Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The Chinese government has prioritized fiscal expansion and local government debt resolution to counteract growth headwinds and manage financial risks [3][4] - China's Augmented Government Debt (AGD) is projected to reach RMB179 trillion in 2024, equivalent to 133% of GDP, with a stable annualized growth rate of around 9% from 2022 to 2024 [5][6] - The average financing costs of AGD are expected to decline from 3.7% in 2024 to 3.4% in 2025, with interest payments stabilizing at RMB6.1 trillion in 2025, which is 4.4% of GDP [21][22] - The AGD-to-GDP ratio is projected to increase steadily, potentially reaching around 170% by 2035, barring any financial crises or aggressive policy-led deleveraging [28][31] Summary by Sections Augmented Government Debt (AGD) Overview - China's AGD has risen significantly, from RMB112 trillion (111% of GDP) in 2019 to RMB179 trillion (133% of GDP) in 2024, marking a 60% increase [5][6] - The growth of AGD has been stable, with official government debt expansion outpacing implicit debt since 2015 [6][10] Financing Costs and Interest Payments - The average financing costs of AGD are projected to decrease, with interest payments expected to stabilize at RMB6.1 trillion in 2025 [21][22] - The ongoing local government debt resolution has helped lower implicit debt servicing costs, particularly in less developed regions [15][21] Future Projections - The report anticipates that the AGD-to-GDP ratio will continue to rise, with nominal GDP growth expected to gradually normalize [27][28] - The report suggests that the current combination of policy efforts should remain in place, while long-term fiscal and tax reforms are necessary for sustainable debt management [39][40]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - The rating for US stocks is "volatile" [1] 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The US economy shows signs of stagflation, and the prospects of fiscal and monetary policies are gradually becoming clear. Although Trump's policies have had less - than - expected impacts, they have changed the market trading logic. The stagflation risk persists, and the path to a soft - landing through interest rate cuts has become more complicated. The high valuation of US stocks is being challenged [1][19]. - Corporate earnings are expected to weaken, but the growth rate remains resilient. The market has continuously lowered its earnings expectations, but it is still estimated that the annual earnings growth rate can reach 9%. The valuation expansion space is limited due to high macro - environment uncertainty [2][69]. - In the third quarter, US stocks still face pressure, with the downside risk higher than the upside risk. However, with the implementation of macro - policies, there is a chance for US stocks to rise in a volatile manner in the second half of the year. It is recommended to use valuation as an anchor and seize the opportunity to allocate assets at low prices during macro - event shocks [3][72] 3. Summary According to the Table of Contents 3.1 2025H1 US Stock Market Review: Macro - Policy Games Increase Market Volatility - In early 2025, after Trump took office, the market traded around his policy paths. In the first quarter, the focus was on reducing government spending, which initially worried the market about a potential recession. However, the actual reduction was far less than expected. Since April, the threat of reciprocal tariffs has affected market sentiment, but the market recovered quickly as tariff negotiations eased [14]. - Although Trump's policies had less - than - expected implementation, they changed the market trading logic. The emergence of DeepSeek weakened the US's technological monopoly, shaking the "American Exceptionalism" and challenging the high valuation of US stocks [19] 3.2 2025H2 US Macroeconomic Outlook 3.2.1 The US Economy Shows Stagflation Characteristics - The US economy is likely to experience mild stagflation in the second half of the year, with the economy continuing to decline and inflation rising. The stock market has not fully priced in the economic downturn [20]. - Hard economic data has not deteriorated significantly, but soft data has been under pressure. Trade policy uncertainties have increased short - term fluctuations in soft data, leading to deviations in private - sector investment and consumption behavior. Consumer and business confidence have been affected, and the "import - rush" effect has overdrafted future consumption and investment capabilities [23]. - Consumer confidence and inflation expectations have fluctuated with trade policies. Although consumer spending has not declined significantly, the growth rate of durable - goods consumption has slowed down after the "import - rush" effect faded. The employment market is gradually weakening, and corporate investment and inventory growth are expected to decline [25][34][43] 3.2.2 The Prospects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies are Gradually Becoming Clear - The effective tariff rate in the US has declined but remains at a high level. After the expiration of the tariff suspension in July, the tariff policy will become clearer. Whether the tariff is extended or implemented, it will help reduce market uncertainty [56]. - The US fiscal policy is still in an expansionary phase. The "Great Beauty Act" is expected to increase the deficit in the next decade. The US government's debt - ceiling issue may lead to an increase in bond supply in the third quarter, increasing the risk of a simultaneous decline in stocks and bonds [58][59][60]. - The Federal Reserve is likely to adopt a cautious approach in the third quarter, waiting to assess the impact of macro - policies on inflation and growth. The market still expects the Fed to cut interest rates, but the rate - cut trading will be more complicated in the second half of the year due to rising inflation [64] 3.3 2025H2 Outlook for US Stock Indexes 3.3.1 Corporate Earnings Expectations Weaken, but Growth Rate Remains Resilient - Affected by the macro - environment, the earnings growth rate of US stocks has reversed its upward trend. The market expects the earnings growth rate to fall to single - digit levels in the next three quarters. However, the performance of corporate earnings in the first quarter was acceptable [67]. - The technology, communication services, utilities, and pharmaceutical sectors have maintained an EPS growth rate of over 10%. The technology sector is still the main driver of net profit growth. Although the market has continuously lowered its earnings expectations, EPS has maintained an upward trend, providing support for the stock index [69] 3.3.2 Valuation Space is Limited and Difficult to Expand Significantly - Since the beginning of the year, the valuation levels of the three major stock indexes have moved away from historical extremes. However, due to high macro - environment uncertainty, the valuation is unlikely to expand significantly. The static valuation is expected to range between 22 and 26 times [70] 3.4 Investment Suggestions - In the third quarter, US stocks still face pressure from tariff negotiations, fiscal policy uncertainties, geopolitical risks, and increased bond supply. The downside risk is higher than the upside risk. - In the second half of the year, with the implementation of macro - policies, there is a chance for US stocks to rise in a volatile manner. It is recommended to use valuation as an anchor and allocate assets at low prices during macro - event shocks. In a pessimistic scenario, the S&P 500 is expected to be supported around 5100; in a neutral scenario, it will operate around 6050; and in an optimistic scenario, it can reach 6400 [3][72][73]

