撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 动脉粥样硬化 （ Atherosclerosis， AS） 是一种由脂质代谢异常和免疫介导的炎症驱动的慢性炎症疾病，会导致动脉壁受损以及坏死斑块的积聚。其发病机制复 杂，受斑块微环境中具有不同功能的多种免疫细胞的调节，这些细胞共同作用，既促进动脉粥样硬化的发展，也促进其消退。具体而言，巨噬细胞/单核细胞在促 进斑块形成方面发挥着关键作用，其途径包括诱导泡沫细胞的生成以及激活炎症细胞因子的分泌。 此外，T 淋巴细胞和 B 淋巴细胞还能进一步调控免疫环境，其亚群既表现出促进动脉粥样硬化的作用，也表现出抑制动脉粥样硬化的作用。此外，树突状细胞 （DC） 会放大炎症和免疫激活。因此，了解并调控免疫细胞群，对于 动脉粥样硬化的治疗 至关重要。 2026 年 1 月 6 日，四川大学华西医院 何中山 团队在 Cell 子刊 Cell Reports Medicine 上发表了题为： Restoring immune homeostasis in atherosclerotic plaques via inorganic violet phosphorus nano-immunoth ...

动脉粥样硬化演变示意图 夹层，破裂后几分钟就能致命"。此外，低温还会诱发血管痉挛，斑块更容易破裂，同时交感神经兴奋性 增强，会使心肌收缩力加大、心率加快，心脏负担加重。 在日常生活中如何预防心脑血管疾病的发生？郭尧章提出"保暖、监测、低脂"六字原则。首要任务是保 暖，天气冷、特别是早晨或下雪时，能不出门就别出门；如需外出，一定要穿厚衣服、戴口罩，把冷空气 挡在外面。他表示，饮食必须低脂，别让血脂再升高。 此外，要规律服药、按时到门诊复诊，尤其血压监测要更勤快，在家测血压比夏天更频繁，只要波动超过 20 mmHg就及时就医。郭尧章还告诉记者，冬季呼吸道疾病高发，一旦肺部氧气交换受阻，全身缺氧会进 一步诱发心衰、心肌缺血。 冬季心脑血管疾病进入高发期 今天（1月5日），二十四节气里的第23个节气——小寒悄然而至。小寒的到来标志着气候处于严寒阶段， 而这几天的气温也向人们诉说着寒冬的凛冽。在此时节，人体抵抗力处于较弱阶段，心脑血管疾病也进入 高发期。西安市红会医院心血管内科主治医师郭尧章提醒，冬季气温骤降会显著增加脑出血、急性心梗、 脑梗及主动脉夹层等危急事件的风险，公众需格外警惕。 郭尧章说，寒冷刺激下会引起人体 ...

梅斯医学 . 以下文章来源于梅斯医学 ，作者木白 梅斯医学（MedSci）是国内领先的医学科研与学术服务平台，致力于医疗质量的改进，为临床实践提 供智慧、精准的决策支持，让医生与患者受益。 本文来自微信公众号： 梅斯医学 ，编辑：木白，作者：木白，原文标题：《每一口外卖、瓶装水都 在伤害心脏和生育力！最新研究：微塑料不仅加剧动脉粥样硬化，还侵入男性生殖系统，不粘锅涂层 竟成「帮凶」》 忙碌的打工人们，在无数个赶时间的打工日，走进咖啡店打包一杯咖啡唤醒困倦的大脑，点一份外卖 解决一餐，又或是在口渴时拧开瓶装水，随手撕开包装袋吃点零食……然而，正是在这一杯一袋、一 撕一拧之间，一些肉眼看不见的「不速之客」就开始「兴风作浪」了。这些「不速之客」便是无处不 在的微塑料，是指直径在1μm到5mm之间的微小塑料碎片。 它们小到可以轻松穿过层层屏障和防线，混在水、食物，甚至空气中，最终进入血液，在体内「落 脚」。按照目前对人体暴露剂量的估算，每个人每年通过进食和呼吸进入体内的塑料颗粒，总数可能 高达7.4万到12.1万个。除了消化道和呼吸道，研究者甚至在脑、肝脏、胎盘和血管等多个重要组织 和器官内检测到它们的踪迹。 微塑料 ...

