烧碱期权

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商品期权周报-20250817
Guo Tai Jun An Qi Huo· 2025-08-17 12:17
1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - In the past week, the trading volume of commodity options increased slightly, mainly due to the increment brought by the rising volatility of the agricultural products sector. Meanwhile, the trading volume of the non - ferrous and new energy sectors decreased along with the decline of implied volatility. The implied volatility of non - ferrous sector options is at a relatively low level recently, and buying options for price reversal trading can be considered [5]. - The options of contracts such as soybean meal, corn, starch, iron ore, liquefied gas, polypropylene, PVC, plastic, palm oil, soybean No.1, soybean No.2, soybean oil, styrene, ethylene glycol, eggs, live pigs, and log 509 are about to expire. Attention should be paid to the end - of - month risks when changing contracts [5]. 3. Summary According to the Table of Contents 3.1 Market Overview - The trading volume of commodity options increased slightly last week, mainly due to the increment from the agricultural products sector. The trading volume of non - ferrous and new energy sectors decreased, and their implied volatility also declined. The implied volatility of non - ferrous sector options is at a recent low [5]. - The options of certain contracts are about to expire, and attention should be paid to the end - of - month risks [5]. 3.2 Market Data 3.2.1 Market Overview - The trading volume of the overall market this week was 8,808,344.8, with a week - on - week increase of 0.17%. The open interest was 8,996,228, with a week - on - week decrease of 0.27%. Among them, the trading volume of the agricultural products sector increased by 2.45%, that of the energy and chemical sector increased by 0.17%, that of the black sector increased by 0.4%, and that of the precious metals sector increased by 1.26%. The trading volume of the non - ferrous and new energy sectors decreased by 1.82%. The open interest of the agricultural products sector decreased by 0.1%, that of the energy and chemical sector decreased by 0.55%, that of the black sector decreased by 0.19%, and that of the non - ferrous and new energy sectors increased by 0.41% [6]. 3.2.2 - 3.2.55 Various Option Market Data - For each type of option (such as corn, soybean meal, etc.), detailed data on trading volume, open interest, volume PCR, open interest PCR, at - the - money volatility, HV - 10 days, HV - 20 days, and Skew are provided, including data for this week, last week, and their changes [12 - 44]. 3.3 Chart Analysis No relevant content provided.
商品期权周报-20250804
Guo Tai Jun An Qi Huo· 2025-08-04 05:39
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the document 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The trading enthusiasm in the commodity options market has declined, with implied volatility falling along with trading volume. The actual volatility of most varieties remains at a relatively high level, and the decline rate of implied volatility is gradually slowing down. Additionally, the fluctuations in futures prices and the spread of hot - spot varieties have increased commodity arbitrage opportunities [5]. - The near - month options contracts of the Guangzhou Futures Exchange will expire on Thursday. The trading volume and open - interest ratios of the call options of the double - silicon varieties continue to increase, and the skew is also rising in a high - level oscillation. It is advisable to consider buying a bull spread portfolio for short - term speculation [5]. - The skew center of the black sector options has declined, and the implied volatility is at a high level, but the premium space compared with the actual volatility is limited. One can consider selling out - of - the - money call options and buying out - of - the - money put options for a skew regression arbitrage strategy, while paying attention to appropriate Delta - neutral hedging. The arbitrage space for rebar options is relatively large [5]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Market Overview - The trading volume of the overall market decreased by 0.45%, while the open interest increased by 0.21%. Among different sectors, the trading volume of agricultural products increased by 0.68%, energy and chemical decreased by 0.19%, black decreased by 0.14%, precious metals decreased by 2.76%, and non - ferrous and new energy decreased by 0.98%. The open interest of agricultural products increased by 0.09%, energy and chemical increased by 0.29%, black increased by 0.21%, precious metals increased by 0.48%, and non - ferrous and new energy increased by 0.25% [6]. 3.2 Commodity - Specific Option Data - **Corn Options**: The trading volume and open interest of call and put options showed different changes. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew also decreased [18][19]. - **Soybean Meal Options**: The trading volume decreased, while the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew also decreased [20]. - **Rapeseed Meal Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew also decreased [22]. - **Palm Oil Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased significantly [23]. - **Soybean Oil Options**: The trading volume and open interest showed mixed changes. The implied volatility of at - the - money options increased slightly, and the skew decreased [24]. - **Rapeseed Oil Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased [25]. - **Peanut Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased slightly, and the skew increased [26]. - **Yellow Soybean No. 1 Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew increased significantly [27]. - **Yellow Soybean No. 2 Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew increased [28]. - **Ethylene Glycol Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [29]. - **Styrene Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [30]. - **Sugar Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased significantly [31]. - **Cotton Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [32]. - **PTA Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [33]. - **PX Options**: The trading volume and open interest showed significant changes. The implied volatility of at - the - money options had some fluctuations, and the skew had some changes [34]. - **Caustic Soda Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [35]. - **Rubber Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased slightly. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [36]. - **BR Rubber Options**: The trading volume decreased significantly, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased [37]. - **Polyethylene Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased [38]. - **Polypropylene Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased [39]. - **Methanol Options**: The trading volume decreased significantly, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [40]. - **Liquefied Petroleum Gas Options**: The trading volume decreased slightly, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased [41]. - **PVC Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased significantly, and the skew decreased [42]. - **Crude Oil Options**: The trading volume and open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options increased slightly, and the skew decreased [43]. - **Iron Ore Options**: The trading volume decreased, and the open interest increased. The implied volatility of at - the - money options decreased, and the skew decreased significantly [44].
