Group 1: Report Industry Investment Ratings - The outlook for stock index futures is "oscillating with a slight upward bias" [7] - The outlook for stock index options is "oscillating" [7] - The outlook for treasury bond futures is "oscillating with a slight upward bias" [7][9] Group 2: Core Views of the Report - Stock index futures: The market sentiment rebounded, but it is currently considered a phased rebound. It is recommended to use a dumbbell - shaped portfolio. The reasons include the influence of the US dollar index and the policy and earnings data window period in November [1][7] - Stock index options: The market sentiment has stabilized with declining volatility. It is advisable to continue the covered - call strategy for now and switch to a bull - spread strategy after confirming the sustained improvement of sentiment [2][7] - Treasury bond futures: The performance is affected by the stock market. Although there is a lack of catalysts for further decline in bond yields, the fundamental environment may still be favorable for the bond market, and it is expected to oscillate with a slight upward bias [3][7][9] Group 3: Summary by Relevant Catalogs 1. Market Views Stock Index Futures - Yesterday, the market sentiment rose, with the Science and Technology Innovation 50 index rising over 3%. The A - share trading volume approached 2.1 trillion yuan, but the stock index showed a position - reducing trend. The current rebound is considered phased. It is recommended to hold IM + dividend index [1][7] Stock Index Options - The underlying market rose across the board yesterday, but the option market turnover decreased by 7.49% compared with the previous day. Volatility declined significantly. It is recommended to use the covered - call strategy for now [2][7] Treasury Bond Futures - Most treasury bond futures closed lower yesterday. The central bank's net withdrawal of 249.8 billion yuan through 7 - day reverse repurchase had little impact on the capital market. The long - end bond yields were affected by the stock - bond seesaw effect. It is recommended to adopt different strategies for trends, hedging, basis, and yield curve [3][7][9] 2. Economic Calendar - China's October SPGI Manufacturing PMI was 50.6, lower than the forecast of 50.9 and the previous value of 51.2. The US October ISM Manufacturing PMI was 48.7, lower than the forecast of 49.5 and the previous value of 49.1. The US October ADP employment change was 4.2 million, higher than the forecast of 2.5 million and the previous value of - 3.2 million [10] 3. Important Information and News Tracking - Medicine: The National Healthcare Security Administration plans to carry out a pilot project on full - process intelligent review of medical insurance handling to improve the national medical insurance handling and review capabilities [10] - Shipping: The US Secretary of Transportation confirmed that the capacity of 40 major US airports will be cut by 10% [11] 4. Derivatives Market Monitoring - The report mentions data on stock index futures, stock index options, and treasury bond futures, including basis, spreads, trading volume, and open interest changes, but specific data analysis is not provided in the summary [7][8]

Group 1: Report Industry Investment Ratings - No specific industry investment ratings are provided in the report. Group 2: Core Views of the Report - The stock market showed resilience with a low - open and high - close trend, while the bond market still has positive factors. November is a period of oscillatory digestion for the stock market, and there may be opportunities for re - layout after December. The bond market is expected to be oscillatory and bullish [1][3]. Group 3: Summary by Relevant Catalogs 1. Market Views (1) Stock Index Futures - The market opened low and closed high, showing resilience. The basis of IF, IH, IC, and IM contracts changed, and the spreads between current and next - month contracts also had changes. Total positions increased. Micro - cap + dividend styles were dominant. November is an oscillatory digestion period, and it is advisable to hold IM + dividend in the short term [7]. (2) Stock Index Options - During the rebound, there were style differences. The trading volume of the options market increased by 2.78% compared with the previous day, and the 50ETF skewness index reached around 120. It is recommended to view it as an oscillatory market and choose to sell call options for hedging defense [2][7]. (3) Treasury Bond Futures - Long - term bond yields showed a V - shape. Most treasury bond futures contracts declined, with the 30 - year main contract down 0.08%, the 10 - year and 2 - year main contracts down 0.01%, and the 5 - year main contract remaining flat. The central bank's operations had a short - term negative impact on the bond market, but the fundamental environment is still favorable, and the bond market is expected to be oscillatory and bullish. Different trading strategies are recommended [3][8][9]. 2. Economic Calendar - The October SPGI manufacturing PMI in China was 50.6, lower than the forecast of 50.9. The October ISM manufacturing PMI in the US was 48.7, lower than the forecast of 49.5. The October ADP employment change in the US was 4.2 million, higher than the forecast of 2.5 million. Upcoming data include China's October trade balance in US dollars and the US November University of Michigan consumer confidence index preliminary value [10]. 3. Important Information and News Tracking - Starting from November 10, 2025, at 13:01, China will stop implementing the additional tariffs on some US - originated imported goods and continue to suspend the 24% additional tariff rate on the US for one year, retaining the 10% rate. The central bank conducted 655 billion yuan of 7 - day reverse repurchase operations, with 5577 billion yuan of 7 - day reverse repurchases maturing, resulting in a net withdrawal of 4922 billion yuan [10][11]. 4. Derivatives Market Monitoring - The report mentions data monitoring for stock index futures, stock index options, and treasury bond futures, but specific data details are not fully presented in the provided content.

