指数化投资
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ETF规模前10月大增2万亿
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2025-11-04 00:11
Core Insights - The ETF market is experiencing significant growth, with a total scale of 5.7 trillion yuan as of October 31, 2023, representing an increase of nearly 2 trillion yuan or approximately 53% since the end of 2024 [1][2][10] - Stock and bond ETFs are the main drivers of this expansion, with stock ETFs increasing by 831.3 billion yuan and bond ETFs by 526.1 billion yuan in the first ten months of the year [1][7] - The number of ETFs exceeding 10 billion yuan in scale has grown, with 118 products now in the "billion club," an increase of 52 since the end of 2024 [1][10] ETF Market Growth - The total scale of the ETF market reached 5.7 trillion yuan by October 31, 2023, surpassing the 4 trillion yuan mark in April and 5 trillion yuan in August [2] - Stock ETFs account for approximately 65% of the total ETF market, with a combined scale of 3.73 trillion yuan [2][3] - The growth in stock ETFs is attributed to structural market trends and significant inflows of capital into these products [2][3] Stock ETF Performance - In the first ten months of 2023, stock ETFs saw an increase of approximately 831.3 billion yuan, with 24 products contributing over 10 billion yuan each to this growth [3][4] - Major contributors include broad-based ETFs like Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF and industry-themed ETFs such as the Guotai Securities ETF and Huaxia Robotics ETF [4][5] Bond ETF Expansion - Bond ETFs have also seen substantial growth, with a total scale of 700.04 billion yuan, up from 173.97 billion yuan at the end of 2024, marking an increase of over 3 times [7][8] - The introduction of new bond ETF products and the performance of existing ones have driven this growth [7][8] Cross-Border and Other ETF Categories - Cross-border ETFs have shown rapid growth, reaching nearly 900 billion yuan, with an increase of 472.22 billion yuan since the end of 2024 [9] - Commodity and currency ETFs have also seen growth, with total scales of 216.01 billion yuan and 163.50 billion yuan, respectively [9] Competitive Landscape - The ETF market is becoming increasingly competitive, with 118 products exceeding 10 billion yuan in scale, primarily from leading firms like E Fund, Huaxia, and Harvest [10][11] - The competition is shifting towards comprehensive service capabilities and investor education, focusing on enhancing the investor experience in ETF selection and investment [11]
前10月规模大增2万亿 ETF市场加速扩容
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2025-11-03 23:19
Core Insights - The ETF market is experiencing significant growth, with a total scale of 5.7 trillion yuan as of October 31, 2023, representing an increase of nearly 2 trillion yuan or approximately 53% since the end of 2024 [1][4][10] - Stock and bond ETFs are the main drivers of this expansion, with stock ETFs increasing by 831.18 billion yuan and bond ETFs by 526.07 billion yuan in the first ten months of the year [4][8] - The number of ETFs exceeding 10 billion yuan in scale has grown to 118, with 52 new additions since the end of 2024 [1][11] ETF Market Growth - The total scale of the ETF market reached 5.7 trillion yuan by October 31, 2023, up from 4 trillion yuan in April and 5 trillion yuan in August [4] - Stock ETFs account for approximately 65% of the total ETF market, with a combined scale of 3.73 trillion yuan [4] - The increase in stock ETFs is attributed to structural market trends and significant inflows of capital, particularly into industry-themed ETFs [4][5] Stock ETF Performance - 24 stock ETFs have seen scale increases exceeding 10 billion yuan, contributing approximately 583.5 billion yuan to the overall growth [4] - Major contributors include Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF and others, with significant increases in their respective scales [4][5] Bond ETF Expansion - Bond ETFs have also seen substantial growth, with a total scale of 700.04 billion yuan, up from 173.97 billion yuan at the end of 2024, marking an increase of over 300% [8][9] - The introduction of new bond ETF products has contributed significantly to this growth, alongside the performance of existing products [8][9] Cross-Border and Other ETFs - Cross-border ETFs have shown rapid growth, reaching nearly 900 billion yuan, with an increase of 472.22 billion yuan since the end of 2024 [10] - Commodity and currency ETFs have also experienced growth, with total scales of 216.01 billion yuan and 163.50 billion yuan, respectively [10] Competitive Landscape - The ETF market is becoming increasingly competitive, with 118 products exceeding 10 billion yuan in scale, primarily from leading firms such as E Fund, Huaxia, and others [11][12] - The competition is shifting towards comprehensive service capabilities and investor education, focusing on enhancing the investor experience in ETF selection and investment [12]
公募规模排位赛:谁在进位?谁在掉队?
