【文/观察者网 陈思佳】近年来，随着月球探索受到世界各国的重视，如何定义月球标准时间成为科学 界关注的新问题。据香港《南华早报》1月12日报道，中国科学院紫金山天文台上个月正式发布了全球 首款"月球计时软件"，实现了月球与地球时间的精确转换。 根据广义相对论，由于月球的引力仅为地球的约六分之一，月球上的时间走得比地球更快，每天快大约 56微秒。这些微小的误差积累起来，足以对需要精确计时的航天任务产生严重影响。 为解决月球与地球时间转换的问题，紫金山天文台的科研人员构建了一个模型，同时考虑了月球较弱的 引力及其在太空中的运动，使月球上的事件能够与地球上的时钟准确同步。上个月，紫金山天文台正式 发布了月球时间历表产品LTE440。 他指出，在航天器的导航系统中，微秒级的误差都可能产生显著影响，进而在以分钟为单位的时间尺度 上影响计算结果，"如果你想要在月球上使用类似GPS的系统——我们可能几年内就会有需要，尤其是 用于精确着陆位置，你就得想办法解决这个问题。" 麦克道尔表示，虽然美国也在进行类似的工作，但他还没有听说过可直接使用的"月球计时软件"。他 说："这反映出中国对月球的重视，并且在分享与月球相关的研究方面 ...

1 月 7 日，北京，中国空间站巡天空间望远镜（ CSST ）科学仿真研究成果专刊发表学术研讨会在中国科 学院国家天文台举行。中新网记者 孙自法 摄 1 月 7 日，北京，中国空间站巡天空间望远镜（ CSST ）科学仿真研究成果专刊发表学术研讨会在中国科 学院国家天文台举行，科学仿真研究团队介绍 CSST 主巡天相机及相关仿真研究。中新网记者 孙自法 摄 中国空间站巡天空间望远镜（CSST）科学仿真研究成果专刊发表学术研讨会1月7日在北京举行， 会议提供的信息显示，中国科学家在CSST科学数据仿真研究方面取得重要进展，系列成果由中国科学 院国家天文台主办的国际学术期刊《天文和天体物理学研究》(RAA）以专刊形式在线发表。 同属第四代巡天望远镜 作为中国载人航天工程建设的下一代旗舰级空间天文观测设施，CSST具有大视场、高像质、宽波 段等突出特点。科学数据仿真是CSST数据处理系统最重要的任务之一，也是CSST实现科学目标、取得 重大成果的基本保障，在CSST科学数据处理研发和后续实现高效成果转化方面具有重要意义。 此套仿真软件包含了对望远镜主光机和巡天相机、多通道成像仪、积分视场光谱仪、太赫兹谱仪、 系外行星 ...

Group 1: Renewable Energy Breakthrough - The core viewpoint of the article is that global renewable energy growth is unstoppable, with renewable energy surpassing traditional energy sources in 2025, primarily led by China [1] - In 2025, global renewable energy generation exceeded coal for the first time, with solar and wind energy growth covering the new electricity demand in the first half of the year [1] - China produces approximately 80% of the world's solar cells, 70% of wind turbines, and 70% of lithium batteries, maintaining a significant cost advantage [1] Group 2: Other Scientific Breakthroughs - The other nine scientific breakthroughs include advancements in gene editing for rare diseases, new drugs for gonorrhea, and significant findings in cancer cell behavior [2] - Notable achievements also include the construction of a telescope in Chile aimed at advancing new astronomy, research on the Denisovans, and breakthroughs in heat-resistant rice [2] Group 3: Future Scientific Events - The article anticipates major breakthroughs in AI-driven scientific research in 2026, with the potential for significant scientific advancements achieved with minimal human intervention [3] - In the biomedical field, two clinical trials for personalized gene therapies for rare genetic diseases are expected to start, along with a cancer detection trial that could identify around 50 types of cancer through a single blood test [3] - Space exploration will be active in 2026, with China's Chang'e 7 mission targeting the lunar south pole and NASA's Artemis 2 mission planned for a crewed lunar flyby [3][4]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that global renewable energy is experiencing unprecedented growth, with China leading this significant transition, as highlighted by the recognition of "Global Renewable Energy Growth" as the top scientific breakthrough of 2025 by *Science* magazine [1] - In 2025, global renewable energy generation surpassed coal for the first time, with solar and wind energy growth rates sufficient to meet the new electricity demand in the first half of the year [1] - China's strong industrial system is identified as the main driver of this trend, producing approximately 80% of solar cells, 70% of wind turbines, and 70% of lithium batteries globally, while also maintaining a cost advantage [1] Group 2 - The article mentions that China's thriving green technology exports are transforming other regions, including Europe and countries in the Global South [1] - Other scientific breakthroughs recognized by *Science* magazine include advancements in gene editing for rare diseases, new treatments for gonorrhea, and significant progress in xenotransplantation [2] - Research on the Denisovans and heat-resistant rice, led by Chinese research teams, is also highlighted among the top breakthroughs [2]