“‘稳企安农 护航实体’——氯碱行业绿色可持续发展 期现结合赋能氯碱产业”主题会议在山东济南成功举办
Qi Huo Ri Bao Wang· 2025-06-26 08:36
Group 1 - The conference titled "Stable Enterprises and Safe Agriculture: Empowering the Chlor-Alkali Industry through Green Sustainable Development" was successfully held, gathering over 80 experts and representatives from the chlor-alkali industry to discuss new trends, opportunities, and challenges in the sector [1][2] - The importance of the chlor-alkali industry as a crucial part of the basic chemical sector was emphasized, highlighting its stability as vital for the real economy [1][2] - The use of futures as a risk management tool was discussed, with a focus on how it can help companies effectively respond to market price fluctuations and enhance operational stability [1][2] Group 2 - The Secretary-General of the Futures Association highlighted the irreplaceable role of the futures market in serving the real economy and promoting industrial upgrades, noting the significant achievements of chlor-alkali companies in Shandong Province through practical experience in the futures market [2] - The Executive Vice President of the Chlor-Alkali Industry Association provided an analysis of the current operational status of the chlor-alkali industry’s upstream and downstream product chains, emphasizing the importance of futures tools for future development [2] - A detailed presentation on how futures tools can empower caustic soda companies for innovation and breakthroughs was given, showcasing new development ideas for companies in a complex market environment [2] Group 3 - A roundtable forum was held, featuring discussions among industry leaders on current market conditions, issues and experiences in the practice of futures and spot combination, and future development trends in the chlor-alkali industry [3] - The successful hosting of the conference provided a valuable platform for communication and cooperation within the chlor-alkali industry, promoting the in-depth application of the futures-spot combination concept [3] - Future collaboration among various stakeholders was emphasized to contribute to the prosperous development of the chlor-alkali industry [3]
能源化工期权策略早报-20250616
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-06-16 07:45
Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints - The energy and chemical sector is divided into energy, alcohols, polyolefins, rubber, polyesters, alkalis, and others [9]. - For each sub - sector, specific options strategies and suggestions are provided based on fundamental and market analysis of different underlying assets [9]. - The overall strategy is to construct option portfolio strategies mainly as sellers, along with spot hedging or covered strategies to enhance returns [3]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs 3.1 Underlying Futures Market Overview - Various energy and chemical option underlying futures are presented, including details such as the latest price, change, change rate, trading volume, and open interest. For example, crude oil (SC2508) has a latest price of 532, a change of 18, and a change rate of 3.50% [4]. 3.2 Option Factors - Volume and Open Interest PCR - PCR indicators (volume PCR and open - interest PCR) are analyzed for different option varieties. These indicators are used to describe the strength of the option underlying market and potential turning points. For instance, the open - interest PCR of crude oil is 1.61 with a change of 0.39 [5]. 3.3 Option Factors - Pressure and Support Levels - Pressure and support levels for different option underlying assets are determined from the strike prices of the maximum open interest of call and put options. For example, the pressure level of crude oil is 560 and the support level is 450 [6]. 3.4 Option Factors - Implied Volatility - Implied volatility data (including at - the - money implied volatility, weighted implied volatility, etc.) are provided for each option variety. For example, the at - the - money implied volatility of crude oil is 41.58% [7]. 3.5 Strategy and Suggestions - **Crude Oil Options** - Fundamental analysis shows that US employment data is weak and geopolitical conflicts have increased the geopolitical premium of oil prices. The market has a short - term bullish upward trend. - Option factors indicate high implied volatility, strong long - term bullish power, with a pressure level of 560 and a support level of 450. - Strategies include constructing a bullish call spread for directional gains, a neutral short call + put option combination for time - value gains, and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [8]. - **Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Options** - Fundamental factors such as rising crude oil prices and increased summer oil consumption have affected the LPG market. The market shows an oversold rebound. - Option factors suggest that implied volatility fluctuates around the historical average, and the short - term bearish power is weakening, with a pressure level of 5200 and a support level of 4000. - Strategies include a neutral short call + put option combination and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [10]. - **Methanol