Core Viewpoint - The incidence and mortality rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are increasing annually in China, particularly during the autumn and winter seasons when cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent due to lower temperatures, which heighten the risk of heart attacks [1]. Group 1: Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction - Typical symptoms include severe chest pain lasting more than 15 minutes, which does not improve with rest or nitroglycerin [6]. - Chest pressure sensation, described as feeling like a heavy weight on the chest, may persist for several minutes or recur [7]. - Atypical symptoms may include radiating pain to the left shoulder, arm, jaw, or teeth, with women more likely to experience these non-typical symptoms [8]. - Other symptoms can include dizziness, weakness, cold sweats, pale complexion, difficulty breathing, nausea, and vomiting [10][11]. Group 2: Emergency Response Measures - Immediate actions include stopping all activities, lying down, and loosening tight clothing to calm down and improve oxygen supply to the heart [14]. - It is crucial to call emergency services promptly and provide accurate information about the patient's condition and medical history [15]. - If chest pain persists and blood pressure is stable, sublingual nitroglycerin may be administered; otherwise, alternative medications should be considered [16]. Group 3: Risk Factors and Causes - Risk factors for AMI include age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and a family history of heart disease [25]. - Common triggers for heart attacks include physical exertion, emotional stress, and unhealthy dietary habits [25]. - Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and coronary artery spasm due to various stimuli can lead to acute myocardial infarction [19][20]. Group 4: Prevention and Lifestyle Adjustments - Dietary recommendations emphasize low saturated fat and cholesterol intake, with a focus on fresh vegetables and whole grains [27]. - Maintaining a positive mindset and engaging in regular physical activity can benefit heart health [28]. - Avoiding excessive strain, monitoring high-risk factors, and adhering to prescribed medication regimens are essential for prevention [30][31][33].

Core Points - The article discusses the increasing incidence of strokes among young people and identifies four main factors contributing to this trend [1] - It emphasizes the importance of early detection and management of risk factors to prevent strokes [2] Group 1: Factors Contributing to Strokes in Young People - Many young individuals neglect regular health check-ups, leading to undiagnosed conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which can result in strokes [1] - Lifestyle choices, including late-night activities and lack of exercise, contribute to obesity and atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of stroke [1] - Cardiac issues, particularly atrial fibrillation or congenital heart diseases, can lead to blood clots that may block cerebral blood vessels, causing strokes [1] - Systemic diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, blood diseases, or arteritis, can also increase the likelihood of strokes in younger populations [1] - Specific risk factors for women include long-term use of contraceptives and smoking, which elevate stroke risk [1] Group 2: Early Detection and Prevention - The article highlights the "120 mnemonic" for early detection of stroke symptoms: - "1" refers to checking for facial symmetry and any drooping [2] - "2" involves assessing for weakness or numbness in one side of the body [2] - "0" indicates checking for difficulties in speech or understanding language [2] - Immediate action, such as calling emergency services (120) and seeking treatment at a specialized stroke center, is crucial upon noticing these warning signs [2]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) during the autumn and winter seasons, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. It emphasizes the importance of awareness regarding early symptoms and preventive measures to mitigate risks associated with cold weather and lifestyle factors. Group 1: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics - In 2021, CVD was the leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China, accounting for 48.98% and 47.35% of deaths respectively [3] - The crude incidence rate of CVD among residents aged 18 and above in 2023 was 620.33 per 100,000, with males at 717.36 and females at 519.64, showing a significant increase with age [3] Group 2: Seasonal Impact on Cardiovascular Health - Cold weather poses a direct challenge to blood vessels, leading to constriction and increased blood pressure, which heightens the heart's workload [4] - The autumn and winter seasons coincide with a rise in respiratory infections, which can indirectly harm the cardiovascular system and increase the risk of acute myocardial infarction [6] Group 3: High-Risk Populations - Elderly individuals and young professionals under high stress are identified as high-risk groups for cardiovascular events during the colder months [6][9] - Lifestyle factors such as obesity, hypertension, and sedentary behavior contribute to the increasing prevalence of CVD among younger populations [9] Group 4: Early Symptoms and Misdiagnosis - Common early symptoms of cardiovascular issues include fatigue, chest discomfort, palpitations, and sleep disturbances, which are often overlooked or misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal problems [7] - Patients frequently visit other medical departments without receiving appropriate cardiovascular care, highlighting the need for better awareness and education [8] Group 5: Preventive Measures and Lifestyle Recommendations - Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet low in salt and high in fruits and vegetables, is crucial for preventing cardiovascular diseases [10] - Regular physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep are essential components of cardiovascular health [11] - During cold weather, individuals are advised to dress warmly and engage in moderate exercise to adapt to temperature changes [11]

