿与市场化补偿的组合拳，推动受益地区、受益行业对生态供给地区形成稳定、长期、可预期的 利益回馈。 以构建绿色产业体系推进生态优势产业化。生态优势转换的落脚点，是建设与资源环境承载力相匹 ...

本文刊载于《中国科学院院刊》2025年第11期"战略与决策研究" 王光谦* 钟德钰 清华大学 水圈科学与水利工程全国重点实验室 以"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念为指导，系统研究了生态价值实现机制，提出以"绿水青山"绿证制度为核心、分三阶段推进的生态价值实现方案。绿证作为 生态资产的客观量化凭证，将生态水、水土保持、绿色碳汇和植树造林（种草）4类生态产品统一度量，形成一证通用的可交易权证体系，为通过市场机制 实现"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化提供制度基础。以黄河流域为例，计算了流域内生态产品的物质量和绿证数量，为跨区域生态补偿与协同发展提供量化依 据与制度创新方案，进一步推动黄河流域生态价值实现。 一、研究背景 1.1 生态价值实现的内涵与实现机制 2025年是"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念提出20周年。习近平总书记多次强调统筹经济发展与生态环境保护的重要性，明确指出要"积极探索推广绿水青山转 化为金山银山的路径"。党的二十届三中全会进一步提出"加快完善落实绿水青山就是金山银山理念的体制机制"，并强调"健全生态产品价值实现机制"。"绿 水青山就是金山银山"理念深刻表明，生态可以转化为生产力，保护生态就是保护生产力， ...

Core Insights - The successful completion of the first "production-to-conversion" ecological value transaction in the Kuaqiao River Basin marks a significant breakthrough in ecological product value realization in China [1][2] - This initiative serves as a replicable model for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin [1] Group 1: Project Overview - The Kuaqiao River Basin ecological product transaction involved the transfer of a one-year "cultural tourism and leisure" operating right, with an annual reference price of 600,000 yuan [2] - The total annual ecological product value of the Kuaqiao River Basin is estimated at 765,200 yuan, comprising 66,600 yuan from material supply, 48,400 yuan from regulation services, and 650,200 yuan from cultural services [2] Group 2: Implementation and Impact - The project was executed by the Kuaqiao District Water Resources Bureau, which collaborated with the local public resource trading center to conduct ecological product value accounting [2] - The transaction funds are allocated to a dedicated account for ecological maintenance, village infrastructure development, and villager dividends, ensuring fair compensation for ecological protectors and transforming the community from passive observers to active participants and beneficiaries [2] - This successful practice revitalizes ecological resources and establishes a new model for ecological product value realization, promoting a virtuous cycle of "ecological improvement - industrial development - value realization" [2]

Core Viewpoint - The Ministry of Ecology and Environment has announced the first batch of beautiful countryside pilot areas, with 23 agricultural counties officially selected, including Anji County, which is recognized for its focus on rural ecological functions [1] Group 1: Ecological Achievements - Anji County's selection is attributed to its long-term exploration and significant achievements in ecological civilization construction [1] - The county has published the first ecological civilization standardization white paper at the county level, detailing innovative experiences in bamboo forest carbon trading, beautiful countryside construction, and the realization of ecological product value [1] Group 2: Standardization and Guidelines - Anji has developed a standard system comprising nearly 400 specifications, providing a quantifiable "operating guide" for rural ecological revitalization across the country [1] Group 3: Economic Impact - Anji has achieved full coverage of "beautiful countryside" construction in administrative villages, with a total of 187 demonstration villages established [1] - The local tourism industry has thrived, receiving over 34.02 million visitors annually and generating tourism revenue exceeding 47.56 billion [1] - Through innovative models like bamboo forest carbon trading, Anji has realized over 200 million in ecological product transaction value, directly benefiting more than 50,000 farmers, exemplifying the concept of "turning green into gold" [1]

