黄卓，北京大学长沙计算与数字经济研究院副院长，北京大学国家发展研究院副院长、教授、BiMBA商学院院 长，长沙市"社科智库"专家。 代表广东制造业核心力量的"华南五虎"（比亚迪、惠科、华为、格力、广汽），纷纷将战略布局的目光投向湖 南，在长沙投资兴业。这是偶然的市场选择还是必然的产业发展趋势？对长沙建设全球研发中心城市和国家重 要先进制造业高地的战略目标提供了哪些支撑？未来，如何更好涵养"五虎"到"群虎"的发展生态？ 长沙晚报全媒体记者 付臣欢 专家名片 汤建军，国家社会科学基金重大项目"实事求是思想发展史"首席专家，湖南省社科院（省政府发展研究中心） 党组成员、副院长（副主任），湖南省社科联兼职副主席。 专家名片 长沙晚报理论版《热点面对面》栏目近日约请两位专家，就上述话题进行了访谈。 "华南虎啸星城"并非偶然 记者：您如何看待比亚迪、惠科、华为、格力、广汽五大企业齐聚长沙这一现象？这是偶然的市场选择还是必 然的产业发展趋势？ 汤建军：这绝非偶然，而是长沙产业生态与区域竞争力提升的必然结果，体现了当前产业转移中的"集群化""生 态化"新趋势。企业选址不再仅仅看重成本和政策，更看重区域的产业链完整性、创新资源 ...

以下文章来源于正和岛 ，作者微澜 正和岛 . 图为港珠澳大桥的桥墩防撞钢箱内伸出的钓鱼竿，事后11名非法垂钓人员被抓，起获26根鱼竿和5箱渔获。图片 来源：新华社 就如同「贺强钓鱼至今未归」的视频热梗在网上经久不息，时不时就要被诸多钓鱼人找出来「激 励」自己。 根据中国钓鱼协会不完全统计，目前中国大约有 1.4 亿活跃钓鱼者，平均每年至少参与 4 次垂钓活 动。 其中 18 岁以下的钓鱼爱好者占了总数的 12% ， 18 岁至 24 岁占 10% ， 45 岁以上占 32% ， 25 岁至 44 岁则扛起了钓鱼大旗。 正和岛，基于信任链接的企业家供需适配平台。 作者： 微澜 来源： 正和岛（ID：zhenghedao ） 要问中年男人最终的归宿是什么？ ---------------------------------- 答案有很多，如果非得说出一个比较有共识性的答案，非钓鱼莫属。 用古代的话来讲，就是「上至王侯将相，下至贩夫走卒」，都能见到执竿临水的身影，都能在钓鱼 这项运动上找到共同话题，可谓老少咸宜。 放到今天，钓鱼更是成为很多人短暂抽离出现实世界，解压放松的一种方式。 | | | 姓名 | | | 搜 ...

Core Insights - The manufacturing sectors in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have distinct developmental timelines, with the former being about 5 to 10 years behind the latter in terms of industrialization and investment attraction [1][2] - The Pearl River Delta has a higher concentration of labor-intensive industries, while the Yangtze River Delta has more advanced manufacturing processes and larger industrial parks [2][3] - The automation wave, referred to as "machine replacement," has affected both regions similarly, driven by national policies and the need for labor due to workforce shortages [3][5] Group 1: Regional Differences - The Pearl River Delta began its industrialization earlier, attracting significant investment in the 1980s, while the Yangtze River Delta saw large-scale industrialization in the 1990s [1] - Industrial parks in the Pearl River Delta are often smaller and less organized, leading to a predominance of small, labor-intensive factories [2] - In contrast, the Yangtze River Delta has larger, more modern industrial parks with better living conditions for workers, reflecting a higher level of land development [2] Group 2: Automation and Labor Dynamics - The automation trend began around 2014-2015, influenced by both government policies and the internal drive of companies facing labor shortages [3][5] - Despite the rise of automation, there has not been a significant increase in layoffs; instead, workforce reductions have occurred through natural attrition [6][7] - The labor force in manufacturing has decreased significantly over the past decade, with many workers transitioning to the service industry, particularly after 2015 [10][11] Group 3: Global Context and Future Trends - Developed countries experienced automation earlier, but faced limitations due to high labor costs and technological bottlenecks, leading to industrial transfers to China [12][13] - China's labor costs have risen, making automation more economically viable, while the country has also begun transferring labor-intensive industries to Southeast Asia [14][15] - The automation rate in low-end, repetitive tasks has reached 80-90%, particularly in the automotive sector, while assembly processes remain around 70% automated [21][22] Group 4: Labor Market Shifts - Workers displaced by automation have often transitioned to new roles within companies or returned to rural areas where industrial development has increased [24][25] - The shift from manufacturing to service industries has been significant, with many workers finding opportunities in sectors like ride-sharing and delivery services [10][11] - The future of automation in manufacturing may plateau, with more focus shifting towards artificial intelligence in service-oriented roles [38]