Options** - Port inventory has increased, and the market shows a weak bearish oversold rebound. - Option factors indicate that implied volatility fluctuates around the historical average, and the bearish power above is weakening, with a pressure level of 2500 and a support level of 1975. - Strategies include a bullish call spread, a short call + put option combination with a long - biased delta, and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [10]. - **Ethylene Glycol Options** - Port inventory is expected to increase, and the market shows a short - term bullish rise followed by a decline. - Option factors suggest high implied volatility, a range - bound and relatively strong market, with a pressure level of 4500 and a support level of 4300. - Strategies include a short - volatility strategy and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [11]. - **Polyolefin Options (Polypropylene, etc.)** - Polypropylene downstream开工率 is low, and inventory levels vary. The market shows a rebound in a bearish trend. - Option factors indicate that implied volatility is above the historical average, and the open - interest PCR is below 1.00, with a pressure level of 7500 and a support level of 6800. - Strategies include a long collar strategy for spot hedging [11]. - **Rubber Options** - Overseas production is not at a high level, and tire inventory is high. The market shows a bearish downward rebound. - Option factors suggest that implied volatility fluctuates around the average, and the open - interest PCR is below 0.60, with a pressure level of 21000 and a support level of 13000. - Strategies include a bearish put spread, a short call + put option combination with a short - biased delta [12]. - **Polyester Options (PTA, etc.)** - PTA inventory shows a short - term slowdown in destocking. The market shows a high - level shock and decline. - Option factors indicate high implied volatility, a strengthening market, with a pressure level of 5000 and a support level of 3800. - Strategies include a neutral short call + put option combination [13]. - **Caustic Soda Options** - Production has decreased, and inventory has increased. The market shows a bearish downward trend. - Option factors suggest that implied volatility is below the average, and the open - interest PCR is below 0.60, with a pressure level of 2520 and a support level of 2080. - Strategies include a bearish put spread, a short wide - straddle option combination, and a covered spot hedging strategy [14]. - **Soda Ash Options** - The spot market is weak, and the market shows a bearish low - level consolidation. - Option factors indicate that implied volatility is below the historical average, and the open - interest PCR is below 0.50, with a pressure level of 1300 and a support level of 1100. - Strategies include a bearish put spread, a short call + put option combination with a short - biased delta, and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [14]. - **Urea Options** - Inventory has increased, and prices have declined. The market shows an inverted "V" shape. - Option factors suggest that implied volatility is below the average, and the open - interest PCR is above 1.00, with a pressure level of 1900 and a support level of 1700. - Strategies include a bearish put spread, a short call + put option combination with a short - biased delta, and a long collar strategy for spot hedging [15].
能源化工期权策略早报-20250509
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-05-09 04:01
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the document 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The report analyzes the fundamentals, market trends, and volatility of various energy and chemical options, and provides corresponding strategy recommendations [3] 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Energy and Chemical Option Classification - Energy and chemical options are mainly divided into five categories: basic chemicals, energy, polyester chemicals, polyolefin chemicals, and other chemicals [3] 3.2 Basic Chemicals Sector - **Methanol Options**: The price is under pressure and shows a weak and bearish trend. Implied volatility is above the historical average. A bearish combination strategy of call + put options is recommended [3] - **Rubber Options/Synthetic Rubber Options**: The market shows a weak consolidation and oscillation pattern under bearish pressure. Implied volatility is at a relatively high historical level. A bearish volatility - selling strategy is recommended [3] - **Styrene Options**: Affected by the Sino - US tariff war, downstream demand is weak. The market shows a large - fluctuation and weak trend. Implied volatility remains at a relatively high historical level. A volatility - selling option combination strategy is recommended [4] 3.3 Oil and Gas Sector - **Crude Oil Options**: OPEC+ increases supply, but exports do not increase significantly. The market shows a large - fluctuation pattern under bearish pressure. Implied volatility remains at a relatively high level. A volatility - selling strategy is recommended [4] - **Liquefied Gas Options**: The price has a short - term weak rebound under pressure. Implied volatility