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the content 2. Core Views of the Report - The stock market is in a state of volume - shrinking adjustment, with the view for November remaining volatile, waiting for the spring rally. The bond market curve continues to flatten, and it is expected to be volatile and slightly bullish. For stock index options, the decline persists, and a covered call strategy is recommended for defense [1][3][7] 3. Summary by Related Catalogs 3.1 Market Views 3.1.1 Stock Index Futures - Yesterday, the equity market had a volume - shrinking adjustment, with some indexes like Beizheng 50 and Kechuang 200 falling over 2%. The market volume dropped below 2 trillion. Only the dividend index rose, and banks and consumer services performed well. The decline is related to the weak Asia - Pacific market. The view for November is volatile, and it is advisable to hold IM + dividend index [1][7] 3.1.2 Stock Index Options - The underlying market continued to decline yesterday, with small - and medium - cap stocks having a larger pullback. The option market's turnover increased by 2.24% to 93.16 billion yuan, and liquidity was basically flat. It is recommended to use a covered call strategy for defense [2][7] 3.1.3 Treasury Bond Futures - Yesterday, most treasury bond futures closed down, with the 30 - year contract up 0.03%, the 10 - year flat, and the 5 - year and 2 - year down 0.01%. The yield of major inter - bank interest - rate bonds mostly rose, and the curve flattened. It is expected to be volatile and slightly bullish, and different strategies are recommended for different trading purposes [3][8][9] 3.2 Economic Calendar - China's October SPGI manufacturing PMI was 50.6 (previous value 51.2, forecast 50.9), and the US October ISM manufacturing PMI was 48.7 (previous value 49.1, forecast 49.5). Other data such as the US October ADP employment change, China's October trade balance, and the US November Michigan consumer confidence index are yet to be released [10] 3.3 Important Information and News Tracking - On November 4, Fed Governor Cook said that each Fed meeting is real - time for monetary policy, and there is a possibility of a rate cut in December depending on new information. Recently, a draft for public comments on the performance comparison benchmark element library of public funds was issued. The central bank's net investment in open - market treasury bonds in October was 20 billion yuan, with 200 billion yuan in medium - term lending facilities and 400 billion yuan in repurchase agreements [11] 3.4 Derivatives Market Monitoring - The content only mentions the headings for stock index futures, stock index options, and treasury bond futures data, but no specific data summaries are provided [12][16][28]

Core Insights - The "Swap Connect" has added three new market makers: Huatai Securities, Shanghai Bank, and DBS Bank (China) to enhance market activity and support the expansion of the program [1][2] - The program facilitates participation in the financial derivatives market for both domestic and foreign investors through a connection between mainland China and Hong Kong [1] Group 1 - The People's Bank of China announced the expansion of "Swap Connect" market makers to optimize management mechanisms [1] - The Shanghai Clearing House is collaborating with the China Foreign Exchange Trade System to support the new market makers in their operations [1] - "Swap Connect" provides a more convenient, efficient, and secure channel for investors to participate in the financial derivatives market [1] Group 2 - As of September 2025, "Swap Connect" has seen participation from 103 domestic and foreign investors across 15 countries and regions, with a total of 16,000 transactions and a nominal principal of 8.58 trillion yuan [2] - The expansion of market makers is expected to enrich the existing participant structure and enhance the attractiveness of RMB assets [2] - This initiative supports China's financial market's high-level opening to the outside world [2]

