本文刊载于《中国科学院院刊》2025年第11期"战略与决策研究" 王光谦* 钟德钰 清华大学 水圈科学与水利工程全国重点实验室 以"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念为指导，系统研究了生态价值实现机制，提出以"绿水青山"绿证制度为核心、分三阶段推进的生态价值实现方案。绿证作为 生态资产的客观量化凭证，将生态水、水土保持、绿色碳汇和植树造林（种草）4类生态产品统一度量，形成一证通用的可交易权证体系，为通过市场机制 实现"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化提供制度基础。以黄河流域为例，计算了流域内生态产品的物质量和绿证数量，为跨区域生态补偿与协同发展提供量化依 据与制度创新方案，进一步推动黄河流域生态价值实现。 一、研究背景 1.1 生态价值实现的内涵与实现机制 2025年是"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念提出20周年。习近平总书记多次强调统筹经济发展与生态环境保护的重要性，明确指出要"积极探索推广绿水青山转 化为金山银山的路径"。党的二十届三中全会进一步提出"加快完善落实绿水青山就是金山银山理念的体制机制"，并强调"健全生态产品价值实现机制"。"绿 水青山就是金山银山"理念深刻表明，生态可以转化为生产力，保护生态就是保护生产力， ...

尽管成效初显，生态产品价值实现仍面临诸多挑战。多位专家指出，核算体系不统一是当前最突出的问 题。中国人民大学生态文明研究院副院长、生态环境学院教授曾贤刚直言，当前GEP核算存在随意性 大、科学性不足的问题，核算结果往往停留在宣传或考核层面，与具体的项目融资、交易关联性不强， 实用性有待提高。自然资源部第一海洋研究所研究员陈尚也指出，核算参数在本地化、标准化方面有所 欠缺，导致结果难以横向比较和实际应用。 产权界定不清是另一大瓶颈。曾贤刚以"小产权房"为例，说明产权不完整将严重制约资产价值实现。他 指出，生态产品是一种资产，资产必须具有清晰的产权特征，包括所有权、使用权、经营权、流转权、 抵押权等。而生态资源多属于公共产品或集体所有，产权边界模糊、流转受限，导致难以进行市场化交 易和金融赋能。 此外，价值转化路径单一、金融支持不足、产业同质化严重等问题也屡被提及。南京农业大学土地管理 学院副教授陶宇指出，当前生态产品开发多集中于农产品与乡村旅游，缺乏差异化与系统化布局。中节 能生态产品发展研究中心有限公司生态产品部主任助理、研究专班负责人于涛也持同样观点："若大家 都去做农家乐、卖特产，很快就会供给过剩，导致效 ...

Core Viewpoint - The establishment of a mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products is a significant strategic deployment in China, aimed at overcoming the existing challenges in measurement, transaction, monetization, and collateralization of ecological products [1][2]. Group 1: Current Challenges - The realization mechanism for ecological product value is still in the exploratory stage, with a lack of consensus on the definition and scope of ecological products, weak policy foundations, and insufficient coordination among various policies [2]. - The "four difficulties" (measurement, transaction, monetization, and collateralization) remain key bottlenecks hindering local practices [2][5]. - Common issues include a lack of sustainability in ecological product value evaluation, an imbalance between supply and demand, and insufficient ecological protection compensation [5]. Group 2: Policy and Implementation - By May 2025, 26 provinces and municipalities are expected to issue implementation plans for establishing ecological product value realization mechanisms, exploring region-specific models [2]. - Various regions are conducting trials to calculate the Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) and developing evaluation methods tailored to local characteristics [2]. - Examples include Shenzhen incorporating GEP as an expected indicator in planning, and certain counties in Zhejiang developing financial products based on GEP calculations [2]. Group 3: Future Directions - Experts suggest that future efforts should focus on integrating ecological product value realization with national strategic goals, enhancing county economic vitality, and promoting urban-rural integration [6]. - Recommendations include compiling special plans for ecological economic development, conducting suitability evaluations for ecological product value realization, and establishing a negative list system for market access [6]. - The need to clarify property rights, scientifically assess ecological product values, and enhance government roles in market cultivation is emphasized [6].

