Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the investment strategy of Wu Qiong from Hive Fund, focusing on identifying high-growth sectors and stocks that can deliver "superior-than-expected" performance, particularly in emerging industries like AI and robotics [3][4][9]. Investment Framework - Wu Qiong's investment framework revolves around the "superior-than-expected" factor, where he identifies sectors with high growth potential and selects stocks that are likely to outperform expectations [3][7]. - A quantitative model is utilized to enhance efficiency and precision in stock selection, allowing for a clearer investment strategy [8]. Focus on Emerging Industries - The article highlights Wu Qiong's focus on emerging industries, particularly AI computing power, humanoid robots, and innovative pharmaceuticals, which are seen as having significant long-term growth potential [4][10]. - The AI industry, especially the upstream computing power segment, is identified as having strong performance potential, with expectations of continued growth through 2030 [9]. Market Dynamics and Adaptability - Wu Qiong stresses the importance of continuous learning and dynamic adjustment in investment strategies to adapt to changing market conditions [5]. - The integration of macroeconomic analysis with industry and company-specific research is emphasized to enhance decision-making robustness [5]. Growth Stock Performance - Historical data suggests that growth stocks tend to perform exceptionally well during the early stages of industry development, driven by high growth expectations and significant earnings elasticity [6][9]. AI Applications and Market Potential - AI applications are categorized into four types, with a focus on humanoid robots and integrated hardware solutions, which are expected to catalyze market growth once commercial viability is achieved [10]. - The article notes that while AI applications may take longer to realize their potential, they possess significant elasticity and growth opportunities once foundational infrastructure is established [9][10].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the growing preference among high-net-worth investors for multi-asset multi-strategy hedge funds, contrasting this with the general trend of retail investors favoring index funds for passive returns [5][12]. Group 1: Multi-Asset Multi-Strategy Hedge Funds - High-net-worth investors are increasingly attracted to hedge funds that employ multi-asset multi-strategy approaches, as exemplified by notable funds like Bridgewater Associates, Millennium Management, and Citadel, which manage assets of approximately $150 billion, $64 billion, and $62 billion respectively [5][6]. - The shift towards multi-asset multi-strategy investing began in the 1950s and has evolved significantly, especially after the financial crises of 2000-2008, which highlighted the need for diversified strategies to mitigate risks [7][9][10]. - The performance of top hedge funds in 2024 showcases the effectiveness of macro and multi-strategy approaches, with funds like Discovery and PointState achieving returns of 52.0% and 47.9% respectively [11]. Group 2: Investment Goals and Risk Management - High-net-worth investors have shifted their investment goals towards seeking stable returns in uncertain markets, rather than attempting to predict market movements [12]. - The concept of risk parity has evolved to encompass not just asset risk but also the parallel use of multiple strategies, aiming for absolute alpha [12]. - For wealthy individuals, preserving capital is often prioritized over achieving high returns, as the cost of potential losses is significantly higher than the value of gains [13]. Group 3: Characteristics of Multi-Asset Multi-Strategy - Multi-asset multi-strategy investing involves allocating funds across various asset classes with low correlation to achieve returns across different market cycles [14][16]. - This approach is seen as a more effective wealth management tool in the context of shifting savings patterns among residents [15]. - The dynamic nature of markets necessitates a move away from single-asset strategies, with multi-asset multi-strategy trading providing a means to achieve stable absolute returns [20]. Group 4: Market Dynamics and Asset Performance - The article highlights the volatility of various asset classes over the past decade, indicating that no single asset has consistently performed well, emphasizing the need for diversified strategies [17]. - Different economic cycles favor different asset classes, such as stocks during recovery, commodities during overheating, and high-quality bonds during recessions, aligning with the classic investment theory of the Merrill Lynch clock [21]. - Multi-strategy approaches allow for risk diversification and complementary returns, adapting to various market conditions and mitigating the risks associated with single-strategy investments [22]. Group 5: Future Outlook and Considerations - The future of multi-asset multi-strategy investing in China appears promising, with significant growth potential, although investors must be discerning in selecting genuine strategies that deliver stable profits [22][23]. - It is crucial to evaluate whether a strategy genuinely incorporates both multi-asset and multi-strategy elements, as some may only superficially meet these criteria [23]. - The complexity of multi-asset multi-strategy trading necessitates robust research and management capabilities from fund managers to ensure effective execution [23].