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating - There is no information about the report industry investment rating in the provided content. 2. Core Viewpoints - On November 3rd, the A - share market recovered after hitting a low, with all three major indexes closing in the green. The ChiNext Index dropped 2% during the session. The Shanghai Composite Index rose 0.55% to 3976.52 points, the Shenzhen Component Index rose 0.19%, and the ChiNext Index rose 0.29%. The North Securities 50 Index fell 0.98%, the Sci - Tech Innovation 50 Index fell 1.04%, the Wind All - A Index rose 0.39%, the Wind 4500 Index rose 0.19%, and the CSI A500 Index rose 0.19%. The total trading volume of A - shares for the day was 2.13 trillion yuan, compared with 2.35 trillion yuan the previous day [5]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Market Index Quotes - The Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 Index closed at 3016.3507, up 0.16%, with a trading volume of 1346.37 billion yuan and a trading volume of 54.90 billion [3]. - The CSI 300 Index closed at 4653.4028, up 0.27%, with a trading volume of 5576.03 billion yuan and a trading volume of 239.87 billion [3]. - The CSI 1000 Index closed at 7538.1178, up 0.42%, with a trading volume of 4324.23 billion yuan and a trading volume of 278.24 billion [3]. 3.2 CFFEX Stock Index Option Trading Situation | Index | Call Option Volume (10,000 contracts) | Put Option Volume (10,000 contracts) | Volume PCR | Call Option Open Interest (10,000 contracts) | Put Option Open Interest (10,000 contracts) | Open Interest PCR | | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | | Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 | 3.57 | 2.22 | 0.61 | 2.98 | 1.97 | 0.66 | | CSI 300 | 7.15 | 5.25 | 0.73 | 11.03 | 8.64 | 0.78 | | CSI 1000 | 24.31 | 12.92 | 0.88 | 14.44 | 15.01 | 1.04 | [3] 3.3 Volatility Analysis - The report presents historical volatility cones and volatility smile curves for the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50, CSI 300, and CSI 1000 indexes, including historical volatility data for different periods such as 5 - day, 20 - day, 40 - day, 60 - day, and 120 - day, as well as the current value and percentile values [3][4].

Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the report Core Viewpoints - The stock market is tentatively in a volatile phase, while the bond market may receive a boost. Specifically, the stock index futures showed a V-shaped reversal, the stock index options were dominated by out-of-the-money call selling, and the bond market curve flattened [2][3]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 1. Market Views Stock Index Futures - The market showed a V-shaped reversal. The all-A index rose 0.39% with trading volume slightly exceeding 2.1 trillion. Coal, oil and gas, and building products led the gains. The dividend index and micro-cap index were dominant, and the dumbbell structure outperformed the market recently. November is a volatile period, and it is recommended to shift technology funds to the price increase chain and continue the dumbbell configuration. The operation suggestion is to hold IM + dividend index [3][9]. Stock Index Options - The market was dominated by out-of-the-money call selling. The underlying market opened lower in the morning and recovered in the afternoon. The option market turnover was 911.2 million yuan, a 11.72% decrease from the previous day. It is recommended to maintain the covered call strategy [4][9]. Bond Futures - The bond market curve flattened. Most bond futures closed down, with the long end performing better. The central bank's net withdrawal of funds had little impact on the overall loose liquidity. The decline in the October manufacturing PMI supported the long end of the bond market. It is expected that the bond market will be volatile and slightly stronger. Operation suggestions include trend strategy (volatile and slightly stronger), hedging strategy (focus on long substitution at high basis), basis strategy (focus on positive arbitrage opportunities and basis widening), and curve strategy (focus on curve steepening) [5][10][11]. 2. Economic Calendar - The report lists the economic data release schedule for the week, including China's October SPGI manufacturing PMI (actual value 50.6, previous value 51.2), and upcoming data such as the US October ADP employment change and China's October trade balance [12]. 3. Important Information and News Tracking - The People's Bank of China and the Bank of Korea renewed a bilateral currency swap agreement worth 400 billion yuan/70 trillion won for five years [13]. - The Ministry of Finance's Debt Management Department has been listed in the "Ministry Organs" list, with clear responsibilities for government debt management [13]. - Regarding the US threat of imposing tariffs on China due to rare earth export controls, China stated that dialogue and cooperation are the correct ways to solve problems [14]. 4. Derivatives Market Monitoring - The report includes sections on stock index futures data, stock index options data, and bond futures data, but specific data details are not fully presented in the provided content [15][19][31].

