Core Viewpoint - The research published by Professor Yang Chonglin's team from Yunnan University reveals that the mitochondria-associated condensates (MATO) formed by the RNA-binding protein LARP-1 through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) play a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting lifespan extension [3][5]. Group 1 - The study demonstrates that MATO mediates the local synthesis of proteins necessary for maintaining mitochondrial structure and function [5]. - In Caenorhabditis elegans, LARP-1 coordinates the translation mechanism and the fusion of various RNA-binding proteins to form MATO, which is dependent on the mitochondrial outer membrane complex transport enzyme [5]. - A deficiency in LARP-1 significantly reduces mitochondrial protein levels, disrupts the organization of mitochondrial cristae, and affects ATP production [5]. Group 2 - The research identifies that the synthesis of MICOS subunit IMMT-1 (MIC60) and ATP synthase β subunit ATP-2, which are critical for mitochondrial cristae organization, is decreased in LARP-1 deficient worms [5]. - During aging and starvation, LARP-1 MATO dissociates from the mitochondria; however, its persistent presence in mitochondria can protect mitochondrial health and greatly extend lifespan [5][7].

Core Viewpoint - The research published in Science reveals the three-dimensional structure of the PSI-FCPI supercomplex from Emiliania huxleyi, highlighting its unique adaptation strategies to marine light environments and its significance in the study of evolutionary mechanisms in photosynthetic organisms [2][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research team successfully purified and analyzed the PSI-FCPI supercomplex, providing insights into how coccolithophores adapt their photosystems to varying light conditions in the ocean [3][8]. - The PSI-FCPI supercomplex consists of 12 core PSI subunits, a specific linker protein, and 38 peripheral antenna proteins, making it the largest known PSI-antenna supercomplex [9]. - The structural analysis revealed a complex pigment network that includes 411 chlorophyll a, 152 chlorophyll c, and 256 carotenoids, which enhances the efficiency of light capture and energy transfer [9][12]. Group 2: Efficiency and Performance - The overall excitation capture time of the Eh-PSI-FCPI supercomplex is measured at 96-120 picoseconds, indicating a quantum conversion efficiency of approximately 95% [10]. - The supercomplex's light capture cross-section is expanded by 4-5 times compared to terrestrial plants, yet it maintains a high quantum conversion efficiency, demonstrating its effectiveness in energy conversion [12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the importance of identifying aging biomarkers in primates to enhance understanding of human aging and to provide interventions for age-related conditions [2][3]. Group 1: Overview of Aging and Biomarkers - Aging is characterized by gradual loss of physiological functions and increased disease risk, leading to higher mortality rates [5]. - With the global increase in life expectancy and aging populations, a systematic overview of aging issues is crucial for developing strategies to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases [5]. - Non-human primates serve as invaluable models for studying aging due to genetic and physiological similarities with humans, bridging the gap between mechanistic insights and clinical applications [5][6]. Group 2: Importance of Biomarkers - Research on aging biomarkers is essential as they can quantify cellular or molecular damage and physiological decline, serving as indicators of biological age [6]. - Recent breakthroughs, such as specific DNA methylation patterns associated with biological age, have provided new hope for the field [6]. - The potential of primate aging biomarkers lies in their ability to facilitate early detection, intervention, and the development of therapeutic pathways in clinical practice [6][7]. Group 3: Current Research Landscape - Despite advancements, research on primate aging biomarkers remains fragmented, lacking a comprehensive integration of data across different biological levels [7]. - A unified framework for aging biomarkers in primates is necessary to enhance understanding of the aging process and to develop effective interventions against age-related diseases [7][13]. - The review aims to consolidate existing data on aging biomarkers at cellular, tissue, and organ levels, discussing their roles in cellular senescence, tissue degeneration, and systemic aging [13].