Group 1: Key Recommendations - The report highlights the potential of Zhongtian Rocket (003009) as a leading player in the small solid rocket industry, driven by increasing demand for rain enhancement and hail prevention rockets, supported by government policies and a growing domestic market [4] - Silver Dragon Co., Ltd. (603969) is recommended due to its increasing revenue from high value-added products, with a projected revenue growth of 21% CAGR from 2025 to 2027, indicating strong growth potential [6] Group 2: Financial Projections - For Zhongtian Rocket, the expected revenue for 2025-2027 is 1,033.08 million, 1,309.47 million, and 1,662.34 million CNY, with net profit projections of 75.54 million, 156.05 million, and 218.25 million CNY, reflecting significant growth rates [4] - Silver Dragon's projected revenue for the same period is 3.8 billion, 4.7 billion, and 5.6 billion CNY, with net profits expected to reach 370 million, 600 million, and 800 million CNY, indicating a robust growth trajectory [6] Group 3: Market Dynamics - The report notes that the demand for small unmanned precision weapons is increasing due to global instability, which is expected to drive the performance of Zhongtian Rocket [4] - Silver Dragon is positioned to benefit from the growing demand for pre-stressed materials, with a focus on expanding its international business, particularly in Russia [6] Group 4: Investment Strategy - The non-bank financial sector is highlighted as having underperformed, presenting a potential opportunity for investors to reposition their portfolios [7] - The strategy report suggests a rotation into three ETFs, emphasizing the importance of mid-cap indices and the ChiNext index, which are expected to outperform in the current market environment [8]

Core Insights - The report emphasizes the significance of macroeconomic conditions on style allocation, utilizing three mainstream ETFs for monthly rotation trading, which has consistently outperformed benchmarks in backtesting [1] - Looking ahead to Q4, with the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts almost certain, and expectations of declining export growth, the financial environment is expected to improve while economic momentum slows, indicating a preference for the CSI 2000 and ChiNext Index [1] Group 1: Merrill Lynch Clock Method - The traditional Merrill Lynch clock divides the economic cycle into four stages: recovery, overheating, stagflation, and recession, with the recovery phase favoring the CSI 2000 and ChiNext Index [2] - A simulated portfolio based on the Merrill Lynch clock from 2014 to present achieved a cumulative return of 379.9%, with an annualized return of 14.4% and an information ratio of 0.44 [2][24] - For Q4, the combination of marginal economic slowdown and low prices is likely to continue, prioritizing the ChiNext Index and CSI 2000 [2] Group 2: Pring Cycle Method - The Pring cycle categorizes the economic cycle into six stages, with the recovery early stage favoring the CSI 2000 and ChiNext Index [3] - A simulated portfolio based on the Pring cycle from 2014 to present achieved a cumulative return of 282.4%, with an annualized return of 12.2% and an information ratio of 0.27 [3][43] - In Q4, leading indicators are expected to continue rising, while synchronous indicators may fluctuate, suggesting a preference for the CSI 2000 [3] Group 3: Macro-Friendly Scoring Method - The macro-friendly scoring method combines the Merrill Lynch cycle, inventory cycle, and financial cycle to create a unique indicator that provides clearer insights into the economic cycle state [4] - The report anticipates that the three cycles will resonate positively in the next six months, favoring growth styles [4] Group 4: Investment Recommendations - Given the expected interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve and the anticipated decline in export growth, the report suggests that the CSI 2000 and ChiNext Index have high allocation value [5]

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of a stable analytical framework and diversified asset allocation to avoid the pitfalls of chasing trends in investment, highlighting that there is no optimal solution in asset allocation [1][4]. Group 1: Asset Allocation Strategies - The performance of FOF funds has been strong this year, attributed to effective diversified allocation strategies [6]. - The manager, Tang Jun, adjusts the allocation between A-shares and Hong Kong stocks based on market conditions, demonstrating a responsive approach to market changes [1][6]. - Tang Jun actively participates in sectors like innovative pharmaceuticals and military ETFs, capitalizing on structural opportunities in a complex market environment [1][8]. Group 2: Professional Background and Insights - Tang Jun's career spans quantitative investment, fund evaluation, and macro research, providing a solid foundation for his current asset allocation work [3][4]. - His experience in quantitative research has enhanced his ability to identify various market factors, which is crucial for effective asset allocation [3][4]. - The "Zhongtai Clock" research incorporates policy analysis to better fit the domestic market, addressing the limitations of the previously used Merrill Lynch Clock [4]. Group 3: Dynamic Adjustment and Market Trends - Tang Jun believes that while macro trends provide guidance for asset allocation, the timing of price reflections can be uncertain, necessitating continuous monitoring and dynamic adjustments [6][8]. - The current allocation shows a shift towards A-shares over Hong Kong stocks, indicating a responsive strategy to market conditions [6][8]. Group 4: Avoiding Common Investment Mistakes - The article discusses the common mistake of "chasing trends," where investors buy high and sell low, and suggests establishing a stable analytical framework to counter this behavior [10][11]. - Diversification is recommended to enhance the return stream and provide confidence in maintaining the analytical framework during market fluctuations [11]. - Understanding "expectation differences" is crucial to avoid chasing trends, as short-term asset performance is often driven by the gap between fundamentals and market expectations [12].

