Core Viewpoint - The effectiveness of REDD+ projects, aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation, has been questioned recently, leading to a decline in the value of carbon offsets [2][6]. Group 1: REDD+ Project Analysis - A study published in the journal Science analyzed 52 REDD+ projects across 12 countries in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, finding that only 19% of these projects met their self-reported emission reduction targets [3][6]. - The study indicates that while the climate benefits of REDD+ projects are higher than previous assessments, the overall effectiveness remains low, with significant regional variations in project success [6][7]. - The research highlights a concerning issue of "over-crediting," where the number of carbon credits issued exceeds the actual emissions reductions achieved [6][7]. Group 2: Recommendations for Improvement - To enhance the credibility and impact of forest carbon offsets, the study suggests improving baseline setting methods and strengthening verification frameworks [7]. - The findings emphasize that while many REDD+ projects are not as effective as claimed, some have achieved tangible results, particularly in Brazil and Africa [7].

Core Insights - On October 8, 2025, 15 papers were published in the prestigious journal Nature, with 4 authored by Chinese scholars [2][4][6][8] Group 1: Research Contributions - Professor Zhao Huimin from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign published a paper titled "Enzyme specificity prediction using cross attention graph neural networks," introducing an innovative AI model called EZSpecificity that predicts enzyme substrate specificity with high accuracy, aiding in enzyme engineering and synthetic biology [2] - Professor Zhou Peng from Fudan University published a paper titled "A full-featured 2D flash chip enabled by system integration I," focusing on advancements in 2D flash memory technology through system integration [4] - MIT's Liu Qi co-authored a paper titled "Quantum-amplified global-phase spectroscopy on an optical clock transition," contributing to the field of quantum spectroscopy [6] - Professors Lou Zhenkun and Huang Jinzhu from Mayo Clinic published a paper titled "KCTD10 is a sensor for co-directional transcription–replication conflicts," revealing a ubiquitin ligase complex that detects transcription-replication conflicts and regulates replication body progression to prevent DNA damage [8]

Core Insights - The article discusses the development of nucleic acid aptamer-based therapeutics by a research team led by Academician Tan Weihong from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, focusing on potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease and triple-negative breast cancer [2][9]. Group 1: Alzheimer's Disease Treatment - The research team developed Apt-M, a nucleic acid aptamer-armed monocyte therapy, which targets and clears extracellular Tau protein, alleviating neuroinflammation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease [4][6]. - Treatment with Apt-M resulted in reduced activation of glial cells, alleviated neuroinflammation, and preserved neuronal and mitochondrial integrity, leading to improved memory and spatial learning abilities in the Alzheimer's mouse model without causing toxicity or behavioral side effects [6][8]. Group 2: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment - The team introduced CD4 aptamer-engineered cell platforms (Apt CD4-LNT) that selectively recruit and activate CD4+ T cells, enhancing anti-tumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer [10][12]. - This approach aims to overcome challenges related to poor tumor infiltration and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, thereby promoting targeted infiltration and activation of CD4+ T cells, which in turn enhances the activity of NK cells, B cells, and dendritic cells [12][14]. Group 3: Cancer Therapy with Aptamer-Drug Conjugates - The research also presented Sgc8c-M, an aptamer-drug conjugate (ApDC) combining a potent anti-mitotic agent MMAE with the PTK7 nucleic acid aptamer, showing promise in treating cancers that overexpress PTK7 [16][17]. - Comprehensive evaluations from rodents to non-human primates indicated that Sgc8c-M effectively induced sustained tumor regression in xenograft models, outperforming unlinked MMAE, the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel, and a PTK7-targeted antibody-drug conjugate [17][19].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 肾细胞癌 （RCC） 是泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤，其确切病因仍有待探究。 肾透明细胞癌 （ccRCC） 是肾细胞癌最常见的病理类型，约占 70%。 越来越多的证据表明，作为人体关键组成部分的 肠道微生物群 在肿瘤发生以及对治疗的响应方面具有重要影响。尽管已有研究显示某些肠道微生物及其相关活性 产物与 ccRCC 的治疗有关，但肠道微生物组与 ccRCC 形成之间的关系仍不确定。因此，阐明肠道微生物组对 ccRCC 肿瘤进展的潜在影响至关重要。 2025 年 10 月 8 日，上海交通大学医学院附属 仁济医院 翟炜 研究员、上海交通大学医学院 刘尽尧 研究员团队合作，在 Cell 子刊 Cell Reports Medicine 上发 表了题为： Intestinal Lachnospiraceae bacterium -derived propionate inhibits the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma 的研究论文。 该研究表明，肠道细菌 Lachnospiraceae bacterium （ L. ...