Report Industry Investment Rating - The investment rating for the stock index futures is to hold, for the stock index options is to hold a covered combination, and for the treasury bond futures is to expect a bullish trend with fluctuations [7][8][10] Core Viewpoints - For stock index futures, external events have concluded, leading to the release of the crowded technology funds. It is advisable to hold long positions in dividend + IM and wait for the next style switch [6][7] - For stock index options, there is a certain short - term hedging need. It is recommended to hold a covered combination to increase returns [7] - For treasury bond futures, the bond market sentiment remains bullish. The bond market is expected to fluctuate upward, especially in the mid - to - late fourth quarter [3][8][10] Summary by Relevant Catalogs Market Views Stock Index Futures - On Thursday, the Shanghai Composite Index fell after moving sideways, losing the 4000 - point mark, with trading volume slightly increasing to 2.46 trillion yuan. The conclusion of important events and the far - lower - than - expected third - quarter profits of a leading optical module company triggered profit - taking in funds. It is recommended to hold long positions in dividend + IM [7] - The current - month basis of IF, IH, IC, and IM closed at - 8.51 points, - 0.01 points, - 34.51 points, and - 46.68 points respectively, changing by - 4.07 points, - 2.59 points, 5.86 points, and 2.83 points compared to the previous trading day [6] - The inter - delivery spread (current month - next month) of IF, IH, IC, and IM was 11.4 points, 1.6 points, 52.2 points, and 74 points respectively, with a month - on - month change of 0.6 points, 0.8 points, 1.6 points, and 0.8 points [6] - The positions of IF, IH, IC, and IM changed by 12176 lots, 7069 lots, 7396 lots, and 20311 lots respectively [6] Stock Index Options - The underlying market fluctuated in the morning and declined across the board in the afternoon. The Shanghai 500ETF fell 1.28%, and the CSI 1000 fell 1.11%. The trading volume of the options market was 1.1571 billion yuan, a 32.80% increase from the previous day [2][7] - The put - holding ratios of the 500ETF and ChiNext ETF, which were high the previous day, declined. The skewness of each variety showed an upward trend, and short - term hedging intensity may increase. It is recommended to hold a covered combination [2][7] Treasury Bond Futures - Most of the main contracts of treasury bond futures rose. As of the close, the T, TF, TS, and TL main contracts changed by 0.05%, 0.00%, - 0.01%, and 0.19% respectively. The central bank's net injection of 130.1 billion yuan through 7 - day reverse repurchase operations continued to keep the capital market loose [3][8] - The US will cancel the 10% "fentanyl tariff" on Chinese goods and continue to suspend the 24% reciprocal tariff for one year. The stock - bond seesaw effect supported the performance of long - term bonds in the afternoon. The central bank's restart of treasury bond trading will be beneficial to the bond market in the short term [3][8][10] - The current - quarter trading volumes of T, TF, TS, and TL were 68993 lots, 54366 lots, 33991 lots, and 128226 lots respectively, with a one - day change of - 22365 lots, - 44952 lots, - 22127 lots, and 2790 lots. The open interests were 245110 lots, 149269 lots, 73541 lots, and 144078 lots respectively, with a one - day change of - 1169 lots, 160 lots, 2319 lots, and - 1963 lots [8] - The current - quarter to next - quarter spreads of T, TF, TS, and TL were 0.320 yuan, 0.105 yuan, 0.062 yuan, and 0.270 yuan respectively, with a one - day change of - 0.010 yuan, - 0.025 yuan, - 0.024 yuan, and - 0.040 yuan [8] - The current - quarter spreads of TF*2 - T, TS*2 - TF, TS*4 - T, and T*3 - TL were 103.500 yuan, 99.043 yuan, 301.586 yuan, and 209.740 yuan respectively, with a one - day change of - 0.070 yuan, - 0.039 yuan, - 0.148 yuan, and - 0.140 yuan [8] - The current - quarter basis of T, TF, TS, and TL were 0.116 yuan, - 0.033 yuan, - 0.066 yuan, and 0.229 yuan respectively, with a one - day change of 0.149 yuan, 0.054 yuan, 0.021 yuan, and 0.011 yuan [8] Economic Calendar - On October 27, 2025, China's year - on - year growth rate of industrial enterprise profits above designated size in September was 21.6%, higher than the previous value