Core Insights - The Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has discovered over 80 new species in the four years since its establishment, with the Hainan gibbon population increasing to 42 individuals across 7 groups, making it the only growing gibbon population globally [2][3] Environmental Improvement - The ecological environment quality of the national park has continuously improved, and biodiversity has been enriched [2] - The park has implemented grid management and strict protective responsibilities, with all core areas completing ecological relocation [2][3] Economic Development - The park has achieved a GEP (Gross Ecosystem Product) total value increase from 204.51 billion to 208.75 billion yuan, and has explored financial products like "GEP loans" [3] - A total of 36 ecological products have been certified, enhancing product sales [3] Infrastructure and Community Engagement - A 466-kilometer tourism road has been constructed, connecting scenic spots and local communities, thereby strengthening the green industry foundation in the area [3] - The park has invested 179 million yuan in improving living conditions in 56 villages, promoting local employment through eco-tourism and nature education [3] Future Plans - The park aims to further improve management systems, develop ecological tourism, and create more public brands for national parks, establishing a model for national park construction in China [3]

Core Points - Beijing has launched a mechanism to realize the value of ecological products, with Yanqing District being the only selected area in the city for the national pilot program approved by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2024 [1][2] Group 1: Ecological Product Value Mechanism - The implementation plan for establishing a mechanism to realize the value of ecological products was issued by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government in 2022, focusing on ecological conservation areas [1] - Yanqing District has developed a comprehensive management system for ecological product value, termed "GEP management," which includes accounting, application, and enhancement processes [2] Group 2: GEP-R Management - Yanqing District's GEP-R (value of ecosystem regulation services) is projected to reach 50.076 billion yuan in 2024, accounting for 13.42% of the total for Beijing [2] - The district has initiated the "Show GEP-R" program, designating key areas such as the Badaling Great Wall and Yeyahu Nature Reserve to promote awareness and responsibility for maintaining GEP-R levels [2] Group 3: Economic Benefits from Ecological Value - Yanqing District has established a reward mechanism linked to GEP-R, providing nearly 80 million yuan in compensation funds to local towns over the past two years, ensuring that those who protect the environment benefit economically [2] - The district is promoting market channels through the integration of agriculture and tourism, launching the first ecological product value transactions for soil and water conservation [2] Group 4: Tourism Development - Yanqing District has introduced various tourism products, including outdoor sports and family education, with a total of 24.55 million visitors and tourism spending of 13.5 billion yuan in 2024 [2]

Core Insights - The article highlights the innovative use of VEP (Value of Ecosystem Products) assessment reports to secure loans for ecological projects, transforming ecological value into financial capital [1][2] - The collaboration between government, banks, and enterprises has led to the successful implementation of green financial products, addressing long-standing financing challenges in the flower industry [2][3] Group 1: VEP Assessment and Financing - The first VEP ecological value loan of 5 million yuan was issued based on a detailed valuation report, showcasing the potential of ecological contributions in securing financing [1][2] - The establishment of a "government-bank cooperation" mechanism has facilitated the issuance of zero-collateral loans, with VEP reports serving as the core basis for loan approval [2][3] - A total of 802 million yuan in loans has been issued for flower-related projects, indicating a growing interest from financial institutions in the ecological sector [2] Group 2: Ecological Product Valuation - The city of Suqian has created a dynamic ecological product directory, identifying 262 types of ecological products and establishing a framework for ongoing GEP (Gross Ecosystem Product) valuation [3] - The directory aims to provide a standardized measurement for ecological assets, enabling more effective market integration and valuation of these resources [3] Group 3: E-commerce and Market Integration - The integration of e-commerce with ecological products has allowed for the direct market transaction of ecological values, enhancing the visibility and sales of these products [4][5] - The "宿有千香" regional brand has been developed to unify and promote green agricultural and ecological products, achieving sales exceeding 1.2 billion yuan in 2024 [5] - Innovative marketing strategies, such as live streaming sales, have significantly increased consumer engagement and sales volume for ecological products [5]