Group 1 - The article discusses the current strategic challenges faced by the United States, particularly in the context of two significant conflicts: the technology war with China and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war [1][12]. - It highlights the historical context of America's industrial dominance in the mid-20th century, where American workers enjoyed high wages and a comfortable standard of living [3]. - The article notes the decline of American manufacturing due to competition from countries like Japan and Germany, which offered lower labor costs and high-quality products [5][7]. Group 2 - The U.S. strategy of outsourcing labor-intensive industries while retaining high-value sectors like military and finance has led to temporary prosperity but underestimated China's potential [7][8]. - China's unique advantages, including a large population and effective institutional frameworks, have allowed it to upgrade its industries from low-end manufacturing to advanced sectors like electric vehicles and semiconductors [8][9]. - The semiconductor industry is identified as a critical area for the U.S., with efforts to limit China's advancements through legislation like the CHIPS Act, but China's progress in technology is outpacing U.S. expectations [9][13]. Group 3 - The article emphasizes the interconnectedness of the technology war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, both of which are straining U.S. strategic resources and impacting its international credibility [12][13]. - The ongoing war in Ukraine has resulted in significant military aid from the U.S., leading to increased national debt and economic challenges at home [12][13]. - The conclusion suggests that China can maintain its strategic focus and continue to develop without direct confrontation, allowing for a natural shift in global power dynamics as the U.S. faces increasing difficulties [14].

Core Insights - The event "Invest in Chongqing: Discover Business Opportunities" was successfully held in Hangzhou, marking the first stop of the "County Eastern Tour" brand investment promotion [1][3] - The initiative aims to align with the State Council's directive to support the transfer of industries to the central and northeastern regions, focusing on attracting quality projects that align with Chongqing's industrial development [3] Group 1: Event Overview - The event was organized by the Chongqing Municipal Commission of Commerce and included participation from various associations, showcasing 66 key cooperation projects from 16 districts and open platforms in Chongqing [1][3] - Keynote speeches were delivered by leaders from the Zhejiang Foreign Investment Enterprises Association and the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce, highlighting Chongqing's achievements in industrial upgrading and business environment optimization [3][5] Group 2: Strategic Focus - Chongqing's Deputy Director of Commerce emphasized the city's core competitiveness and cooperation potential through four keywords: strategic pivot, industrial synergy, Chongqing-Zhejiang cooperation, and service assurance [5] - The city has tailored "policy packages" for investors and established service teams to provide comprehensive support from project planning to operational phases, ensuring a smooth investment experience [5] Group 3: Project Highlights - The showcased projects span various sectors including new energy vehicles, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, modern logistics, big data, biomedicine, and cultural tourism, addressing both local industrial foundations and the transformation needs of eastern enterprises [5][6] - Companies such as Otis shared their successful experiences in Chongqing, indicating a strong interest in deepening industrial chain cooperation and exploring the western market potential [5][6] Group 4: Collaborative Outcomes - The event facilitated preliminary agreements on project implementation details and innovative cooperation models between government and enterprises, paving the way for substantial future collaborations [6]