Core Viewpoint - Lishui City has officially entered the "aviation era" with the opening of Lishui Airport, marking a significant milestone in its commitment to the "Green Mountains and Clear Waters are Golden Mountains and Silver Mountains" philosophy after 20 years of implementation [2]. Group 1: Ecological Protection and Standards - Lishui boasts a forest coverage rate of 80.3% and an air quality excellent day ratio of 97.3%, earning it the title of "China's Ecological First City" [6]. - The city has designated 75.67% of its land for ecological priority protection, with ecological red line areas accounting for 31.8% [6]. - Lishui has implemented a comprehensive ecological monitoring network and a digital platform for ecological product information [6]. Group 2: Ecological Product Value Transformation - The Zhejiang (Lishui) Ecological Product Trading Platform has successfully completed its first transaction, valuing an ecological product project at 9.38 million yuan [9]. - Since its launch in June 2023, the platform has achieved a cumulative transaction amount exceeding 10 billion yuan [10]. - Lishui's forest carbon storage capacity is reported at 65.89 million tons, leading the province in carbon sequestration capabilities [10]. Group 3: Industrial Transformation and Development - Lishui is focusing on developing a modern ecological economy, with significant growth in the semiconductor industry, attracting 96 projects and maintaining over 25% growth for four consecutive years [13][14]. - The city has established a "flying land" mechanism to attract talent and businesses, resulting in over 200 companies settling in the area [14]. - Lishui's renewable energy capacity is at 98.6%, positioning it as a leading green energy base in East China [14].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the increasing role of technological innovation in transforming ecological advantages into economic benefits, addressing challenges in measuring, trading, and monetizing ecological products through advanced technologies like satellite remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain [1][2][19]. Group 1: Technological Innovation in Ecological Value - Technological innovation provides effective tools for precise quantification of ecological value, enabling dynamic assessment and quantification of ecosystem services [1][2][19]. - New technologies allow for the conversion of forest carbon sequestration capabilities into tradable carbon reduction credits, facilitating digital rights confirmation and value transformation of ecological resources [1][2][19]. - Digital platforms have been developed to calculate Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) efficiently, significantly enhancing the recognition of ecological value [1][2][19]. Group 2: Market Mechanisms and Trading Platforms - Technology plays a crucial role in reshaping the trading model of ecological products, with the integration of blockchain and IoT enhancing transaction efficiency [1][2][19]. - Emerging platforms like "Two Mountains Cloud Trading" and "Forestry Carbon Supermarket" have improved the matching of supply and demand for ecological products while reducing transaction costs and ensuring traceability throughout the process [1][2][19]. Group 3: Dual Enhancement of Ecological Products - Technological advancements have effectively driven both the quantity and quality improvements of ecological products, addressing challenges in ecological restoration and promoting continuous environmental improvement [2][20]. - The application of new technologies aids in upgrading traditional green industries, leading to increased production and income, as well as extending product chains through deep processing [2][20]. Group 4: Future Directions for Technological Innovation - There is a need to accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies to solidify the technical foundation for quantifying and transforming ecological value [2][20]. - Innovations in market mechanisms and the establishment of intelligent trading platforms are essential for creating a more efficient digital trading environment [2][20]. - Strengthening interdisciplinary talent cultivation and enhancing public awareness of ecological product value are critical for fostering a green consumption mindset [3][21]. Group 5: International Cooperation and Standards - Deepening international cooperation and actively participating in the formulation of relevant international standards are necessary for advancing global ecological governance systems [4][21]. - The article advocates for leveraging technological innovation as a driving force to continuously unlock the potential of ecological product value, contributing to global green development [5][21].

Group 1 - The core idea emphasizes the transformation of the "Green Mountains and Clear Water are Gold and Silver Mountains" concept into practical applications for sustainable regional development, particularly in resource-rich areas of central and western China [1] - Guizhou, as a national ecological civilization pilot zone, aims to convert ecological advantages into developmental benefits through four main strategies: ecological value transformation, digital technology empowerment, clean energy development, and rural ecological prosperity [1] - The establishment of a systematic mechanism for ecological value transformation includes the development of a GEP accounting scheme, a provincial ecological product trading center, and a unique industrial system that integrates mountain agriculture, ecological industry, and cultural tourism [1] Group 2 - Guizhou is leveraging digital technology to create a smart governance model, establishing a comprehensive ecological monitoring system that utilizes various technologies for real-time pollution tracking and management [2] - The region is addressing geographical constraints by developing a multi-energy supply system, focusing on renewable energy sources such as hydropower and wind energy, and creating a regional smart energy coordination platform [2] - The integration of ecological benefits with rural revitalization is being pursued through innovative business models that combine ecology, sports, and tourism, alongside the establishment of a system for ecological forest rangers to generate income while protecting the environment [3] Group 3 - Looking ahead to the 14th Five-Year Plan, Guizhou plans to deepen its exploration of a digital twin-based ecological governance system and develop market mechanisms for carbon trading and ecological compensation [3] - The region aims to create a circular economy system that promotes both ecological industrialization and industrial ecology, fostering green industrial clusters in sectors like renewable energy and big data [3] - The strategy reflects a dual leap in theory and practice, continuing the logic of the 13th Five-Year Plan while achieving innovations in systems, technologies, and regional collaboration [3]