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults in China, with a reported rate of 35.6% in individuals aged 18 and above as of 2018, highlighting the need for early intervention in blood lipid management [6][8]. Summary by Sections Dyslipidemia Prevalence - Dyslipidemia includes conditions such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed dyslipidemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [6]. - The article points out that dyslipidemia often has no early symptoms, yet it can lead to significant vascular damage over time, increasing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases [6]. Importance of Early Intervention - Recent research published in *Nature* suggests that the prevention of atherosclerosis should begin earlier in life, particularly focusing on blood lipid management in children and adolescents [6][8]. - The study conducted by the University of Cambridge indicates that intermittent high-fat diets from a young age significantly increase the risk of atherosclerosis compared to those who only consume high-fat diets later in life [8][9]. Research Findings - The findings from the "Young Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Study" show that individuals with elevated cholesterol levels in childhood have more severe atherosclerotic plaques in adulthood [8][9]. - The research indicates that early cholesterol elevation is closely linked to the incidence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis in middle age [9]. Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis - The study suggests that macrophages, which normally help clear damaged cells and cholesterol, have their gene expression altered by early cholesterol elevation, reducing their protective function [9]. - Intermittent cholesterol elevation, often due to fluctuating dietary habits, may lead to greater damage and increased heart disease risk, particularly in patients who do not adhere to medication regimens [9][11]. Additional Research - A concurrent study from Paris Descartes University also found that intermittent high-fat diets accelerate atherosclerosis more than continuous high-fat diets, indicating a need for consistent dietary management [11].

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults in China, with a reported rate of 35.6% in individuals aged 18 and above as of 2018, highlighting the need for early intervention in blood lipid management [6][8]. Group 1: Health Risks and Findings - Dyslipidemia often presents no early symptoms, yet it can lead to significant vascular damage over time, increasing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases [6]. - Recent research suggests that the prevention of atherosclerosis should begin earlier in life, particularly focusing on the dietary habits of children and adolescents [6][9]. - A study conducted by Cambridge University found that young mice exposed to intermittent high-fat diets exhibited a significantly higher risk of atherosclerosis compared to those that were only exposed in later life [8][9]. Group 2: Research Implications - The findings indicate a strong correlation between elevated cholesterol levels in early life and the severity of atherosclerotic plaques in middle age [9]. - The research identified that early cholesterol elevation alters the gene expression of macrophages, which are crucial for clearing damaged cells and cholesterol, thereby weakening their protective function [9]. - Intermittent spikes in cholesterol levels, often due to dietary fluctuations, may pose greater risks than sustained high cholesterol, as seen in patients who irregularly take statins [9][11]. Group 3: Additional Studies - A concurrent study from Paris University also confirmed that intermittent high-fat diets accelerate atherosclerosis more than continuous high-fat diets, indicating a need for consistent dietary management [11].

Core Viewpoint - Gouty arthritis is a common disease closely related to dietary habits, with a higher prevalence in males and a trend towards younger patients [1] Group 1: Disease Overview - Gouty arthritis is characterized by high uric acid levels leading to joint inflammation, commonly affecting males and often starting suddenly with severe pain [5][7] - Symptoms typically peak within 12 hours and may resolve within days or weeks, with over 50% of initial cases occurring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint [5] Group 2: Risk Factors - Key risk factors for gout include excessive alcohol consumption, high-purine diets, and lack of sleep, with sugary drinks particularly harmful for children [5] - Chronic conditions such as chronic gouty nephropathy can arise from uric acid deposits in the kidneys, and high uric acid levels may accelerate atherosclerosis, increasing cardiovascular disease risk [7] Group 3: Prevention and Treatment - Prevention strategies include dietary control, limiting seafood intake, ensuring daily water intake exceeds 2000 milliliters, and avoiding triggers like late nights and intense exercise [9] - During acute attacks, treatment focuses on anti-inflammatory and pain relief methods, while recurrent cases may require long-term uric acid-lowering therapy [9]

Core Insights - The article highlights the increasing prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in China, particularly among younger individuals, driven by unhealthy lifestyle choices and societal pressures [1][2][3]. Group 1: Prevalence and Trends - Coronary heart disease patients in China have exceeded 11 million, growing at an annual rate of approximately 2.5% [1]. - There is a concerning trend of younger individuals being diagnosed with CHD, attributed to unhealthy lifestyles and various environmental and psychological factors [1][2][3]. Group 2: Lifestyle Factors - Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a Westernized diet high in calories, fats, and sugars, along with reduced physical activity, are significant contributors to the rising rates of CHD among the youth [2][3]. - Factors like prolonged sitting, lack of exercise, sleep deprivation, and high stress levels further exacerbate the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases [3][4]. Group 3: Prevention and Management - Emphasis is placed on preventive measures for individuals under 35, including adopting healthy habits, regular health check-ups, and maintaining a balanced diet [2][4]. - Key recommendations for prevention include low-salt and low-fat diets, regular exercise, weight management, and stress control [2][4][5]. Group 4: Treatment Approaches - Drug therapy is considered the cornerstone of CHD treatment, aimed at alleviating symptoms, slowing plaque progression, and preventing thrombosis [7][8]. - Surgical options include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with the choice depending on the severity and extent of the disease [7][9]. Group 5: Advances in Treatment - New drug developments, such as PCSK9 inhibitors, show promise in significantly lowering lipid levels and improving patient outcomes compared to traditional statins [8][9]. - The integration of advanced technologies, including AI and imaging techniques, is enhancing the precision of CHD diagnosis and treatment [9].