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) emphasizes the need for high-quality development and effective policies to address external uncertainties, while also focusing on boosting domestic demand and consumption to support economic growth [1][2]. Monetary Policy - The PBOC plans to implement a series of financial policies, including interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio reductions, while maintaining liquidity and flexibility in policy implementation [1][5]. - The report highlights the importance of balancing support for the real economy with the health of the banking system, especially in light of rising non-performing loan ratios [5]. Inflation and Demand - The PBOC identifies low inflation as primarily a result of weak demand against strong supply, stressing that boosting effective demand is crucial for price recovery [2][3]. - The report outlines constraints on effective demand recovery, including global trade tensions and the slow transition to new economic drivers [2]. Consumption and Financial Support - Enhancing consumption is deemed essential for expanding domestic demand, with the PBOC advocating for improved financial services to support consumer spending [3]. - The PBOC suggests that a moderately loose monetary policy can create a favorable environment for consumption finance, alongside structural support for key consumption sectors [3]. Government Debt Sustainability - The PBOC asserts that China's government debt expansion remains sustainable due to a favorable asset-liability structure, with total government assets at 166% of GDP and total liabilities at 75% of GDP [4]. - The comparison with the U.S. and Japan highlights China's relatively lower net debt levels and substantial state-owned assets, indicating a robust financial position [4]. Exchange Rate Policy - The PBOC maintains that the RMB exchange rate will continue to fluctuate based on market supply and demand, with a focus on stabilizing the currency at a reasonable level [6]. - The report emphasizes the need for financial institutions to provide exchange rate hedging services to small and medium-sized enterprises [6].

Group 1 - The central government has emphasized the need for more proactive fiscal policies and moderately loose monetary policies, with the People's Bank of China (PBOC) announcing a series of measures including interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio (RRR) reductions [2][5] - The PBOC's recent report indicates that monetary policy will continue to support the economy, focusing on implementation and effectiveness evaluation [2][5] - The report highlights the need for increased counter-cyclical adjustments due to external uncertainties affecting exports, particularly from U.S. tariff policies [3][4] Group 2 - The government is accelerating the issuance of special bonds and long-term treasury bonds to support fiscal policy, with a planned issuance of 1.3 trillion yuan in special bonds [4] - The PBOC aims to ensure sufficient liquidity in the market to support these fiscal measures, indicating a continued loose monetary environment [6][7] - The report outlines specific policy tools to support sectors such as technology finance, green finance, and small and micro enterprises, with a total of 1.1 trillion yuan in new funding [7] Group 3 - The PBOC is maintaining a focus on the stability of the financial markets, particularly in the context of recent fluctuations in the international financial markets due to U.S. trade policies [4][8] - The report emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach between supporting the real economy and maintaining the health of the banking system, reflecting concerns over banks' net interest margins [5][9] - The PBOC's assessment of government debt sustainability indicates that China's fiscal policy still has room for expansion, supporting the notion of continued monetary easing [10] Group 4 - The report expands its focus to include various economic indicators, such as the evolution of medium-term lending facilities (MLF) and the sustainability of government debt, reflecting a comprehensive approach to monetary policy [9][10] - The PBOC acknowledges the current low inflation environment and the need for policies that stimulate effective demand while managing supply-side constraints [10][11] - The overall strategy involves deepening structural reforms and coordinating various policy measures to achieve a balance between supply and demand, while fostering a conducive environment for reasonable price recovery [11]

Group 1: Monetary Policy and Consumption - The central bank's report emphasizes that boosting consumption is a key point for expanding domestic demand and stabilizing growth, with signs of gradual recovery in consumption growth [2][3] - The central bank plans to increase low-cost funding support for key consumption sectors and develop guiding documents for financial support to enhance consumer finance services [2][3] - The report indicates that China's final consumption expenditure as a percentage of GDP is lower compared to countries like the US and Japan, suggesting significant potential for increasing consumption's contribution to economic growth [2] Group 2: Government Debt and Fiscal Policy - The report highlights that China's broad government total assets are equivalent to 166% of GDP, while total liabilities are 75% of GDP, indicating a net asset position of 91% of GDP [5][6] - The sustainability of government debt is supported by substantial state-owned assets and a relatively low level of government liabilities, allowing for continued debt expansion [6][7] - Increased fiscal support has been noted, with local governments issuing nearly 1 trillion yuan in new special bonds in the first quarter, effectively boosting investment and market confidence [8] Group 3: Supply and Demand Dynamics - The central bank discusses the need to promote reasonable price recovery by balancing supply and demand, with a focus on expanding effective demand [9] - Current low price levels are influenced by multiple factors, including persistent downward pressure on consumption and significant investment contraction in traditional sectors [9][10] - Experts suggest that price management should shift from preventing "price gouging" to preventing "low-price dumping," emphasizing the importance of quality over quantity in competition [11]