Summary of Key Points from Conference Call Records Industry Overview - The discussion revolves around the **Chinese manufacturing industry** and its strategic shift towards **capacity relocation** in response to rising trade tensions and geopolitical challenges [1][2][5][6][8]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Trade Surplus and Capacity Relocation**: China faces a high trade surplus, prompting the need for capacity relocation to mitigate trade friction and adjust the domestic economic structure. Industries with higher overseas revenue ratios tend to have better Return on Equity (ROE) [1][2][8]. - **Impact of Globalization Trends**: The increasing trend of de-globalization, characterized by rising tariffs and geopolitical conflicts, necessitates a shift in supply chain strategies towards regionalization and localization. Chinese companies must optimize their supply chains and expand overseas to maintain competitiveness [1][6][8]. - **Labor Cost Dynamics**: The diminishing labor cost advantage in China and intense domestic competition make capacity relocation a viable solution. Foreign markets show higher tolerance for Chinese capacity relocation compared to product exports [1][8][9]. - **Lessons from Japan**: Japan's historical experience in the 1980s, where it successfully addressed trade issues through overseas direct investment (OFDI), serves as a model for China. Japanese companies improved profitability and supported technological advancements through profit repatriation from overseas subsidiaries [1][10][11]. - **Industry Selection for Capacity Relocation**: A scoring model was developed to evaluate industries suitable for capacity relocation based on urgency, overseas demand potential, and industry lifecycle. Key sectors identified include high-tech electronics, renewable energy equipment, and certain consumer goods [4][17]. Additional Important Insights - **Challenges of Exporting vs. Relocating Capacity**: The current tariff landscape poses significant challenges for Chinese exports, with countries like the U.S. imposing average tariffs of approximately 40% since 2018. This has led to an increase in anti-dumping investigations against Chinese products [5][6]. - **Employment Implications**: Capacity relocation can alleviate domestic employment pressures, as seen in Japan, where overseas employment has significantly increased. This trend indicates a need for more long-term expatriate staff to manage overseas operations [13][15]. - **Service Industry Growth**: The shift from manufacturing to production-related services is emerging as a trend, with increased demand for technical services and support as companies invest abroad. This transition highlights the importance of service sectors in offsetting manufacturing job losses [16]. Conclusion - The strategic shift towards capacity relocation is essential for Chinese companies to navigate the current global trade environment. By learning from Japan's experiences and focusing on high-potential industries, China can enhance its competitiveness and adapt to the evolving economic landscape [1][11][17].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the success story of Shaodong, a small city in Hunan, China, which has become the world's largest lighter production base, producing approximately 15 billion lighters annually and generating nearly 15 billion yuan in output value. The city has maintained a stable price of 1 yuan for its lighters for 20 years, showcasing effective cost control and innovation in production processes [4][12][28]. Group 1: Industry Background - Shaodong's lighter industry emerged as a result of a shift from the coastal city of Wenzhou, which faced challenges due to international market barriers and regulations [8][13]. - The lighter market was historically dominated by Western brands until Chinese manufacturers, particularly from Wenzhou, began to produce affordable alternatives, leading to a significant market share [11][12]. - The decline of Wenzhou's metal lighter industry due to regulatory challenges opened the door for Shaodong's rise in the injection-molded lighter segment, which began to flourish in the early 2000s [15][16]. Group 2: Key Success Factors - Shaodong's success can be attributed to three main strategies: focusing on technology and craftsmanship to enhance product value, selecting the right market segment, and fostering collaboration among local manufacturers [18][22][26]. - The city has shifted its focus from low-cost production to higher-value products, with exports to Europe and the U.S. reaching a total value of 440 million yuan in 2022 [21][22]. - Shaodong's lighter industry benefits from a well-established supply chain, with over 120 related enterprises providing components and services, allowing for rapid production and cost efficiency [23][25]. Group 3: Pricing Strategy - Despite rising costs in land, materials, and labor, Shaodong has maintained the price of its lighters at 1 yuan for two decades, achieving this through stringent cost control measures [30][31]. - Automation and technological upgrades have significantly reduced production costs, enabling higher output with fewer workers, thus maintaining profitability even at a low price point [33][39]. - The concept of economies of scale plays a crucial role, as increased production volume leads to lower average costs, allowing Shaodong to sustain its pricing strategy effectively [34][35]. Group 4: Broader Implications - The success of Shaodong's lighter industry exemplifies how small products can lead to substantial economic impact, reflecting a broader trend in China's manufacturing sector where low-cost, high-volume production can compete globally [37][41]. - Similar success stories exist in other regions of China, such as the toothbrush industry in Yangzhou and the makeup brush industry in Henan, indicating a pattern of small towns leveraging niche markets for significant economic contributions [36][38].

Core Insights - The clothing e-commerce industry in Tianmen, Hubei, has experienced rapid growth, achieving over 600 million pieces sold and a transaction volume exceeding 50 billion yuan, marking a significant development path for high-quality growth in this sector [1] - Tianmen's e-commerce transaction volume surged from 7 billion yuan in 2021 to 51.3 billion yuan in 2024, with an average annual growth rate of 92% [2] - The local GDP growth rate reached 7.2% in the first half of the year, with the clothing e-commerce sector's online transaction volume surpassing 30 billion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year increase of over 30% [3] Industry Growth and Development - Tianmen's clothing e-commerce industry benefits from a unique advantage of returning talent, as many individuals who previously worked in coastal regions have returned to start businesses, significantly impacting local industry growth [4] - The city has invested 8 billion yuan in building a chemical fiber textile industrial park and 2.36 billion yuan in enhancing cross-border e-commerce infrastructure, alongside implementing 17 specific policies for the textile and clothing industry [4] - The establishment of the "Tianmen Yishang" public brand has promoted high-end and brand-oriented development in the clothing e-commerce sector, with over 25,000 users and 4,000 certified operating entities registered on the supply chain information platform [5] Workforce and Training - To address labor shortages, Tianmen has implemented a "Clothing E-commerce Thousand-Person Training Plan," training nearly 3,000 professionals annually in various fields related to e-commerce [7] - The local workforce in the clothing e-commerce sector has reached 160,000, contributing to the establishment of a comprehensive industrial chain covering weaving, materials, garment processing, e-commerce marketing, and cross-border logistics [7] Economic Impact - The rapid growth of the clothing e-commerce industry has led to a net increase in Tianmen's permanent population, with a 17% rise in birth rates last year, marking the first increase in eight years [6] - The integration of production, urban development, and human resources has created a vibrant economic environment, with significant increases in disposable income and other key economic indicators [7]