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 酶 （ Enzyme ） 是生命的分子机器，其功能的一个关键特性是底物特异性——即酶能够识别并选择性地作用于特定底物的能力。这种特异性源自酶活性位点的三 维 （3D） 结构以及反应复杂的过渡态。实际上，许多酶并非传统认为的那样"专一"，它们可能具有多功能性，除了作用于其最初进化时涉及的底物，还能作用 于其他结构相似的底物，从而催化不同类型的反应。 此外，数以百万计的 已知的酶仍缺乏可靠的底物特异性信息，这阻碍了它们的实际应用以及我们对自然界生物催化多样性的全面理解。 2025 年 10 月 8 日， 伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校 （UIUC） 赵惠民 教授团队 （ 崔海洋 、 苏雨峰 为共同第一作者 ） 在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表 了 题为： Enzyme specificity prediction using cross attention graph neural networks 的研究论文，论文第一作者 崔海洋 博士现为 南京师范大学教授。 该研究提出了一种结合 跨注意力机制 （Cross-Attention） 与 SE(3)-等变图神经网络 （ ...

Core Viewpoint - The study demonstrates that patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCO) can accurately predict the response of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) to chemoradiation, supporting the use of Irinotecan as a candidate for neoadjuvant therapy in LARC patients [2][4][7]. Group 1 - The research established a biobank of rectal cancer organoids (RCO) from LARC patient samples, confirming that PDCO can predict LARC responses to chemoradiation [4][7]. - The accuracy of predicting clinical outcomes using organoids was found to be 92.50% in the discovery cohort and 93.75% in the validation cohort, indicating a high predictive capability [4][7]. - The study highlighted the importance of the timing of organoid survival data collection, which significantly affects the correlation between organoid treatment responses and patient clinical outcomes [4][7]. Group 2 - The organoids exhibited both synergistic (3.91%) and antagonistic (4.69%) effects in response to combined treatment, showcasing the complexity of treatment interactions [4][7]. - Irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, was identified as a candidate drug for neoadjuvant therapy in LARC patients, emphasizing its role in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells [4][7]. - The systematic analysis of rectal cancer organoid responses to chemoradiation may significantly influence the broader application of organoid technology in precision cancer treatment [8].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 在啮齿动物 （例如小鼠） 中， 将 孤雄单倍体干细胞 （haESC） 注入完整卵母细胞能够使后代发育至足月。然而人，这种方法尚未在 反刍动物 （例如牛、羊） 获得成功，因为还未获得反刍动物的 haESC ，这严重限制了对 牛羊等反刍动物的生物育种。 2025 年 10 月 7 日 ，内蒙古大学 杨磊 教授、 李光鹏 教授 与 同济大学 高绍荣 院士团队 合作， 在 Nature Biotechnology 期刊 发表了题为： Generation of modified cows and sheep from spermatid-like haploid embryonic stem cells 的研究论文。 在这项最新研究中，研究团队研究首次成功建立了牛和羊的 孤雄单倍体干细胞系 （ha E SC） ，并通过一种命名为" 胞浆内 ha E SC 注射" （iCHI） 的技术 （与胞浆内精子注射技术原理相似） ，成功培育出后代。 反刍动物的 ha E SC 表现出形成态多能性特征，在体外和体内实验中均能分化为三胚层组织。通过在这些 ha E SC 中异位表达 鱼精蛋白 ...