Shang Hai Zheng Quan Bao· 2025-11-03 18:16
Core Insights - The public fund industry in China is experiencing rapid growth in asset management scale, with a notable increase in competition among fund companies [1][2] - Index investment trends are accelerating, with a significant rise in the popularity of active equity products and "fixed income +" offerings [1][3] - Leading fund companies are expanding their market share, with top firms like E Fund and Huaxia Fund showing substantial growth in non-monetary fund scales [2] Industry Overview - As of the end of September, there are 165 public fund management institutions in China, managing a total net asset value of 36.74 trillion yuan [1] - The scale of index funds, including non-monetary ETFs and other index funds, has reached nearly 8 trillion yuan, with E Fund and Huaxia Fund each surpassing 1 trillion yuan in index fund scale [1] Competitive Landscape - E Fund's non-monetary scale reached 1.81 trillion yuan, while Huaxia Fund's reached 1.52 trillion yuan, both showing significant growth in Q3 [2] - The gap between the third and fourth largest fund companies, GF Fund and Fortune Fund, has narrowed, indicating a shift in competitive dynamics [2] Product Trends - The total scale of public ETFs has grown to 5.63 trillion yuan by the end of September, marking an increase of 1.3 trillion yuan since June [3] - "Fixed income +" products have also seen explosive growth, with total assets exceeding 2.7 trillion yuan, up over 450 billion yuan since June [4] New Fund Issuance - The market for new fund issuances remains strong, particularly for equity and stable products, with several funds achieving significant fundraising success [5] - Over 70 new funds are currently in the issuance process, focusing on index funds, active equity funds, and "fixed income +" products [5] Policy Environment - The development of equity funds is supported by favorable policies, including the "Action Plan for High-Quality Development of Public Funds," which aims to optimize product registration and enhance classification evaluation [6]
前10月ETF规模大增20000亿
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2025-11-03 13:46
Core Insights - The ETF market is experiencing significant growth, with a total scale of 5.7 trillion yuan as of October 31, 2023, representing an increase of nearly 2 trillion yuan or approximately 53% since the end of 2024 [1][3] - Stock and bond ETFs are the main drivers of this expansion, with stock ETFs increasing by 831.18 billion yuan and bond ETFs by 526.07 billion yuan in the first ten months of the year [3][7] - The number of ETFs with a scale exceeding 100 billion yuan has grown to 118, an increase of 52 since the end of 2024, indicating a trend towards larger ETF products [1][10] ETF Market Growth - The total scale of the ETF market reached 5.7 trillion yuan by October 31, 2023, up from 4 trillion in April and 5 trillion in August [3] - Stock ETFs account for approximately 65% of the total ETF market, with a combined scale of 3.73 trillion yuan [3] - The growth in stock ETFs is attributed to structural market trends and significant inflows of capital into these products [3][4] Individual ETF Performance - 24 stock ETFs have seen scale increases exceeding 100 billion yuan, contributing approximately 583.5 billion yuan to the overall growth [4] - Major contributors among these include Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF and others, with increases ranging from 433.94 billion yuan to 704.52 billion yuan [5] - Industry-themed ETFs have also gained traction, with notable increases in funds like Guotai Securities ETF and Huaxia Robotics ETF [6] Bond ETF Expansion - Bond ETFs have seen a dramatic increase in scale, reaching 700.04 billion yuan, up from 173.97 billion yuan at the end of 2024, marking an increase of over 3 times [7] - The introduction of new bond ETF products has contributed significantly to this growth, alongside the performance of existing products [8] Cross-Border and Other ETF Categories - Cross-border ETFs have shown rapid growth, with a total scale nearing 0.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 472.22 billion yuan since the end of 2024 [9] - Commodity and currency ETFs have also experienced growth, with total scales of 216.01 billion yuan and 163.50 billion yuan, respectively [9] Competitive Landscape - The ETF market is becoming increasingly competitive, with 118 products exceeding 100 billion yuan in scale, primarily from leading firms like E Fund, Huaxia, and others [10] - The competition is shifting towards comprehensive service capabilities and investor education, focusing on enhancing the investor experience [11]