Core Viewpoint - The city of Huzhou is actively promoting green finance and ecological product value assessment, aiming to integrate ecological sustainability with economic development, as part of the "Green Mountains and Clear Water are Gold and Silver Mountains" philosophy established 20 years ago [1][2][3]. Group 1: Green Finance Initiatives - Huzhou has introduced the "VEP+" series of financial products to support enterprises and farmers involved in VEP (Ecological Product Value) projects, providing preferential credit terms totaling 1.052 billion yuan for 17 enterprises and 887 farmers [1]. - The city aims to expand the scale of green credit, with green loans currently accounting for 33.9% of total loans, surpassing the national average by nearly 20 percentage points [2]. Group 2: Ecological Product Value Assessment - Huzhou has established the first local-specific VEP accounting standards in the country, which will serve as a basis for green finance credit and ecological benefit evaluations [1][2]. - The city has conducted VEP accounting for 179 projects, with a total ecological value exceeding 8 billion yuan [3]. Group 3: Industrial and Ecological Transformation - Over the past 20 years, energy consumption per unit of GDP in Huzhou has decreased by approximately 48%, with high-tech industries projected to account for 69.3% of industrial output by 2024 [2]. - Huzhou is a pilot city for the national ecological product value realization mechanism, focusing on enhancing ecological product accounting and monitoring systems [3].

Core Insights - The signing ceremony in Hekou County's Zhaomao Town marked a significant financial innovation where seven tea companies secured 15.2 million yuan in unsecured loans based on ecological credit, demonstrating a breakthrough in the ecological value transformation mechanism in Hubei Province [1][2] Group 1: Financial Innovation - The "Ecological Loan" initiative allows expected ecological product revenues to serve as a basis for loans, facilitating the transformation of ecological product value and injecting new vitality into rural revitalization [2] - The loans are primarily used for paying tea farmers for fresh leaves, utilizing organic fertilizers, and installing energy-saving equipment, which is projected to directly increase the tea industry's value by nearly 1 billion yuan [2] Group 2: Ecological Value Accounting - The GEP (Gross Ecosystem Product) accounting report for Zhaomao Town indicates a total ecological value of 14.679 billion yuan, encompassing various services such as water conservation and carbon sequestration [1] - The GEP accounting consists of three components: material supply value, regulatory service value, and cultural service value, which are essential for assetizing ecological resources [1] Group 3: Policy and Development - Hekou County is developing local standards for GEP accounting and planning to establish an ecological product trading center to promote the conversion of ecological value into economic and social value [3] - The practice in Zhaomao serves as a replicable model for the ecological compensation mechanism along the Yangtze River Economic Belt, indicating a shift in development concepts [3]

Core Insights - The total ecological product value (GEP) of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park for 2023 reached 208.75 billion yuan, with a per unit area GEP of 0.49 million yuan per square kilometer, highlighting the park's ecological value and its critical role in ecological civilization construction [1][2] Group 1 - The GEP accounting has been conducted annually from 2019 to 2023, providing insights into the ecological product values and helping to identify potential risks within the ecosystem [1] - The continuous monitoring of GEP serves as a tool to detect ecosystem issues and supports the transition of ecological products from "priceless" to "valuable" [1] - The park aims to enhance the application of GEP accounting results and explore mechanisms for realizing ecological product values through ongoing research and technological advancements [2] Group 2 - The park addresses the challenges of measuring, trading, realizing, and mortgaging ecological product values, with a focus on overcoming the measurement difficulties [2] - Future efforts will include improving ecological environment monitoring systems using modern technology to enhance data accuracy and timeliness [2] - The goal is to effectively realize the ecological product values of the national park through expanded data acquisition channels [2]