is above the historical average. A bearish call + put option combination strategy is recommended, and the position delta should be adjusted dynamically [4] 3.4 Polyester Chemicals Sector - **PX Options/PTA Options**: PTA load is decreasing, and inventory is decreasing year - on - year. The market shows a mild bullish trend under bearish pressure. Implied volatility remains at a relatively high level. A volatility - selling strategy is recommended [5] - **Ethylene Glycol Options**: Port inventory is increasing, and downstream inventory days are rising. The market shows a large - oscillation and short - term weak bearish trend. Implied volatility has risen rapidly to a relatively high historical level. A volatility - selling strategy is recommended [5] - **Short - Fiber Options**: Polyester load is high, but short - fiber load is slightly decreasing. The market shows a rebound pattern under bearish pressure. Implied volatility remains at a relatively high average level. A volatility - selling call + put option combination strategy is recommended [5] 3.5 Polyolefin Chemicals Sector - **Polypropylene Options**: Inventory shows different trends among producers, traders, and ports. The market shows a large - oscillation and weak pattern. Implied volatility is at a relatively high historical level. A bearish call + put option combination strategy is recommended, and the position delta should be adjusted dynamically [6] - **Polyethylene Options**: Producer and trader inventories are increasing. The market shows a weak consolidation pattern under pressure. Implied volatility has risen rapidly to a relatively high level. A bearish directional strategy is recommended [6] - **PVC Options**: Factory and social inventories are decreasing year - on - year. The market shows a weak bearish downward trend. Implied volatility remains at a relatively low level. A bearish directional strategy is recommended [6] 3.6 Data Summary - **Option Underlying Market Data**: Includes closing prices, price changes, trading volumes, and open interest of various option underlying assets [8] - **Option Volume, Open Interest, and Turnover Data**: Volume, open interest, and turnover data of various options, as well as their changes [9] - **Option Volume, Open Interest, and Turnover PCR Data**: PCR data and their changes of various options [10] - **Option Maximum Open Interest at Strike Prices**: Maximum open interest at strike prices, pressure points, and support points of various options [11] - **Option Implied Volatility Data**: Implied volatility, its changes, annual average, call and put implied volatilities, and historical volatility of various options [13]
能源化工期权策略早报-2025-04-03
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-04-03 04:39
Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided regarding the industry investment rating. 2. Core Viewpoint The report conducts a comprehensive analysis of various energy - chemical options, including fundamental, market, and volatility analyses, and provides corresponding strategy suggestions for each type of option [3]. 3. Summary by Category 3.1 Basic Chemicals Sector - **Methanol Option**: Port and enterprise inventories are decreasing, and the market is in a state of recovery with upward pressure. It is recommended to construct a neutral combination of call and put options [3]. - **Rubber/Synthetic Rubber Option**: Tire production rates are declining, and the market shows a weak downward trend. A bear - spread put option strategy is recommended [3]. - **Styrene Option**: Port and factory inventories are decreasing, and the market is in a weak bearish state. A neutral wide - straddle option selling strategy is recommended [4]. 3.2 Oil and Gas Sector - **Crude Oil Option**: OPEC + production is increasing, and the market has short - term recovery characteristics. A volatility strategy of selling put and call options is recommended [4]. - **LPG Option**: Russian exports are decreasing, and domestic inventories are changing. The market shows short - term weakness and recovery. A neutral combination of selling call and put options is recommended [4]. 3.3 Polyester Chemicals Sector - **PX/PTA Option**: PTA inventory is decreasing, and the market is in a weak bearish and volatile state. A neutral option selling strategy is recommended [5]. - **Ethylene Glycol Option**: Inventory trends are mixed, and the market is in a short - term weak state. A neutral option selling strategy is recommended [5]. - **Short - Fiber Option**: Polyester production rates and inventory days are changing, and the market has support and pressure. A neutral option selling strategy is recommended [5]. 3.4 Polyolefin Chemicals Sector - **Polypropylene Option**: Inventories are decreasing, and the market shows a large - amplitude bearish trend. A bearish combination of selling call and put options is recommended [6]. - **Polyethylene Option**: Inventories are changing, and the market is in a weak consolidation state. A bearish directional strategy is recommended [6]. - **PVC Option**: Inventories are decreasing, and the market shows a volatile upward trend. A neutral combination of selling call and put options is recommended [6].