前10月ETF规模大增20000亿
21世纪经济报道· 2025-11-03 13:17
Core Insights - The ETF market has experienced significant growth, reaching a total scale of 5.7 trillion yuan by October 31, 2023, an increase of nearly 2 trillion yuan or approximately 53% since the end of 2024 [1][3][8] - Stock and bond ETFs are the main drivers of this expansion, with stock ETFs increasing by 831.18 billion yuan and bond ETFs by 526.07 billion yuan in the first ten months of the year [1][4][8] - The number of ETFs with a scale exceeding 100 billion yuan has grown to 118, an increase of 52 since the end of 2024, indicating a trend towards larger ETF products [1][8] ETF Market Growth - The total scale of stock ETFs reached 3.73 trillion yuan, accounting for about 65% of the overall ETF market [4] - The growth of stock ETFs is attributed to structural market trends and significant inflows of capital, particularly into thematic ETFs [3][4] - Notable stock ETFs that contributed to this growth include the Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF and others, which saw increases of over 600 billion yuan each [4] Bond ETF Expansion - Bond ETFs have also seen remarkable growth, with a total scale of 700.04 billion yuan, up from 173.97 billion yuan at the end of 2024, marking an increase of over three times [8][9] - The introduction of new bond ETF products has contributed significantly to this growth, with over 3.7 trillion yuan added in the current year [8] - The decline in interest rates has made bond ETFs more attractive as they provide average market returns compared to active bond investments [8][9] Thematic and Cross-Border ETFs - Thematic ETFs have gained popularity, with significant increases in assets for products focused on robotics, technology, and other emerging sectors [5][6] - Cross-border ETFs have also shown rapid growth, reaching nearly 900 billion yuan, with an increase of 472.22 billion yuan since the end of 2024 [9] Competitive Landscape - The competition among ETF managers is intensifying, with major players like E Fund, Huaxia, and others dominating the market [10][11] - Smaller firms are focusing on niche markets to avoid direct competition with larger institutions, seeking to meet specific investor needs [11] - The competition is shifting towards comprehensive service capabilities and investor education, emphasizing the importance of helping investors understand and select ETF products effectively [11]
国泰海通|固收:股债恒定ETF:海外经验与国内前景
国泰海通证券研究· 2025-11-03 12:42
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes the potential launch of multi-asset ETFs in China, driven by the need for enhanced index investment and asset allocation functions in the capital market [1] - As of the end of Q3 2025, the domestic ETF market has grown to over 5.6 trillion yuan, marking an increase of nearly 1.9 trillion yuan (+51%) compared to the end of 2024, indicating its importance as a tool for institutional investors [1] - The article highlights the necessity for diversified asset allocation strategies in a low-interest-rate environment, leading asset management institutions to explore new investment boundaries [2] Group 2 - The shift in the structure of bond funds is noted, with a decrease of 844.8 billion yuan in actively managed pure bond funds and an increase of 757.7 billion yuan in mixed bond funds, reflecting a market demand for low-volatility and low-fee index products [2] - Historical experiences from overseas show that stock-bond mixed strategies have evolved into two main forms: constant proportion and dynamic adjustment, with the former maintaining a fixed ratio and the latter adjusting based on market signals [3] - The introduction of a series of multi-asset indices by China Securities since 2024 aims to meet the innovative demand for multi-asset ETFs, with a range of stock-bond combinations and varying weightings [4]
前10月规模大增2万亿,ETF市场加速扩容
2 1 Shi Ji Jing Ji Bao Dao· 2025-11-03 12:28