Summary of Key Points from Conference Call Records Industry or Company Involved - The discussion primarily revolves around the **Chinese economy** and its comparison with **developed markets**, particularly the **U.S. stock market**. Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Economic Cycles**: The Chinese economy is currently in a recovery phase, contrasting with the downturn in the U.S. and other developed countries, which enhances the investment value of Chinese stocks while posing risks for U.S. equities [1][5] 2. **Asset Allocation Framework**: The asset allocation analysis framework is divided into **strategic** and **tactical** configurations, with strategic allocation focusing on long-term fixed asset ratios and tactical allocation allowing for adjustments based on market conditions [2] 3. **Liquidity vs. Inflation**: In the Chinese market, liquidity is deemed more critical than inflation, with "credit pulse" being a significant leading indicator for asset price changes [1][11] 4. **Fiscal Pulse**: Fiscal pulse has gained importance as a supplementary indicator to credit pulse, especially in times of poor macro liquidity transmission, showing a predictive capability that has surpassed credit pulse post-pandemic [1][14] 5. **Risk Premium (ERP)**: ERP is highlighted as a crucial valuation metric, indicating the expected excess return of stocks over bonds, particularly significant in the Chinese market [1][15][16] 6. **Global Asset Allocation Factors**: Key factors for Chinese investors in global asset allocation include the U.S. dollar, U.S. Treasury bonds, and the Federal Reserve, with U.S. inflation being a dominant variable affecting these factors [1][17] 7. **Gold Pricing Framework**: A new pricing framework for gold has been established, predicting potential price increases to the range of $3,000 to $5,000, following the decoupling of gold from U.S. Treasury yields [1][22] 8. **Dollar Strength**: The strength of the U.S. dollar is driven by fundamental, policy, and capital factors, maintaining its significant role in global asset allocation [1][21] 9. **Market Indicators**: The analysis of forward-looking indicators can help predict inflation trends, with historical data supporting the predictive power of rental prices on future inflation [1][19] Other Important but Possibly Overlooked Content 1. **Limitations of the Merrill Clock**: The applicability of the Merrill Clock in the Chinese market is limited, as economic phases often jump or reverse, leading to poor predictive performance regarding asset behavior [1][8][10] 2. **Impact of Economic Downturns**: During economic downturns, there is a tendency to increase bond holdings, and this analysis can be extended globally to inform cross-border asset allocation decisions [1][4] 3. **Long-term vs. Short-term Cycles**: Short-term growth cycles last 3 to 5 years, while long-term cycles can extend for decades, necessitating a broader data reference to avoid misleading conclusions from single-country cases [1][6] 4. **Complexity of Policy Responses**: The complexity of policy responses in China, which may not directly reflect economic fundamentals, complicates the predictive capabilities of frameworks like the Merrill Clock [1][9][10] 5. **Renminbi Exchange Rate**: The future trajectory of the Renminbi is influenced not only by trade factors but also by the performance of Chinese market stocks, which can support the currency [1][23] 6. **Changing Dynamics of Global Asset Allocation**: The traditional relationship between U.S. Treasuries and the dollar is evolving, indicating a potential fragmentation in global asset allocation strategies [1][24]

Quantitative Models and Construction Methods 1. Model Name: Pring Cycle - **Model Construction Idea**: The Pring Cycle is an upgraded version of the Merrill Clock, incorporating financial data to enhance the predictive accuracy of asset allocation recommendations. It defines financial indicators as leading indicators, real economy indicators as coincident indicators, and price indicators as lagging indicators. These three groups of indicators form six economic states, each corresponding to specific asset allocation strategies [9][10][11] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Leading indicators include M2 growth and new social financing, filtered for cyclical factors to observe