Core Viewpoint - The National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has announced procurement intentions for eight types of astronomical instruments and equipment, with a total budget of 110 million yuan, expected to be procured between October and November 2025 [2][3]. Procurement Summary - The procurement includes various advanced astronomical instruments such as optical telescopes, integrated astronomical spectrometers, X-band data transmission channels, and a 40-meter diameter fully movable antenna [3][5]. - The total budget for the procurement is 110 million yuan, indicating significant investment in astronomical research capabilities [2][3]. Detailed Procurement List - X-band data transmission channel and demodulation equipment: 740,000 yuan, to be delivered by April 2028, designed for deep space data reception tasks [5][6]. - X-band cooling receiver: 400,000 yuan, also to be delivered by April 2028, with high sensitivity and electromagnetic radiation resistance [5][6]. - Three 40-meter diameter fully movable antennas: 3,300,000 yuan, to be installed and tested within 12 months [6]. - Optical telescope coating equipment: 2,300,000 yuan, for large aperture mirror coating processes [6]. - 120-meter radio radar system astronomical terminal equipment: 1,000,000 yuan, to be delivered by August 2028 [6]. - Four sets of 120-meter radio radar system astronomical receivers: 1,000,000 yuan, also to be delivered by August 2028 [6]. - A 2-meter dual-reflecting telescope optical system: 1,800,000 yuan, to be procured by October 2025 [7]. - Integrated astronomical spectrometer: 500,000 yuan, to be delivered by October 2025 [7].

Core Insights - An international team led by the University of Oxford has successfully created a plasma "fireball" in a laboratory setting using CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron, simulating the process of quasar jets propagating through interstellar space, providing new clues to the mystery of "missing gamma rays" in the universe [1][2] Group 1: Research Findings - Quasars, driven by supermassive black holes, emit narrow, near-light-speed jets of particles and radiation, producing extremely high-energy gamma rays, which can reach several TeV [1] - Theoretical models suggest that these high-energy gamma rays scatter with background starlight in interstellar space, generating electron-positron pairs, which should interact with cosmic microwave background to produce lower-energy gamma rays that have not been detected by satellite telescopes [1][2] Group 2: Experimental Methodology - To test existing theories, the research team utilized CERN's high-radiation materials facility to generate electron-positron pairs and allowed them to pass through a one-meter-long plasma, creating an experimental model of quasar jet propagation in interstellar space [2] - The experiment measured particle beam morphology and magnetic field signals, directly testing whether "jet-plasma instability" could disrupt the jet structure [2] Group 3: Conclusions and Implications - The experiment demonstrated that the particle beam maintained a narrow, nearly parallel shape with minimal disturbances or spontaneous magnetic fields, suggesting that instability effects are too weak to explain the missing low-energy gamma rays [2] - This finding supports the hypothesis that extremely weak interstellar magnetic fields, possibly remnants of the early universe's "primordial magnetic field," exist [2] - The research represents a significant step in understanding high-energy astrophysical jets and the origins of magnetic fields, with future observational facilities like the Cherenkov Telescope Array expected to provide higher resolution data to further validate these theories [2]