能源化工期权策略早报-2025-03-14
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-03-14 05:13
Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an overall investment rating for the energy and chemical options industry Core Insights - The energy and chemical options market is segmented into five main categories: basic chemicals, energy, polyester chemicals, polyolefins, and other chemicals, each with specific strategies and recommendations based on market conditions [2][3][4][5] Summary by Sections Basic Chemicals - **Methanol Options**: The operating rate is at 71.64%, showing a slight decrease. The market is experiencing a weak consolidation phase after a high rebound [2] - **Rubber Options**: The operating rate for steel tires is 68.71%, with a slight recovery in downstream tire production. However, export orders are below expectations [2] - **Styrene Options**: The operating rate is at 78.45%, with a slight decrease. Inventory levels are showing signs of seasonal accumulation [3] Energy Sector - **Crude Oil Options**: U.S. crude oil inventories are reported at 83 million barrels, with a mixed trend in inventory changes. The market is experiencing a significant downward trend after a brief rally [3] - **Liquefied Gas Options**: The market is recovering from temporary supply disruptions due to weather, with a reported increase in domestic supply [3] Polyester Chemicals - **PTA Options**: The operating rate is at 73.6%, with a notable decrease. The market is showing signs of a bearish trend after a brief period of high prices [4] - **Ethylene Glycol Options**: Inventory levels are reported at 75.9 thousand tons, with a slight decrease. The market is experiencing a weak consolidation phase [4] Polyolefins - **Polypropylene Options**: Production is expected to increase by 10.85% in March. The market is currently in a wide fluctuation phase with bearish tendencies [5] - **PVC Options**: The operating rate is at 78.7%, with a slight decrease. The market is showing signs of weak consolidation [5] Other Chemicals - **Soda Ash and Urea Options**: The report provides insights into the operational metrics and market conditions for these chemicals, indicating a mixed performance across the board [5] Market Strategies - Various strategies are recommended for different options, including constructing neutral or bearish spreads to capitalize on market movements and volatility [2][3][4][5]
国泰君安期货商品期权日报-2025-03-10
Guo Tai Jun An Qi Huo· 2025-03-10 06:42
Investment Rating - The report suggests a cautious approach towards the agricultural commodities sector, recommending selling out-of-the-money call options for glass and considering buying out-of-the-money options for soybean meal and soybean oil as potential hedging strategies [2]. Core Insights - The report highlights a downward trend in futures prices for various agricultural commodities, with specific recommendations for trading strategies based on market volatility and price movements [2][3]. - It emphasizes the potential for price increases in soybean meal and soybean oil, suggesting that investors may benefit from buying options to hedge against risks [2]. Agricultural Data Summary - **Futures Market Statistics**: - Corn (c2505) closed at 2308 with no change, while soybean meal (m2505) decreased by 8 to 2885. Palm oil (p2505) saw an increase of 144 to 9106, indicating mixed performance across different commodities [3]. - **Options Market Statistics**: - The trading volume for corn options was 51,926, down by 40,988, with a put-call ratio (PCR) of 0.9533. Soybean meal options showed a significant drop in trading volume, indicating reduced market activity [6]. - **Volatility Indicators**: - The report provides insights into the implied volatility for various commodities, with soybean meal showing a 60-day historical volatility of 22.28% and corn at 10.98%, suggesting varying levels of market uncertainty [8]. Energy and Chemical Data Summary - **Futures Market Statistics**: - PTA (ta2505) closed at 4864, up by 22, while ethylene glycol (eg2505) decreased by 6 to 4538. The report notes significant changes in trading volumes across various chemical commodities [9]. - **Options Market Statistics**: - The trading volume for PTA options was 214,104, down by 111,296, indicating a decline in market engagement [10]. - **Volatility Indicators**: - PTA options showed a 60-day historical volatility of 14.64%, reflecting market expectations of price fluctuations [11]. Metal Data Summary - **Futures Market Statistics**: - Iron ore (i2505) closed at 774.0, with a slight increase of 1.0, while rebar (rb2505) decreased by 30 to 3252, indicating mixed performance in the metal sector [12]. - **Options Market Statistics**: - The trading volume for iron ore options was 124,608, down by 67,787, suggesting reduced trading activity [13]. - **Volatility Indicators**: - Iron ore options displayed a 60-day historical volatility of 15.68%, indicating moderate market uncertainty [14]. Precious Metals Data Summary - **Futures Market Statistics**: - Gold (au2506) closed at 681.24, down by 1.16, while silver (ag2506) decreased by 7 to 8069, reflecting a downward trend in precious metals [16]. - **Options Market Statistics**: - The trading volume for gold options was 70,981, down by 21,215, indicating a decline in market participation [18]. - **Volatility Indicators**: - Gold options showed a PCR of 1.593, suggesting a higher level of put options relative to calls, indicating bearish sentiment in the market [18].