Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a groundbreaking study that establishes a set of tools for cell type-specific targeting and manipulation of neuronal activity in the primate brain, which is crucial for understanding brain structure, cognition, and diseases [3][4]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research team identified a large number of enhancers that drive gene expression in specific cell types within the macaque brain through single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing [4]. - These enhancers were successfully used in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to target various excitatory and inhibitory neuron subtypes, as well as glial cell subtypes in the macaque brain [4][6]. - The study highlights evolutionary differences in brain cis-regulatory elements (CRE), as some enhancers in macaques are conserved across species, while layer-specific enhancers do not mark neurons in mice [4]. Group 2: Methodology and Tools - The research utilized a dual-enhancer orthogonal approach to enhance targeting precision [6]. - A comprehensive toolkit for cell type-specific enhancers-AAV was developed for primate studies, enabling specific manipulation and monitoring of neuronal activity in the macaque visual cortex [6][8]. - The study validated these enhancers-AAV by monitoring and manipulating the activity of the macaque visual cortex, providing valuable tools for dissecting primate neural circuit functions [8].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant findings from China's Chang'e-6 mission, which successfully returned basalt samples from the Moon's far side, revealing new insights into its geological history and evolution [2][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The Chang'e-6 mission returned basalt samples that are approximately 2.8 billion years old, indicating volcanic activity on the Moon's far side over a span of more than 1.4 billion years [8]. - The research published in Nature includes four key studies that explore lunar volcanism, magnetic field dynamics, water content in the lunar mantle, and the source of the basalt samples [4][10][13][15]. - The studies reveal that the Moon's far side has a significantly lower water content in its mantle compared to the near side, indicating a dichotomy in water distribution [13]. Group 2: Specific Studies - The first study identifies volcanic activity on the Moon's far side around 2.8 billion years ago, consistent with crater-counting age models established for the near side [8]. - The second study uncovers evidence of a rebound in the Moon's magnetic field strength approximately 2.8 billion years ago, suggesting fluctuations rather than a steady decline [10]. - The third study estimates that the far side's mantle is potentially drier than the near side, contributing to the understanding of the Moon's internal water distribution [13]. - The fourth study indicates that the basalt samples originate from an ultra-depleted mantle source, possibly due to large impact events affecting the Moon's deep layers [15][16].