trend components [14] 2. Coincident indicators include real estate investment and export growth, also filtered for cyclical factors [14][22] 3. Lagging indicators include CPI and PPI growth, filtered similarly [14][28] 4. The model identifies the current economic state based on the trends of these indicators. For example, the "Recovery" state is characterized by rising leading indicators, stable coincident indicators, and declining lagging indicators [10][11] - **Model Evaluation**: The model improves upon the Merrill Clock by incorporating financial data, but it cannot fully capture real economic states during extraordinary events [13] 2. A-Share Pricing Framework - **Model Construction Idea**: The pricing framework integrates short-term fundamentals, long-term confidence, and required return rates to determine the reasonable valuation range of A-shares. It emphasizes the PB-ROE relationship for valuation assessment [52][56] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Decompose stock returns into components: dividend yield, net asset growth, and valuation changes [56] 2. Use a two-stage DDM model to calculate reasonable PB values: $$PB_{current} = ROE_1 \times d_1 \times \sum_{t=1}^{T} \frac{(1+g_1)^{t-1}}{(1+R_f+R_p)^t}$$ $$PB_{stable} = \frac{ROE_2 \times d_2}{1+R_f+R_p-g_2} \times \frac{(1+g_1)^T}{(1+R_f+R_p)^T}$$ where \(ROE_1\) and \(ROE_2\) are the return on equity for the current and stable growth phases, \(d_1\) and \(d_2\) are dividend payout ratios, \(g_1\) and \(g_2\) are growth rates, and \(R_f+R_p\) is the required return rate [56][57] 3. Historical calibration suggests an 11-year duration for the first growth phase, with ROE assumptions adjusted for optimistic, neutral, and pessimistic scenarios [58] - **Model Evaluation**: The framework effectively captures valuation dynamics, but short-term ROE fluctuations introduce uncertainty [56][58] 3. Interest Rate Pricing Framework - **Model Construction Idea**: A three-factor model for long-term government bond yields, incorporating policy rates, inflation expectations, and growth expectations [59] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Represent policy rates using one-year interbank CD rates, inflation expectations using CPI growth, and growth expectations using PMI levels [59] 2. Regression analysis reveals the relative importance of these factors: monetary policy > inflation expectations > growth expectations [62][63] 3. Additional analysis links bond yields to housing prices, reflecting cyclical economic drivers [67][69] - **Model Evaluation**: The model highlights the dominant role of monetary policy but acknowledges limitations in capturing short-term market dynamics [63][67] 4. Gold Pricing Framework - **Model Construction Idea**: Gold pricing is influenced by its commodity, financial, and monetary attributes, with monetary factors being the most consistent driver [74][75] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Historical analysis identifies three gold bull markets driven by different factors: inflation and oil prices (1971-1980), financial crises and low real rates (2001-2011), and de-globalization and central bank purchases (2019-present) [74] 2. Introduce a valuation metric: - Pre-2022: Global gold reserves × gold price / US M2 - Post-2023: Global gold reserves × gold price / weighted M2 of reserve currency countries (USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, RMB) [80] - **Model Evaluation**: The framework effectively captures long-term trends but faces challenges in predicting short-term price movements [78][80] --- Model Backtesting Results 1. Pring Cycle - Current state: Recovery phase, favoring equity assets [35] 2. A-Share Pricing Framework - Reasonable PB range for CSI 800: 1.36-1.55 - Expected annual return: 5%-9% [58][59] 3. Interest Rate Pricing Framework - Predicted 10-year government bond yield: 1.36%-1.51% - Yield corridor: ±1.5 standard deviations around the central estimate [72][73] 4. Gold Pricing Framework - Current valuation percentile: 39% (10% below the median) - Long-term upward potential remains [80][82] --- Quantitative Factors and Construction Methods 1. Style Factors - **Value Style**: - ROE: 9.14% - PB range: 0.9-0.95 - Expected return: 6%-8% [96][100] - **Growth Style**: - ROE: 12.48% - PB range: 1.69-3.24 - Expected return: -7%-13% [103][108] - **Small-Cap