Core Insights - The ETF market continues to expand significantly, with a total scale of 5.7 trillion yuan as of October 31, 2024, an increase of nearly 2 trillion yuan from the end of 2024, representing a growth rate of approximately 53% [1][2] ETF Market Overview - The main contributors to the ETF market expansion are stock ETFs and bond ETFs, which increased by 831.32 billion yuan and 526.07 billion yuan respectively in the first ten months of the year [1][3] - Cross-border ETFs also showed rapid growth, contributing an additional 472.22 billion yuan to the market [1][9] Stock ETF Performance - As of October 31, there are 1,056 stock ETFs with a total scale of 3.73 trillion yuan, accounting for about 65% of the overall ETF market [2][3] - The number of stock ETFs with a scale exceeding 100 billion yuan has increased to 118, with 52 new additions since the end of 2024 [1][10] Key Stock ETFs - Notable stock ETFs with significant scale increases include Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF, which grew by 70.45 billion yuan, and other major ETFs like the CSI 300 ETF from Huaxia and E Fund, which saw increases of 65.00 billion yuan and 60.17 billion yuan respectively [4][5] Bond ETF Growth - The total scale of bond ETFs reached 700.04 billion yuan, a remarkable increase of approximately 5.26 trillion yuan from the end of last year, marking a growth rate of over 300% [7][8] - New bond ETF products have contributed significantly to this growth, with innovative offerings like credit bond ETFs and technology innovation bond ETFs adding over 370 billion yuan in scale [7][8] Cross-Border and Other ETFs - Cross-border ETFs have shown a strong growth trend, reaching nearly 900 billion yuan, an increase of 472.22 billion yuan since the end of 2024 [9] - Commodity and currency ETFs also experienced growth, with total scales of 216.01 billion yuan and 163.50 billion yuan respectively [9] Competitive Landscape - The competition among ETF managers is intensifying, with a notable presence of major players like E Fund, Huaxia, and others in the 100 billion yuan club [10][11] - The market is evolving towards a focus on comprehensive service capabilities and investor education, emphasizing the importance of helping investors understand and select various ETF products [11][12]
巴西指数ETF即将成立,日经指数ETF涨幅领先:指数化投资周报20251103-20251103
Shenwan Hongyuan Securities· 2025-11-03 07:07
Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the past week, most of the major broad - based A - share ETFs declined, with the CSI 500ETF slightly rising and the STAR 50ETF falling by 3.17%. US stock ETFs such as the Nasdaq ETF and S&P 500ETF rose by 1.96% and 3.98% respectively. Among commodity ETFs, the soybean meal ETF rose slightly by 2.22%, while the gold ETF continued to decline by 1.52%. In the A - share ETFs, industry ETFs showed mixed performance, with the advanced manufacturing sector rising significantly, especially the photovoltaic ETF with a 6.55% increase. The chemical ETF also had a relatively high increase of 3.93%, while the chip ETF and communication ETF in the technology sector declined significantly by - 4.40% and - 2.47% respectively. The Nikkei 225 index had a high increase of 6.31% among cross - border markets, and related ETFs led in gains. In terms of capital flow, the ETFs targeting AAA sci - tech bonds had the largest net inflow of 7.237 billion yuan, while the ETFs of SGE Gold 9999 had the largest net outflow of 4.41 billion yuan [2][14][17][20][28]. Summary According to the Directory 1. Index Product Establishment, Fund - raising, and Declaration - **Product Establishment and Listing**: In the recent week, 3 products such as Huaxia SSE 180ETF were listed, and 24 products including Guoshou Anbao CSI A500 Dividend Low - Volatility ETF were established. Two Brazilian market investment products, Huaxia Bradesco Brazil IBOVESPA ETF and E Fund Itaú Brazil IBOVESPA ETF, have completed fund - raising and are about to be established [1][4]. - **Product Issuance Information**: In the coming week, 11 index products will end their fund - raising, including Huaxia SSE 180ETF Linked A, CICC CSI All - Share Index Enhanced A, etc. Fifteen products will start fund - raising, such as Boshi CSI Bank ETF, E Fund CSI A500 Dividend Low - Volatility ETF, etc [1][7]. - **Product Declaration Information**: In the recent week, a total of 20 index products were declared. Half of them are theme - based products, including 9 products such as Huabao SSE STAR Market Chip ETF and E Fund SSE STAR Market Chip Design Theme ETF. There is only 1 broad - based product, the Yongying SSE STAR Market 200 Index Securities Investment Fund [1][11]. 