就在最近，英特尔与印度塔塔集团签署谅解备忘录，建立战略联盟。 双方计划基于塔塔电子即将投产的晶圆厂和OSAT（封装测试）工厂，探索在印度本地生产英特尔产品，并进行先进封装领域的技术合作。 跨国巨头与印度的博弈，又有了新剧本。 不过这次，双方戏码仍与半个世纪前有着惊人的相似。 多年来，为了成为真正的科技强国，印度不断吸引外资，与各国大厂争取合作，用市场换技术。 但从半个世纪前的仙童公司，到后来的富士康，科技巨头们纷纷提出在印度建厂的计划，却也总是高调开场，黯然落幕。 这又是怎么回事呢？ 01 破碎芯片梦 很多时候，做梦是一回事，圆梦却是另一回事。 对印度来说，芯片产业就是它那个期待极高，收获却远远不达预期的"黄粱一梦"。 早在1962年，印度企业巴拉特电子有限公司（BEL，Bharat Electronics Ltd.）就能量产硅和锗晶体管。 要知道，1959年美国的仙童公司（Fairchild）才发明出"硅平面工艺集成电路"，1962年仙童才和德州仪器一起销售最初的逻辑IC芯片。 可见，印度的半导体产业，起点是相当高的。 为此，仙童公司还曾考虑将它的"第一家亚洲工厂"开到印度去。 但当时印度很强势，不仅要求仙 ...

以核心车型凯美瑞为例，其CLTC亏电油耗4.1L/100km的表现虽优于多数燃油车，但对比比亚迪 （002594）汉DM-i 3.8L/100km的油耗及121km纯电续航，既缺乏"绿牌"政策优势，也难以满足消费者 对纯电出行场景的需求。 遭遇转型阵痛 众所周知，电混车型一直以来都是广汽丰田的"压舱石"。从市场反馈来看，凯美瑞双擎作为核心车型， 其混动版本在销量中占比持续提升，这一成绩背后是丰田第五代电混技术的市场积淀。但国产插混技术 的快速迭代，已对其构成明显竞争压力。 从消费需求来看，纯电续航能力与智能配置已成为消费者选购混动车型的核心考量，这恰好指向广汽丰 田电混车型的短板。为应对竞争，广汽丰田在9月推出全系焕新计划，汉兰达、赛那等车型通过换装 8155芯片、扩大中控屏尺寸提升智能化水平。其中，汉兰达综合直降3.6万元，赛那综合直降3.9万元。 以"配置升级+价格下探"策略巩固市场份额，相关话题在社交平台引发"广汽丰田把牙膏挤爆了"的热 议。 燃油车板块则面临"以价换量"的被动局面。自2025年2月实施"一口价"政策以来，锋兰达优惠后起售价 降至8.98万元，较指导价12.58万元降幅达3.6万元；威兰 ...

但在二十多年前，中国汽车工业还深陷"市场换技术"还是"自主创新"的激辩。 当中国新能源汽车和动力电池双双"领航"全球，改写产业格局时，回望当时的争论与抉择，中国汽车产 业的逆袭早已埋下伏笔。 文本节选自《电车之心：中国动力电池传》第一章《从0到1："砸"出一个市场》 【文/杨璐、张从志】 "市场换技术"转向"自主创新" 北京大学的路风教授，是美国哥伦比亚大学的博士，演化经济学、技术创新理论学者理查德·纳尔逊教 授的学生。2003年10月至2004年2月，他受科技部委托，调研并撰写了报告《发展我国自主知识产权汽 车工业的政策选择》。这篇报告最开始在内部印发，后来不知怎么就流传到媒体上，引起轩然大波。二 十年后，路风教授回忆起这篇报告，依旧觉得不可思议。"这个调研对我来讲非常简单，我用的就是从 美国学习的创新理论。我没想到会引起那么大的反响。这个报告引起的热潮持续了一两年，舆论非常 大。科技部也写了报告，这件事就到了高层那里。" 一开始路风教授并不清楚，自己无形中卷入了一场中国工业要不要自主创新的辩论之中。新能源汽车和 动力电池的从无到有，某种意义上就是从这场关于发展道路的辩论开始的。 辩论一方的观点是"市场换技 ...

Group 1: Industry Overview - During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China's new energy vehicle (NEV) industry has rapidly developed, becoming a core driving force in the global NEV market [1] - The penetration rate of NEVs in China exceeded 20% in 2022, three years ahead of the 2025 target, and reached 44.3% in the first half of 2025, indicating a potential early achievement of the 2035 goal [1][2] - China has maintained its position as the world's largest NEV market for several consecutive years, with a competitive advantage in the global NEV supply chain [1][4] Group 2: Market Growth and Sales - In 2021, NEV sales reached 3.31 million units, a year-on-year increase of 183%, and in 2024, sales are expected to exceed 10 million units, accounting for 70.5% of global NEV sales [2] - In the first half of 2023, NEV sales in China reached 6.94 million units, with a market share of 44.3% [2] - It is projected that NEV sales will exceed 15 million units in 2023, with a significant increase in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [4][5] Group 3: Competitive Landscape - The market structure has shifted, with domestic brands like BYD capturing nearly 70% of the market share, breaking the dominance of joint venture brands [2][3] - The competition in the NEV market has intensified, with a growing focus on smart driving features, leading to a price war among manufacturers [7][8] - The industry is undergoing a significant reshuffle, with many new entrants facing financial difficulties, while established players like BYD continue to lead in sales [8][9] Group 4: Technological Advancements - Chinese companies, particularly CATL and BYD, have rapidly advanced in battery technology, establishing a leading position in the global market [3] - Collaborations between foreign brands and Chinese companies for technology solutions indicate a shift from "market for technology" to a new phase of technology export [3] - Key technological breakthroughs are expected in areas such as solid-state batteries and AI applications, which will create significant development opportunities [9]

Group 1 - Trump's tariff threats target BRICS nations, claiming they promote anti-American policies, but this move has inadvertently strengthened China's position [2] - The tariffs aim to suppress China's high-tech industries, including electric vehicles and semiconductors, but historical evidence shows that U.S. restrictions often catalyze technological advancements in China [4] - BRICS countries are collaborating to create a "de-Americanized" supply chain, with agreements like the digital trade recognition pact between China, Russia, and India facilitating data exchange and bypassing U.S. tech dominance [4][6] Group 2 - The appeal of the BRICS bloc is growing, with countries like Vietnam, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt seeking membership due to the unreliability of the U.S. market and the attractiveness of China's vast market and investment opportunities [6] - BRICS nations now account for 35% of global GDP, surpassing the G7's 30%, and control significant resources in energy, food, and manufacturing, countering U.S. isolation efforts [6] - The U.S. is facing a potential shift in global economic power, as countries increasingly move towards de-dollarization, with Russia's de-dollarization rate exceeding 80% and India using the rupee for oil purchases [9]