of 20.4% [11] - On October 27, 2025, the year - on - year growth rate of the eurozone's seasonally adjusted money supply M3 in September was 2.8%, lower than the previous value of 2.9% [11] - On October 29, 2025, the month - on - month rate of the seasonally adjusted pending home sales index in the US in September was 0%, lower than the previous value of 4% [11] - On October 30, 2025, the upper limit of the US federal funds rate target in October was 4%, down from the previous value of 4.25% [11] Important Information and News Tracking - In Sino - US trade, the US will cancel the 10% "fentanyl tariff" on Chinese goods and continue to suspend the 24% reciprocal tariff for one year. Both sides will adjust relevant export control measures and extend some tariff exclusion measures [12] - In environmental protection, the Ministry of Commerce issued an implementation opinion on expanding green trade, aiming to promote the green and low - carbon development of logistics [13] - In the anti - involution of the steel industry, Henan Province issued an action plan for the quality improvement and upgrading of the steel industry, focusing on enterprise restructuring and integration [13]

Report Information - Report Title: Stock Index Options Data Daily Report [2] - Date: October 29, 2025 [3] - Author: Li Zeju, Financial Derivatives Center, Guomao Futures Research Institute [3] - Data Sources: Wind and Guomao Futures Research Institute [3] Market Review Index Performance - Shanghai Composite Index declined 0.22% to 3988.22 points, Shenzhen Component Index dropped 0.44%, ChiNext Index fell 0.15%, Northbound 50 Index decreased 1.2%, STAR 50 Index declined 0.84%, Wind All A Index dropped 0.34%, Wind A500 Index decreased 0.6%, and CSI A500 Index declined 0.54% [5][6] - A-share trading volume was 2.17 trillion yuan, compared to 2.36 trillion yuan the previous day [6] Index Volume and Price | Index | Volume (billion) | Closing Price | Change (%) | Turnover (billion yuan) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SSE 50 | 54.63 | 3050.4162 | -0.62 | 1487.20 | | CSI 300 | 220.91 | 4691.973 | -0.51 | 5715.63 | | CSI 1000 | 251.80 | 7479.221 | -0.22 | 4310.16 | [3] CFFEX Stock Index Options Trading Option Volume and Open Interest | Index | Call Option Volume (million contracts) | Put Option Volume (million contracts) | Volume PCR | Call Option Open Interest (million contracts) | Put Option Open Interest (million contracts) | Open Interest PCR | Total Open Interest (million contracts) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SSE 50 | 2.26 | 3.34 | 0.69 | 3.80 | 2.61 | 0.48 | 6.41 | | CSI 300 | 11.39 | 6.51 | 0.75 | 8.60 | 7.43 | 0.86 | 16.02 | | CSI 1000 | 21.93 | 11.76 | 0.87 | 13.81 | 10.18 | 1.02 | 27.83 | [3] Volatility Analysis Historical Volatility and Volatility Smile Curve - The report presents historical volatility cones and volatility smile curves for SSE 50, CSI 300, and CSI 1000, including historical volatility at different time intervals (5-day, 20-day, 40-day, 60-day, 120-day) and implied volatility of at-the-money options for the next month [3][4]

1. Report Industry Investment Ratings - Futures: Bullish [7] - Options: Neutral [7] - Bonds: Bullish [7] 2. Core Views - Futures: The market is in a consolidation phase, with limited downside potential due to policy support and potential inflows of funds. A dumbbell strategy is recommended, with a shift to growth stocks once trading volume recovers [7]. - Options: Volatility continues to decline, and the overall outlook remains positive. Consider covered call or bull spread strategies [7]. - Bonds: Bullish sentiment prevails. The central bank's decision to resume trading in government bonds is expected to support the bond market in the short term, and the potential implementation of additional quantitative tools could further boost the market in the second half of the fourth quarter [7]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Market Views - **Futures** - Base spreads for IF, IH, IC, and IM decreased, while inter - period spreads changed. Open interest decreased across the board [7]. - The Shanghai Composite Index faced resistance at the 4000 - point level, but the decline was mainly due to the release of overcrowded funds. A dumbbell strategy is recommended, and the shift to growth stocks depends on volume recovery. The central