2. ETF Market Review - **Overall Asset - Type ETF Performance**: Based on the Merrill Lynch Investment Clock theory, most of the major broad - based A - share ETFs declined in the past week, with the CSI 500ETF slightly rising and the STAR 50ETF falling by 3.17%. US stock ETFs such as the Nasdaq ETF and S&P 500ETF rose by 1.96% and 3.98% respectively. Among commodity ETFs, the soybean meal ETF rose slightly by 2.22%, while the gold ETF continued to decline by 1.52% [14]. - **Industry - Style A - share ETF Performance**: A - share ETFs were further split into different tracks according to industry - style. In the past week, industry ETFs showed mixed performance. The advanced manufacturing sector rose significantly, with the photovoltaic ETF having the highest increase of 6.55%, and the battery ETF and new energy vehicle ETF also rising by 5.80% and 4.86% respectively. The chemical ETF in other sectors rose by 3.93%, while the chip ETF and communication ETF in the technology sector declined significantly by - 4.40% and - 2.47% respectively [17]. - **Cross - border ETF Performance**: In the past week, the major broad - based indices in cross - border markets showed different trends. The Nikkei 225 index had the highest increase of 6.31%. Among the corresponding broad - based ETFs, Huatai - Peregrine CSI KRX Korea - China Semiconductor ETF and ICBC Credit Suisse Daiwa Nikkei 225ETF led in gains [20]. 3. ETF Capital Flow - **Overall Market Scale**: As of October 31, 2025, there were 1346 ETFs in the entire market, with a total scale of 570.383 billion yuan, an increase of 1.0375 billion yuan compared to the previous week. The A - share ETFs and cross - border ETFs ranked first and second in scale, with 370.5652 billion yuan and 91.0674 billion yuan respectively. The scale of A - share ETFs increased by 6.993 billion yuan in the past week [26]. - **Non - monetary ETF Capital Inflow and Outflow**: Among non - monetary ETFs, the ETFs targeting AAA sci - tech bonds had the largest net inflow of 7.237 billion yuan, while the ETFs of SGE Gold 9999 had the largest net outflow of 4.41 billion yuan. Huatai - Peregrine SSE 300ETF and Tianhong CSI AAA Sci - tech Innovation Corporate Bond ETF had relatively high capital inflows of 5.861 billion yuan and 4.465 billion yuan respectively. Haifutong CSI Short - Term Financing ETF led in liquidity, with an average daily trading volume of 38.365 billion yuan in the past week, and E Fund CSI Hong Kong Securities Investment Theme ETF also had high liquidity, with an average daily trading volume of 18.84 billion yuan [28][31].
指数化投资周报:巴西指数ETF即将成立,日经指数ETF涨幅领先-20251103
Shenwan Hongyuan Securities· 2025-11-03 04:45
1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the recent week, 3 products were listed, 24 products were established, and 2 Brazilian market investment products are about to be established. In the coming week, 11 index products will end their fundraising, and 15 products will start fundraising. A total of 20 index products were declared in the recent week, with a high enthusiasm for science - innovation board products [1][6][9][13] - In the recent week (2025/10/27 - 2025/10/31), most of the major broad - based A - share ETFs declined, while some US - stock ETFs and commodity ETFs rose. Among A - share industry ETFs, those in the advanced manufacturing sector, especially photovoltaic, battery, and new energy vehicle ETFs, showed significant increases, while some technology - related ETFs had significant declines. In the cross - border ETF market, the Nikkei 225 had the highest increase, and related ETFs also led in gains [3][16][19][22] - As of October 31, 2025, the total scale of the entire market's 1346 ETFs increased by 10.375 billion yuan compared to the previous week. Among non - currency ETFs, ETFs targeting AAA science - innovation bonds had the largest net inflow of funds, while those targeting SGE Gold 9999 had the largest net outflow [3][29][31] 3. Summary According to the Table of Contents 3.1 Index Product Establishment, Fundraising, and Declaration - **Product Establishment and Listing**: In the recent week, 3 products including Huaxia Shanghai Stock Exchange 180ETF were listed, and 24 products including Guoshou Anbao CSI A500 Dividend Low - Volatility ETF were established. Two Brazilian market investment products, Huaxia Bradesco Brazil IBOVESPA ETF and E Fund Itaú Brazil IBOVESPA ETF, have completed fundraising and are about to be