Core Viewpoint - The AIMS telescope, a significant scientific instrument for measuring solar magnetic fields, has been officially launched and is expected to enhance understanding of solar phenomena and their impact on Earth [7][15]. Group 1: AIMS Telescope Overview - The AIMS telescope is the world's first mid-infrared solar magnetic field observation device, recently passing acceptance tests and officially entering operation [7][15]. - It is located at an altitude of approximately 4000 meters in the Qaidam Basin, chosen for its optimal observational conditions after extensive site evaluations [14]. Group 2: Scientific Significance - Understanding solar magnetic fields is crucial for deciphering solar phenomena, which have implications for various aspects of life on Earth, including climate prediction and infrastructure safety [10][11]. - The AIMS telescope improves measurement precision from 100 Gauss to 10 Gauss, allowing for more accurate observations of solar magnetic fields [12][13]. Group 3: Development and Innovation - The project took over a decade to develop, with a focus on creating a high-spectral-resolution imaging system that is domestically produced [12][13]. - The team faced numerous challenges, including harsh environmental conditions and the need for self-sufficiency in technology development [20]. Group 4: Collaborative Efforts - The AIMS telescope works in conjunction with space-based solar observation satellites, enhancing the overall efficiency and quality of solar observations through a "ground-space collaboration" approach [17][18]. - This collaboration allows for comprehensive tracking of solar activities and their effects on Earth, contributing to improved space weather forecasting [18].

Core Insights - The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is a major international scientific project aimed at building the world's largest radio telescope, with significant participation from China [5][9][11] - The SKA project is divided into two sites: one in South Africa and the other in Australia, chosen for their low light pollution and optimal conditions for astronomical observations [6][9] - The project aims to enhance our understanding of the universe through advanced radio astronomy techniques, with a focus on high sensitivity, wide-field surveys, and rapid observation capabilities [10][12] Project Overview - SKA is a collaborative effort involving multiple countries, initiated in 1993, and has evolved into a global scientific partnership [9][11] - The South African site will consist of thousands of 15-meter diameter dish antennas, utilizing radio interferometry to enhance signal reception [6][8] - As of now, 64 antennas have been constructed at the South African site, with an additional 15 antennas designed and built by Chinese teams currently being assembled [6][11] Technical Features - The SKA's design allows for a large effective aperture, significantly increasing its sensitivity and ability to detect faint signals from the universe [9][10] - The MeerKAT telescope, a precursor to SKA, has already achieved notable scientific results, including imaging the center of the Milky Way and detecting signals from distant galaxies [10][12] - The project generates approximately 8 terabytes of data per second, which is processed and analyzed by supercomputers to facilitate global scientific collaboration [8][10] International Collaboration - China plays a crucial role in the SKA project, contributing to the design and construction of the mid-frequency antennas and participating in the SKA Regional Science Center [11][12] - The collaboration between SKA and China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is expected to enhance research capabilities in various fields of astronomy [12] - The SKA project exemplifies the importance of international cooperation in advancing scientific knowledge and addressing complex challenges in data processing and analysis [9][12]

Core Insights - The "AIMS" (Advanced Infrared Measurement System) has been officially launched, marking it as the world's first dedicated mid-infrared solar magnetic field observation device [1] - AIMS aims to enhance the understanding of solar phenomena and improve space weather forecasting through precise measurement of solar magnetic fields [1] Group 1: Technological Breakthroughs - AIMS has achieved significant technological advancements since its development began in 2015, including breakthroughs in direct measurement methods for solar magnetic fields [1] - The measurement precision of solar magnetic fields has been improved to better than 10 Gauss, addressing a century-old bottleneck in solar magnetic field measurement [1] Group 2: Research Implications - AIMS has already accumulated valuable scientific observation data, which is expected to contribute to important advancements in areas such as three-dimensional solar atmospheric dynamics and flare physics [1]

Core Viewpoint - The "China Sky Eye" (FAST) has discovered a total of 1,152 pulsars, surpassing the total number of pulsars found by other international telescopes during the same period, significantly contributing to the understanding of pulsar formation and stellar evolution [1] Group 1: Pulsar Discoveries - FAST has identified a large number of pulsars, including many millisecond pulsars and pulsar binaries, enriching the variety and quantity of pulsars [1] - The total number of pulsars discovered by FAST exceeds that of all other international telescopes combined during the same timeframe [1] Group 2: Scientific Significance - Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit electromagnetic pulse signals, recognized as one of the densest celestial bodies, with extremely high density, strong magnetic fields, and intense gravity [1] - Observing pulsars provides critical data for testing theories such as general relativity and detecting low-frequency gravitational waves, serving as a natural laboratory for studying the four fundamental interactions and physical laws under extreme conditions [1] Group 3: Research Advancements - During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, FAST not only discovered numerous pulsars but also achieved several original significant results, marking a transition for China's radio astronomy research from a follower to a leader in the field [1]