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant contributions of Chinese scholars to the international academic community, particularly in the prestigious journal Nature, with 12 out of 26 papers published on July 9, 2025, being authored by Chinese researchers [2][4][6][11][13][14][16][18][20][22][25]. Group 1: Research Contributions - A total of 26 papers were published in Nature on July 9, 2025, with a notable representation from Chinese scholars [2][4]. - The research topics cover a wide range of fields, including biotechnology, environmental science, and quantum physics, showcasing the diverse expertise of Chinese researchers [6][11][14][16][20][22][25]. - Specific papers include studies on the dynamics of the hippocampus in bats, a multi-omics atlas of rice, and the disassembly of tau fibrils in Alzheimer's disease, indicating a strong focus on both fundamental and applied research [4][6][11]. Group 2: Notable Authors and Institutions - Key contributors include researchers from prestigious institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fudan University, and the University of California, Berkeley, reflecting the collaborative nature of modern scientific research [4][11][14][20]. - The involvement of multiple authors in each paper highlights the trend of interdisciplinary collaboration in scientific research, which is essential for addressing complex global challenges [2][6][11][18].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the promising potential of microbiome-based therapies, particularly probiotics, in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) by optimizing gut microbiota structure and enhancing immune response [2][12]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published by Fudan University’s team demonstrated that the probiotic supplement CBM588 showed good tolerance in CRC patients undergoing radical surgery, promoting postoperative gut function recovery and reducing infection complications [4][10]. - CBM588, which contains Clostridium butyricum, was initially developed to alleviate common gastrointestinal diseases in East Asia and has shown significant synergistic effects in cancer immunotherapy [6][7]. - The recent clinical trial evaluated CBM588 as a perioperative adjunct therapy for CRC, focusing on postoperative gut function and immune status [8][9]. Group 2: Clinical Trial Results - The trial results indicated that perioperative use of CBM588 significantly improved gut function recovery and reduced the risk of infection complications, while also enhancing systemic immunity by increasing circulating T cells [9][12]. - The study concluded that CBM588 is a promising probiotic with good tolerance in CRC patients post-surgery, highlighting its potential clinical application and the need for further functional research [10][12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the urgent need for a safe, effective, and more accessible alternative to current tetanus immunization therapies, highlighting the promising results of the recombinant monoclonal antibody Siltartoxatug compared to human tetanus immunoglobulin (HTIG) [3][15]. Group 1: Tetanus Overview - Tetanus is a life-threatening infection caused by the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani, with an estimated 34,684 deaths globally in 2019 [1]. - Vaccination coverage for tetanus is inadequate, with 14.3 million infants not receiving the first dose of the DTP vaccine in 2022 [1]. Group 2: Current Treatments and Limitations - WHO recommends passive immunization for tetanus prevention and treatment, but current therapies like equine tetanus antitoxin are associated with allergic reactions occurring in 5%-30% of cases [2]. - HTIG, the replacement for equine antitoxin in developed countries, has issues such as supply shortages, high costs, and risks of infectious disease transmission [2]. Group 3: Siltartoxatug Development - Siltartoxatug, a recombinant fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targets the AB fragment of tetanus toxin, blocking its transport and enzymatic activity [7]. - The monoclonal antibody can be produced on a large scale through standardized industrial processes, offering a viable alternative to plasma-derived therapies [6]. Group 4: Clinical Trial Results - A phase 3 clinical trial demonstrated that Siltartoxatug significantly outperformed HTIG in providing both short-term and long-term protection against tetanus [10][11]. - In the trial, 95.4% of participants receiving Siltartoxatug had a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titers within 12 hours compared to 53.2% for HTIG [10]. Group 5: Safety and Efficacy - The safety profile of Siltartoxatug was comparable to HTIG, with adverse event rates of 38.2% for Siltartoxatug and 33.9% for HTIG [14]. - Allergic reactions were lower in the Siltartoxatug group at 0.2% compared to 0.9% in the HTIG group [14]. Group 6: Regulatory Approval - Siltartoxatug received approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in China in February for emergency prevention of tetanus in adults [16].

Core Viewpoint - Exercise is recognized as a significant factor in reducing cancer risk, enhancing the survival of cancer patients, and improving treatment outcomes, particularly through its effects on the gut microbiome and immune response [2][4][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in the journal Cell indicates that exercise induces the production of the gut microbiota metabolite formate, which enhances CD8 T cell antitumor immunity and improves the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy [3][4]. - The research highlights that the gut microbiome's metabolic products, rather than the microbiome itself, are crucial for the antitumor effects of exercise [9][10]. - The study identifies Nrf2 as a key mediator in the enhancement of Tc1 cell function driven by formate, both in vitro and in vivo [11]. Group 2: Implications for Cancer Treatment - The findings suggest that high-producing formate gut microbiota in humans can enhance tumor suppression and promote robust antitumor Tc1 immune responses, indicating formate as a potential biomarker for enhancing Tc1-mediated antitumor immunity [12][15]. - The research opens avenues for developing treatment strategies that combine exercise with microbiota-derived metabolites, particularly focusing on Nrf2 agonists like formate for patients resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors [16][17].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a recent study published in Nature that highlights the significant differences in toxicity among PM 2.5 emissions from various sources, suggesting that air quality policies should consider these differences for more effective health benefits [2][4][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study combines field measurements with air quality models to assess the toxicity differences of PM 2.5 from various anthropogenic sources [4]. - It was found that PM 2.5 from solid fuel combustion in residential stoves has the highest toxicity, followed by emissions from metallurgy, brake wear, diesel vehicles, gasoline vehicles, cement industry, and power plants [4][5]. - From 2005 to 2021, both the mass emissions of PM 2.5 and the toxicity-adjusted emissions have significantly decreased, with industrial sources contributing 57.5% to the mass reduction, while residential burning accounted for approximately 80% of the toxicity-adjusted reduction [5]. Group 2: Policy Implications - The study suggests that clean air policies should take into account the varying toxicity of PM 2.5 from different sources when formulating emission control regulations [6]. - A framework based on cellular toxicity for PM 2.5 reduction is proposed, which could address specific health risks in different regions, although further epidemiological research is needed to confirm its relevance to human health outcomes and public policy applications [7].