Core Viewpoint - The research published in Nature demonstrates that amino acids possess a novel and widespread colloidal property, stabilizing proteins and colloidal dispersions through weak interactions [4][7]. Group 1: Amino Acids and Their Properties - Amino acids have a long history of use as stabilizers in biological media and are crucial components in biomedical formulations [3]. - The study reveals that amino acids can adsorb onto surfaces, providing stability to both proteins and colloidal dispersions, thus establishing a new theoretical model for predicting their effects [4][7]. - The research indicates that amino acids play a significant role in stabilizing protein folding states and may also act as solubilizers for proteins [6][7]. Group 2: Mechanisms and Applications - Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanisms by which amino acids exert their stabilizing effects, including their influence on water structure and hydrogen bonding [6]. - The study highlights that amino acids can enhance the bioavailability of insulin in the bloodstream, with the addition of 1M proline doubling its bioavailability [9]. - The findings provide a theoretical foundation and design tools for applications in drug formulation, protein stabilizers, and nanomaterials [4][9].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 艾滋病 （AIDS） ，全称为 获得性免疫缺陷综合征 ，是由 人类免疫缺陷病毒 （HIV） 感染所引起的免疫系统进行性衰竭的疾病阶段。据统计，目前全世界有大 约 3800 万人感染了 HIV 病毒，这导致艾滋病成为全球公共卫生的重要威胁。 抗逆转录病毒疗法 （ART） 是通过 联合使用多种抗逆转录病毒药物来抑制 HIV 病毒复制的标准治疗方案，能够将 HIV 病毒载量抑制在低水平，可有效阻止艾滋 病的进展并降低传播风险。实际上，ART 已经将 艾滋病从一种致命疾病转变为长期可控状态。 然而，即使是接受了 抗逆转录病毒疗法 （ART） 治疗的 HIV 感染者，他们仍持续存在 肠道屏障完整性破坏 的现象， 肠道屏障完整性的破坏是艾滋病进展的核 心环节，但其内在机制尚未完全明确。 2025 年 9 月 11 日，麻省总医院/MIT/哈佛大学拉贡研究所的研究人员在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 上发表了题为： Immunometabolic defects of CD8 + T cells disrupt gut barrier integrity in people with H ...

Core Viewpoint - Aging is a major risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that propagate the aging process through paracrine signaling [2] Group 1: Research Findings - The research published in Nature Aging demonstrates that border-associated macrophages (BAM) regulate cognitive aging by inducing paracrine senescence in microglia through migrasome-mediated mechanisms [4][8] - In the early stages of brain aging, BAM acquire senescence-related characteristics, potentially due to prolonged exposure to beta-amyloid (Aβ) [7] - Senescent-like BAM exhibit increased production of migrasomes, which transmit aging-related signals to neighboring cells, particularly microglia, inhibiting their apoptosis and promoting senescence induction [8] Group 2: Intervention Strategies - The research team developed intervention strategies targeting migrasome production by delivering siRNA to block Tspan4, which can improve cognitive deficits in aged mice [8] - These findings suggest that migrasomes are powerful carriers of aging regulatory signals and represent a promising target for Senomorphic therapies, which aim to inhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype without affecting cell death [8]

Core Insights - The article discusses the research on IDH-mutant astrocytoma, highlighting its aggressive nature and poor prognosis despite advancements in molecular diagnostics [2][9] - A new classification system based on protein profiling has been developed, identifying four molecular subtypes of IDH-mutant astrocytoma, with a focus on the immune-hot subtype (IME) that is associated with worse outcomes [3][10] Molecular Subtypes - The study defines four molecular subtypes of IDH-mutant astrocytoma: AFM, PPR, IME, and NEU, with IME being characterized by significant immune infiltration and poor prognosis [3][7] - The IME subtype accounts for approximately 13% of IDH-mutant astrocytomas and shows a tendency to evolve during tumor recurrence [7][10] Prognostic Factors - The research indicates that the presence of CDKN2A/B gene homozygous deletions is a diagnostic criterion for WHO grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma, while MYC gene amplification suggests aggressive tumor progression [5][10] - The study emphasizes the importance of protein-based classification in predicting survival outcomes and treatment responses, which is more effective than transcriptomic approaches [6][10] AI Diagnostic Tool - An AI-driven diagnostic tool named GUIDE has been developed, which integrates multimodal data including histopathological images, transcriptomics, proteomics, and DNA methylation data for accurate patient stratification [8][10] - This tool supports both single-modal and multi-modal inputs, enhancing the precision of patient classification [8][10]