排版丨水成文 二维 （2D） 材料拓展了硅 （Si） 技术的器件可扩展性，并在器件机制层面实现了根本性创新。工业界与 学术界——特别是集成电路领域——正致力于通过系统级集成突破来展现二维电子器件的优越性。尽管在 二维材料集成和二维-CMOS混合集成方面取得了显著进展，但目前仍缺乏能够将器件优势转化为实际应用 价值的系统解决方案。 2025 年 10 月 8 日，复旦大学 周鹏 教授、 刘春森 青年研究员团队，在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发 表了 题为： A full-featured 2D flash chip enabled by system integration 的研究论文，这也是 周鹏 教 授团队 2025 年发表的第三篇 Nature 论文。 该研究通过系统集成实现了 全功能二维闪存芯片 ，这也是 全球首颗二维-硅基混合架构芯片， 攻克了新 型二维信息器件工程化的关键难题，为新一代颠覆性器件缩短应用化周期提供范例，也为推动信息技术迈 入全新高速时代提供强力支撑。 编辑丨王多鱼 在这项最新研究中，研究团队开发了一种采用原子级器件到芯片 （ATOM2CHIP） 技术实现的 全功能二维 NOR ...

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 2025 年 10 月 7 日，克隆之父、诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、剑桥大学教授 约翰·格登 爵士 （ Sir John Gurdon ） 去世，享年 92 岁。 约翰·格登 是发育生物学领域先驱，他在 细胞核移植 方面的开创性研究解决了生物学中最基本的问题之一：遗传信息在发育过程中是得以保留还是丧失 。他的研 究工作为生物医学领域的重大突破铺平了道路——从干细胞生物学、小鼠遗传学到克隆技术和体外受精技术皆是如此。他发现了发育成熟的成年细胞可以被重编 程至胚胎干细胞状态 （即 多能干细胞 ） ，这一发现使他与 山中伸弥 共同获得了 2012 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。 约翰·格登 ，1933 年 10 月 2 日出生于英国汉 普郡 Dippenhall 。他曾就读于伊顿公学，但当时的成绩并不出色，尤其是生物学成绩垫底，他的一位老师曾写报 告称他立志投身科学的想法很荒唐。但格登依然坚持自己的梦想，并于 1957 年在牛津大学获得博士学位。在美国加州理工学院完成博士后研究后，格登于 1962 年回到英国。自 1971 年起加入剑桥大学。 我们的生命始于受精卵的分裂，形成新的细 ...

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi [4] - The 2025 Nobel Prizes in the three scientific categories have been announced, with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and 坂口志文 for their discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [6] Group 1: Historical Context - The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 116 times since its inception in 1901, with Jacobus van 't Hoff being the first recipient for his work on chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure [3] - John Goodenough is noted as the oldest laureate at 97 years old when he received the award in 2019 for his research on lithium batteries, while Frédéric Joliot was the youngest at 35 years old when he won in 1935 for synthesizing new radioactive elements [3] Group 2: Notable Achievements - The Nobel Prize website highlights three significant achievements in chemistry that have changed human life: - The mapping of molecular structures by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, which facilitated the production of penicillin, awarded in 1964 [11] - The discovery of how plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by Melvin Calvin, awarded in 1961 [11] - The directed evolution of enzymes by Frances Arnold, which has applications in environmentally friendly chemical manufacturing, awarded in 2018 [12] Group 3: Recent Winners - The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2024 was awarded to David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper for their contributions to protein design and structure prediction [16] - The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Aleksey Yekimov for their discovery and synthesis of quantum dots [17] - The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan for their development of asymmetric organic catalysis [20] - The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna for their development of a genome editing method [23] - The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and 吉野彰 for their development of lithium-ion batteries [26] - The 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith, and Sir Gregory P. Winter for their contributions to enzyme directed evolution and phage display technology [28]