established [1][6][7] - **Product Issuance Information**: In the coming week, 11 index products such as Huaxia Shanghai Stock Exchange 180ETF Linked A will end their fundraising, and 15 products such as Boshi CSI Bank ETF will start fundraising [9][10][11] - **Product Declaration Information**: A total of 20 index products were declared in the recent week. Among them, 9 were theme - based products related to the science - innovation board, and only 1 was a broad - based product, the Yongying Shanghai Stock Exchange Science and Technology Innovation Board 200 Index Securities Investment Fund [13][14][15] 3.2 ETF Market Review - **Asset - Type Classification**: Classify ETFs into four categories according to the Merrill Lynch Investment Clock theory: stocks, commodities, cash, and bonds. In the recent week, most major broad - based A - share ETFs declined, some US - stock ETFs rose, and commodity ETFs showed mixed performance. Among A - share industry ETFs, advanced manufacturing sector ETFs rose significantly, while some technology - related ETFs declined [3][16][19] - **Cross - Border ETFs**: In the recent week, the cross - border market's major broad - based indices showed mixed trends. The Nikkei 225 had the highest increase of 6.31%. Among the corresponding broad - based ETFs, Huatai - PineBridge CSI KRX Korea Semiconductor ETF and ICBC Credit Suisse Daiwa Nikkei 225 ETF led in gains. Among non - currency ETFs, Huaan Mitsubishi UFJ Nikkei 225 ETF led in gains with a return of 10.23%, while Guolianan Science and Technology Innovation Chip Design ETF lagged with a return of - 5.40% [22][26] 3.3 ETF Fund Flows - **Overall Scale**: As of October 31, 2025, the entire market had 1346 ETFs, with a total scale of 570.383 billion yuan, an increase of 10.375 billion yuan compared to the previous week. A - share and cross - border ETFs ranked in the top two in terms of scale [29] - **Fund Inflow and Outflow**: Among non - currency ETFs, ETFs targeting AAA science - innovation bonds had the largest net inflow of 7.237 billion yuan, while those targeting SGE Gold 9999 had the largest net outflow of 4.41 billion yuan. Huatai - PineBridge CSI 300 ETF and Tianhong CSI AAA Science and Technology Innovation Corporate Bond ETF had relatively high fund inflows, and Haifutong CSI Short - Term Financing ETF and E Fund CSI Hong Kong Securities Investment Theme ETF had relatively high liquidity [3][31][35]
规模、产品、服务全面发力:易方达基金如何重塑指数投资生态?
智通财经网· 2025-11-03 02:34
Core Insights - The Chinese public fund industry experienced significant growth in Q3 2025, with total assets reaching 36.45 trillion yuan, reflecting a quarter-on-quarter increase of 7.07% and a year-on-year increase of 14.96% [1] Group 1: Industry Performance - The "stronger getting stronger" trend in the fund industry is becoming more pronounced, with E Fund achieving remarkable growth, particularly in non-monetary asset management, surpassing 2 trillion yuan in total management scale [1] - E Fund's ETF scale surged by nearly 200 billion yuan in Q3, solidifying its leadership position in the index product sector with a total scale of approximately 1.11 trillion yuan [1][2] Group 2: Product Line and Competitive Edge - E Fund leads the industry with 24 index products exceeding 10 billion yuan, including key products like A500 ETF and two of the only seven index funds with over 100 billion yuan in scale [2] - E Fund's strong performance extends to niche segments, with nearly 50 products ranking first in their respective categories, showcasing the company's proactive strategy in meeting diverse investor needs [2] Group 3: Cost Efficiency and Management - E Fund has maintained a leading position in low fee rates, with over 110 index products charging the lowest management fee of 0.15% per year, enhancing accessibility for investors [3] - The company has achieved the lowest tracking error among the top ten ETF managers, with a weighted tracking error of 0.14% over the past year, indicating effective management [3] Group 4: Investor Experience and Service Innovation - E Fund has improved investor service by simplifying product identification and launching the "Index Express" WeChat mini-program, which streamlines the investment process and enhances efficiency [5] - The company has categorized index products into four major classifications to assist investors in quickly matching their investment needs, further lowering decision-making costs [5]