Style**: - ROE: 5.99% - PB range: 0.65-1.82 - Expected return: Low [111][116] - **Large-Cap Style**: - ROE: 10.21% - PB range: 0.92-1 - Expected return: 0%-2% [119][123] - **Quality Style**: - ROE: 14.23% - PB range: 2.34-5.35 - Expected return: 8%-39% [128][131] - **Dividend Style**: - ROE: 9.09% - PB range: 0.83-0.87 - Expected return: 11%-12% [134][138] --- Factor Backtesting Results 1. Value Style - Historical PB-ROE alignment indicates moderate valuation [100][102] 2. Growth Style - High ROE volatility leads to wide valuation ranges [108][110] 3. Small-Cap Style - Valuation driven more by liquidity than fundamentals [113][117] 4. Large-Cap Style - Valuation closely tied to fundamentals, with limited upside [123][127] 5. Quality Style - Significant valuation recovery potential [131][133] 6. Dividend Style - Stable valuation with moderate upside [138][140]

Quantitative Models and Construction Methods 1. Model Name: "Clock + Turning Point Improvement Method" Asset Rotation Model - **Model Construction Idea**: This model integrates macroeconomic risk factors with asset rotation strategies, leveraging the "investment clock" concept and improving turning point identification through a combination of momentum and phase judgment methods [8][23][24] - **Model Construction Process**: 1. Macro risk factors (e.g., economic growth, inflation, interest rates, credit, exchange rates, and term spreads) are used to determine the macroeconomic state [8] 2. The "investment clock" framework is applied to link macroeconomic states with asset performance. For example, recovery and overheating phases favor equities and commodities, while stagflation and recession phases favor bonds and gold [9][15] 3. Turning points in macroeconomic factors are identified using a combination of momentum and phase judgment methods: - Momentum is calculated as: $$ Momentum_t = X_t - \frac{1}{3}(X_{t-1} + X_{t-2} + X_{t-3}) $$ where \( X_t \) represents the macro factor value at time \( t \) [16] - Phase judgment uses a 38-month sine wave to identify the current phase of macro factors, categorizing them into upward, downward, top, or bottom regions [21][22] 4. Asset scores are calculated based on the macro factor states, and risk allocation is adjusted accordingly. Initial risk weights are set as large-cap stocks: small-cap stocks: bonds: commodities: gold = 1:1:1:0.5:0.5. Positive scores double the risk allocation, while negative scores halve it [24] 5. Backtesting is conducted over the period from January 2011 to December 2023 [25] - **Model Evaluation**: The model demonstrates strong performance in terms of returns, risk control, and drawdown management, achieving nearly 10% annualized returns while maintaining low volatility and drawdowns [27] --- Model Backtesting Results 1. "Clock + Turning Point Improvement Method" Asset Rotation Model - **Total Return**: 242.45% - **Annualized Return**: 9.93% - **Annualized Volatility**: 6.83% - **Sharpe Ratio**: 1.45 - **Maximum Drawdown**: 6.31% - **Win Rate**: 73.08% [27] 2. Benchmark Equal-Weighted Portfolio - **Total Return**: 83.59% - **Annualized Return**: 4.78% - **Annualized Volatility**: 10.99% - **Sharpe Ratio**: 0.43 - **Maximum Drawdown**: 20.63% - **Win Rate**: 55.77% [27] --- Quantitative Factors and Construction Methods 1. Factor Name: Macro Risk Factors - **Factor Construction Idea**: These factors aim to capture various dimensions of macroeconomic risks, including economic growth, inflation, interest rates, credit, exchange rates, and term spreads, providing a comprehensive view of the macroeconomic environment [8] - **Factor Construction Process**: 1. **Economic Growth**: - Indicators: Industrial production YoY, PMI, retail sales YoY - Processing: HP filtering and volatility-weighted averaging - Interpretation: Positive values indicate economic expansion [8] 2. **Inflation**: - Indicators: PPI YoY, CPI YoY - Processing: HP filtering and volatility-weighted averaging - Interpretation: Positive values indicate rising inflation [8] 3. **Interest Rates**: - Indicators: Bond indices (1-3 years), money market indices - Processing: Equal-weighted portfolio construction and net value calculation - Interpretation: Negative values indicate falling interest rates and loose monetary conditions [8] 4. **Exchange Rates**: - Indicators: Gold prices (Shanghai and London) - Processing: Equal-weighted long-short portfolio construction - Interpretation: Positive values indicate currency depreciation [8] 5. **Credit**: - Indicators: Corporate bond indices (AAA) vs. government bond indices - Processing: Duration-neutral portfolio construction - Interpretation: Positive values indicate widening credit spreads and tighter credit conditions [8] 6. **Term Spreads**: - Indicators: Short-term vs. long-term bond indices - Processing: Duration-neutral portfolio construction - Interpretation: Positive values indicate widening term spreads [8] --- Factor Backtesting Results 1. Macro Risk Factors (July 2025 State) - **Economic Growth**: Upward (Recovery phase) - **Inflation**: Downward - **Interest Rates**: Downward - **Credit**: Downward - **Exchange Rates**: Downward - **Term Spreads**: Downward [36]

Core Insights - The performance of FOF (Fund of Funds) products has been impressive this year, with over 90% achieving positive returns [1][4] - The asset allocation approach is described as having "no optimal solution," emphasizing the need for a stable analytical framework and diversified investments to avoid common pitfalls like "chasing gains and cutting losses" [1][3][6] Group 1: Asset Allocation Strategies - The manager, Tang Jun, advocates for a multi-faceted asset allocation strategy that includes objective standards and diversified returns to mitigate risks associated with market expectations [1][6] - Tang Jun's experience in quantitative investment has shaped his ability to identify market factors and adjust asset allocations dynamically based on market conditions [2][4] - The current allocation strategy has shifted towards A-shares, reflecting a responsive adjustment to market trends, with a notable increase in A-share allocation compared to Hong Kong stocks [4][5] Group 2: Market Insights and Tactical Adjustments - The positive performance of FOF products is attributed to effective diversification strategies, particularly during stable market conditions [4] - Despite uncertainties in external environments, domestic policy support is expected to provide a solid foundation for the A-share market, leading to a stable and potentially strong performance [5] - Tang Jun has actively engaged in tactical allocations within sectors like innovative pharmaceuticals and military industries, capitalizing on growth trends and market opportunities [5][6] Group 3: Behavioral Insights and Investor Guidance - The common mistake of "chasing gains and cutting losses" is highlighted, with recommendations for establishing an analytical framework based on objective standards to guide investment decisions [6][7] - Understanding "expectation differences" is crucial for avoiding impulsive trading decisions, as market consensus often serves as a contrary indicator [7] - Investors are advised to differentiate between returns driven by style beta and alpha when selecting funds, which aligns with Tang Jun's quantitative research background [7]

Core Viewpoint - The recent "anti-involution" theme has led to a strong performance in sectors such as solar energy, cement, steel, and automobiles, with expectations for manufacturing profitability to rebound due to supply contraction [1][7]. Group 1: Investment Strategy - The investment approach combines macro and micro perspectives, focusing on cyclical growth opportunities while exhibiting distinct sub-industry rotation characteristics [2]. - The investment framework emphasizes "mid-cycle comparison, cyclical thinking, and growth perspective," with a preference for left-side positioning to navigate market cycles [3]. Group 2: Market Analysis - The current global economy is in a Kondratiev wave down phase, transitioning from incremental competition to stock competition, with a focus on maintaining positions while seizing structural opportunities [6]. - The long-term outlook for gold and copper is positive, with gold's price driven by factors beyond interest rate expectations, such as the weakening of the dollar's credit [6]. Group 3: Sector Focus - The "anti-involution" movement is expected to enhance manufacturing profitability, presenting potential rebound opportunities in related sectors [7]. - Copper is identified as a key asset due to its critical role in electricity transmission and electromagnetic conversion, making it a resilient choice in the current economic cycle [6].