Core Viewpoint - The traditional belief that wildfires in the western United States worsen air quality across the country is challenged by new research, which indicates that these wildfires may actually lead to a decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in the eastern United States, offsetting the increases in the west [3][5]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in the journal Science reveals that extreme wildfires in the western U.S. lead to a rise in PM2.5 levels locally, but simultaneously cause a decrease in PM2.5 levels in the eastern U.S., effectively canceling each other out [3][5]. - The research attributes this unexpected effect to heat convection caused by wildfires, which weakens the transport of smoke to the east and enhances the wet deposition of air pollutants [5][7]. - Ignoring the heat generated by wildfires could lead to an overestimation of their health impacts, with the study estimating an additional 1,200 premature deaths and $3.3 billion in economic losses attributed to PM2.5 in the densely populated eastern U.S. [5][7]. Group 2: Implications - The findings highlight a previously overlooked connection between localized heat sources and large-scale climate effects, suggesting a need for a revised understanding of wildfire impacts [7]. - Considering the heat generated by wildfires could facilitate cross-regional cooperation in fire management and provide a more scientific basis for climate predictions [7].

Core Viewpoint - The study highlights the role of the oral symbiotic bacterium Veillonella in promoting Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with Crohn's disease by inhibiting bile acid transport protein ASBT, leading to abnormal bile acid accumulation in the intestine [3][9]. Group 1: Disease Overview - Crohn's disease is a common inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and intestinal obstruction, affecting the entire digestive tract with a high postoperative recurrence rate of approximately 80% [2]. - The global prevalence of IBD was 0.75% as of 2020, projected to rise to 1.0% by 2030, with 37%-59% of IBD cases being Crohn's disease [2]. Group 2: Research Findings - The research published in Cell Host & Microbe indicates that Veillonella intestinal colonization promotes CDI in Crohn's disease patients [3]. - Veillonella parvula inhibits the expression of the bile acid transport protein ASBT, preventing bile acid reabsorption and causing abnormal bile acid accumulation in the intestine, which triggers CDI [9][12]. - The study found a correlation between the abundance of Veillonella and increased bile acid metabolism in Crohn's disease patients, suggesting that the presence of bile acids can facilitate the germination of C. difficile spores [9][12].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the critical role of mitochondrial calcium transporters, particularly NCLX, in regulating cellular calcium signaling and mitochondrial function, highlighting recent research that elucidates its structure and mechanism [2][3][6]. Group 1: Importance of NCLX - NCLX is essential for preventing mitochondrial calcium overload, which can lead to cell death and is protective against conditions like heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases [3][6]. - Dysfunction of NCLX is linked to various diseases, including heart failure and tumor progression, making its structural and functional understanding vital for advancing knowledge in physiology and disease [3][6]. Group 2: Recent Research Findings - A study published in Nature by a team from Stanford University revealed the structure and mechanism of NCLX, providing insights into its assembly, conformational states, and an unexpected transport function as a H+/Ca2+ exchanger rather than a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger [3][6][12]. - The research utilized cryo-electron microscopy to analyze NCLX, uncovering critical details about its architecture and transport mechanisms [6][12]. Group 3: Research Contributions - The first author of the study, Dr. Fan Minrui, has made significant contributions to the field, having published multiple influential papers on related topics in top-tier journals [4][16][18].