Core Viewpoint - LONGi Green Energy has achieved a new record in power conversion efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, reaching 34.58% efficiency through innovative research and development [2][3][7]. Group 1: Company Overview - LONGi Green Energy, established in 2000, is a private solar technology company based in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, focusing on the development, manufacturing, and sales of semiconductor materials and equipment [2]. Group 2: Research Achievements - The company published a research paper titled "Efficient perovskite/silicon tandem with asymmetric self-assembly molecule" in the prestigious journal Nature, marking its fourth publication in Nature since 2024 [2]. - In addition, LONGi Green Energy published another research paper in the Science journal on June 26, 2025 [2]. Group 3: Technical Innovations - The recent study developed a high-efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with an asymmetric self-assembly molecule, achieving a certified power conversion efficiency of 34.58%, setting a new record for this type of solar cell [3][7]. - The research team designed an asymmetric self-assembly monolayer (HTL201) that enhances the efficiency of the tandem solar cells by minimizing steric hindrance and improving coverage on the transparent conductive oxide layer [6]. - The optimization of energy level alignment between the perovskite and HTL201, along with an increase in the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) of the perovskite layer, resulted in a significant voltage output of nearly 2 volts [7].

Core Viewpoint - Ferroptosis is a newly regulated form of programmed cell death closely related to various liver diseases, with a lack of specific covalent inhibitors targeting ferroptosis [2][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research team identified Rociletinib (ROC), an EGFR inhibitor in clinical trials, as a potent ferroptosis inhibitor through virtual screening and mechanistic studies [4]. - ROC covalently binds to the 170th cysteine of the ACSL4 protein, inhibiting its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing lipid peroxidation and subsequent ferroptosis [5][8]. - ROC effectively alleviates acute liver injury mediated by ferroptosis in mouse models, establishing it as a promising therapeutic strategy for ferroptosis-related diseases [7][8]. Group 2: Target and Mechanism - ACSL4 is a key enzyme in lipid metabolism and its abnormal activation leads to ferroptosis, making it an important therapeutic target for ferroptosis-related diseases [3]. - The study highlights ROC as a direct covalent inhibitor targeting ACSL4, providing a new avenue for treatment [7].

Core Viewpoint - The study presents a novel therapeutic strategy for Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus (GCMN) through anti-BCL2 therapy, which induces senolytic effects and immune activation to eliminate GCMN lesions [3][19]. Group 1: Disease Overview - GCMN is a benign skin condition characterized by extensive pigmentation present at birth, occurring in approximately 1 in 20,000 newborns [1]. - The condition can pose life-threatening risks, with 3%-8% of cases potentially developing into malignant melanoma and 5%-8% into neurocutaneous melanocytosis [1]. - GCMN significantly impacts patients' quality of life due to disfigurement and severe itching, increasing the likelihood of mental health issues [1]. Group 2: Current Treatment Limitations - Current treatments, including surgical excision, dermabrasion, and laser therapy, often fail to completely remove GCMN lesions, especially those larger than 60 cm, and may lead to scarring or recurrence [2]. - Existing therapies primarily target proliferation pathways but do not address the survival of GCMN cells, indicating a need for more effective drug therapies [6][9]. Group 3: Research Findings - The study identifies key somatic mutations (NRAS 68%, BRAF 7%, and RAF fusion 5%) that drive GCMN, activating MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways [6]. - GCMN cells exhibit a dual characteristic of senescence and anti-apoptosis, with high expression of P16 and BCL2, indicating a protective mechanism against proliferation [8][9]. - The research team found that BCL2 inhibitors (BCL2i) effectively induce apoptosis in GCMN cells and prevent recurrence by targeting both senescent and proliferative cells [12][19]. Group 4: Immune Response and Long-term Effects - The study demonstrates that BCL2i not only promotes GCMN cell clearance but also triggers an immune response, recruiting neutrophils to aid in the elimination of GCMN [15][18]. - Long-term follow-up (1 year) showed no recurrence of GCMN, with residual neutrophils and T cells indicating a memory immune response [18]. Group 5: Future Directions - The findings provide a foundation for clinical trials aimed at developing targeted drug formulations for GCMN treatment, addressing the current lack of effective therapies [20].