Core Insights - The clothing e-commerce industry in Tianmen, Hubei, has rapidly developed, achieving over 600 million pieces sold and a transaction volume exceeding 50 billion yuan [1][2] - Tianmen's e-commerce transaction volume grew from 7 billion yuan in 2021 to 51.3 billion yuan in 2024, with an average annual growth rate of 92% [2] - The local clothing e-commerce sector has created over 3,000 jobs and is expanding with plans for a cross-border e-commerce base and smart manufacturing center by 2025 [3] Industry Growth - The clothing e-commerce industry in Tianmen is experiencing significant growth, with a network transaction volume surpassing 30 billion yuan in the first half of 2025, reflecting a year-on-year increase of over 30% [6] - The city aims to achieve a transaction volume of over 100 billion yuan by 2030, with cross-border e-commerce accounting for 40% of this figure [6] Talent and Resource Integration - Tianmen benefits from a rich pool of talent, with many individuals returning to the city to start businesses, contributing to the local e-commerce industry's transformation [6][10] - The city has invested 8 billion yuan in a chemical fiber textile industrial park and 2.36 billion yuan in cross-border e-commerce infrastructure, alongside implementing 17 specialized policies for the textile and clothing industry [10] Infrastructure and Technology - The Tianmen clothing e-commerce industry has integrated advanced technologies, such as AI algorithms, to enhance design efficiency, reducing design time from weeks to half an hour [4] - The establishment of a public brand "Tianmen Yishang" has facilitated resource integration and development, with over 25,000 users and 4,000 certified businesses participating in the supply chain information platform [10] Demographic Changes - The booming e-commerce sector has led to a significant population influx, with nearly 100,000 people returning to Tianmen for entrepreneurship and employment in the past three years [13] - Tianmen has seen a net increase in its permanent population for two consecutive years, with a 17% rise in birth rates in 2024, marking a shift from decline to growth [13] Training and Employment - The local government has initiated a "Thousand People Training Program" for the clothing e-commerce sector, training nearly 3,000 professionals annually in various roles [14] - The workforce in Tianmen's clothing e-commerce industry has reached 160,000, reflecting the sector's rapid expansion and demand for skilled labor [14] Economic Impact - The clothing e-commerce industry has become a significant economic driver for Tianmen, with the city's GDP growth rate reaching 7.2% in the first half of 2025, ranking third in Hubei [6][16] - The comprehensive development model in Tianmen, characterized by the integration of industry, city, and talent, has resulted in increased vitality and economic growth [16]

Core Insights - The city of Tianmen in Hubei has emerged as a significant hub for the clothing e-commerce industry, selling over 600 million pieces of clothing and achieving a transaction volume exceeding 50 billion yuan [1][3] - The clothing e-commerce sector in Tianmen has seen remarkable growth, with transaction volume increasing from 7 billion yuan in 2021 to 51.3 billion yuan in 2024, reflecting an average annual growth rate of 92% [3][5] - Tianmen's GDP growth rate reached 7.2% in the first half of the year, ranking third in Hubei, with the clothing e-commerce sector contributing over 30% year-on-year growth [5][6] Industry Development - The rapid expansion of the clothing e-commerce industry in Tianmen has created over 3,000 jobs and led to the establishment of a cross-border e-commerce base and smart manufacturing center [3][6] - The city has strategically invested 8 billion yuan in a chemical fiber textile industrial park and 2.36 billion yuan in cross-border e-commerce infrastructure, along with implementing 17 specific policies for the textile and clothing industry [10] - Tianmen has launched a regional public brand "Tianmen Yishang" to promote high-end and branded clothing e-commerce, which has facilitated over 4,000 certified business entities and completed transactions exceeding 400 million yuan [10][12] Talent and Workforce - The return of skilled workers from the clothing industry, who previously migrated to coastal regions, has significantly contributed to the local e-commerce sector's growth [6][10] - The local government has initiated a "Thousand-Person Training Program" to address workforce shortages, training nearly 3,000 professionals annually in various e-commerce-related fields [17] - The number of individuals employed in Tianmen's clothing e-commerce sector has reached 160,000, reflecting the industry's robust growth [17][18] Economic Impact - The clothing e-commerce industry has become a vital economic driver for Tianmen, with one in three households involved in the sector, contributing to a net population growth for two consecutive years [13][15] - The city has experienced a 17% increase in birth rates, marking a significant demographic shift attributed to the thriving local economy [15] - Tianmen's residents have seen the fastest growth in disposable income and other key economic indicators in Hubei, driven by the success of the clothing e-commerce industry [18]