bank's decision to resume trading in government bonds has increased the attractiveness of dividend - paying stocks [7]. - Recommended strategy: Long dividend ETFs and IM futures [7]. - **Options** - The underlying market was volatile, with a decline in trading volume and liquidity. The PCR ratio increased, indicating that sellers remain optimistic. Volatility declined, especially at the out - of - the - money end [7]. - Recommended strategy: Covered call or bull spread [7]. - **Bonds** - Trading volume and open interest increased for TF, TS, and TL, while T decreased. Inter - period spreads and basis spreads changed [7]. - The central bank's net injection of funds through reverse repurchase operations helped maintain a balanced liquidity situation. The market's reaction to the central bank's decision to resume trading in government bonds led to a bullish sentiment in the bond futures market, with a divergence in the cash bond market. The short - term outlook for the bond market is positive, and the implementation of additional quantitative tools could further support the market [7]. - Recommended strategies: Trend strategy - bullish; Hedging strategy - short - hedge at low basis levels; Basis strategy - long - end arbitrage opportunities; Curve strategy - consider curve steepening [7]. 3.2 Economic Calendar - China's industrial profits in September increased by 21.6% year - on - year, compared to 20.4% in the previous period [9]. - The annual growth rate of the eurozone's M3 money supply in September was 2.8%, down from 2.9% [9]. - Upcoming data releases include the US existing home sales index in September, the US federal funds rate target in October, Japan's unemployment rate in September, China's official manufacturing PMI in October, and the eurozone's HICP annual rate in October [9]. 3.3 Important Information and News Tracking - **15th Five - Year Plan**: The plan aims to improve the income distribution system, increase residents' property income, and promote a more equitable distribution of wealth [10]. - **Regulatory Rules**: The central bank will continue to prevent and resolve financial risks, support the debt restructuring of financing platforms, and promote the healthy development of the real estate market [11]. - **Pharmaceutical Industry**: The 11th batch of national drug procurement results were announced. Despite intense competition, a relatively high winning rate was maintained through various measures [11]. 3.4 Derivatives Market Monitoring - **Futures**: No specific data was provided in the given text [12]. - **Options**: No specific data was provided in the given text [16]. - **Bonds**: No specific data was provided in the given text [28].

Report Summary 1. Investment Rating The report does not mention the industry investment rating. 2. Core View Stock index options' implied volatility is stable, and investors can consider selling strangles [2]. 3. Summary Based on Relevant Contents Market Data Statistics - **Underlying Market**: The closing prices of major indexes and ETFs mostly declined. For example, the Shanghai Composite 50 Index closed at 3050.42, down 19.11 points; the CSI 300 Index closed at 4691.97, down 24.05 points [3]. - **Option Market**: The trading volume of most options decreased, while the open interest increased. For instance, the trading volume of SSE 50 Index Options was 33,391, down 6,263; the open interest was 64,084, up 1,381 [3]. - **Option Volatility**: The ATM - IV of most options showed different degrees of change. For example, the ATM - IV of SSE 50 Index Options (near - month) was 15.14%, down 0.33% [6]. Option - Specific Analysis - **SSE 50 Index Options**: Multiple charts are provided, including the volatility chart, PCR chart, and volatility cone chart, to show the option's volatility, contract ratio, and volatility range over different periods [10][11]. - **CSI 300 Index Options**: Similar to SSE 50 Index Options, multiple charts are used to analyze its volatility, contract ratio, and other features [14][16]. - **CSI 1000 Index Options**: The report presents charts to analyze its volatility, PCR, and volatility term structure [19][20][21]. - **ETF Options**: Options such as SSE 50 ETF Options, Huatai - Berry 300 ETF Options, and others are analyzed through various charts, including volatility, PCR, and volatility cone charts [23][24][30].