中国宏观经济 2026 年年报 中国宏观经济：今朝虽未开盛宴 街头巷尾已 闻钟 ——2025 年中国宏观经济回顾与 2026 年展望 方正中期期货研究院 宏观金融与航运团队 李彦森 Z0013871 ➢ 摘要： 2025 年以来经济整体走弱，四个季度 GDP 增速逐步下行，即使排除四季度基数因 素，增量贡献也有所减弱。从需求角度看，消费表现稳定是主要支持，背后以来消费 补贴等政策驱动，本质仍是财政政策的出口。净出口带动力先升后降，整体表现超预 期，且绝对贡献超过投资。投资表现不佳，贡献相对最低。尤其是三季度开始进一步 走弱。其中地产维持长期下行趋势不变，基建投资受到资金端影响，制造业投资与中 美贸易冲突后企业信心变动有关。此外，年内经济运行逻辑出现明显两段变动：上半 年是高实际增速叠加通缩，名义 GDP 表现并不佳；下半年转向通缩修复同时产出减 速，名义 GDP 放缓程度收窄。"反内卷"政策是最主要的影响因素，且其局部性影响 仍将继续体现。我们认为，2026 年库存周期将迎来修复，节奏上看底部或位于二季度， 全年经济将呈现前低后高态势，内生动能有所增强。同时中美贸易紧张关系缓和，逆 全球化趋势放慢后也有利于外 ...

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the document Core Viewpoints of the Report - The marginal improvement in prices and the expectation of a loose macro - policy environment may jointly drive the A - share market into a stage of "shock upward, structure - dominated". The moderate rise in CPI and the bottom - rebound of PPI mean that the economic downward pressure has eased, but the demand recovery has not formed a strong trend. In the short term, the market is more likely to present a market feature dominated by liquidity and structured opportunities [9]. - The cyclical sector is expected to remain strong, but its sustainability depends on the resonance of external demand and the real - estate chain. The technology - growth sector will still be the medium - term main line, and the service consumption will remain relatively stable, while the real - estate chain still needs further policy implementation [9]. - The current market does not need to be pessimistic. It is recommended to maintain a relatively positive position structure, but not blindly chase the index. The optimal strategy is to conduct structured allocation around the dual main lines of "anti - involution + AI application" [9]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs Market Review - Most of the major market indices fell last week, while the Shanghai 50 remained stable. Among the major industries, the healthcare and daily - consumption indices performed relatively well, with weekly changes of 3.27% and 2.72% respectively; the information - technology and industrial indices performed weakly, with weekly changes of - 4.27% and - 1.28% respectively [10][11][16]. - Among the 30 Shenwan primary industries, 19 industries rose. The industries with larger increases were textile and apparel, commercial retail, and beauty care, with increases of 4.41%, 4.06%, and 3.75% respectively; the industries with larger declines were communication, electronics, and computer, with declines of 4.77%, 4.77%, and 3.03% respectively [10][19]. - The average daily trading volume of Wind All - A last week was 20438.27 billion yuan (the previous value was 20123.50 billion yuan), at a relatively high historical level (89.50% of the three - year historical quantile) [22]. - As of November 14, 2025, the valuation (PE_TTM) of Wind All - A was 22.20, unchanged from last week, at the 90.70% quantile of the past five - year history. Among the 30 Shenwan primary industries, 19 industries' valuations (PE_TTM) recovered [27]. Market Observation - The inflation data in October showed an overall upward trend, confirming the continuation of the weak inflation pattern macroscopically. The CPI rose moderately, and the PPI bottomed out and rebounded. The improvement in industrial product prices may boost the overall market risk appetite [6]. - After the release of inflation data, most of the A - share consumer and cyclical industries rose last week, while the technology sector corrected significantly. The industry adjustment logic was consistent with the inflation data [6]. Investment Suggestions - The cyclical sector may maintain a certain strength, but its sustainability depends on external demand and the real - estate chain. The technology - growth sector will still be the medium - term main line, and service consumption will remain relatively stable, while the real - estate chain still needs further policy implementation [9]. - The risk preferences of different capital channels and sectors are differentiated, reflecting the increasing market uncertainty. The market may maintain a shrinking and volatile market, with sector rotation [9]. - It is recommended to maintain a relatively positive position structure, but not blindly chase the index. The optimal strategy is to conduct structured allocation around the dual main lines of "anti - involution + AI application" [9]. Economic Calendar - This week, domestic economic data to be concerned about include the October bank settlement and sales of foreign exchange data and the China Loan Prime Rate (LPR) for 1 - year and 5 - year terms. Overseas economic data include the November New York Fed Manufacturing Index, initial and continued jobless claims, GDP, price data, September and October unemployment rates, and the change in non - farm payrolls in October [30].

Core Viewpoint - The report from CITIC Securities indicates that while the year-on-year CPI has shown a temporary positive change, the domestic demand remains weak, and there is no significant turning point in sight for the economy. The downward pressure on PPI due to overseas tariff impacts continues, suggesting that the weak inflation environment will not significantly change the support structure for the bond market [1]. Group 1 - The CPI has shown a stage-wise positive change year-on-year, but the domestic demand environment remains weak [1]. - There is significant downward pressure on PPI due to overseas tariff impacts, which contributes to the weak inflation scenario [1]. - The bond market is expected to maintain a narrow fluctuation trend in the short term [1]. Group 2 - Future focus will be on the macro policy responses following the end of the tariff suspension period and how external demand shocks manifest in data [1]. - Attention is drawn to the policy direction set during the July Politburo meeting as a potential trading focus for the next phase [1].

Group 1: Hot Topics - The article discusses the potential economic scenarios for the U.S., questioning whether it will face "stagflation" or recession [7][22] - The recent "late spring cold" phenomenon has had a limited impact on agricultural output and prices, with controllable effects on investment and retail sales [5][4] Group 2: In-depth Research - The article highlights that policy measures aimed at alleviating supply bottlenecks are underestimated by the market, focusing on "consumption-based infrastructure" and breaking consumption supply constraints [8] - A deep analysis of the 2025 fiscal budget is presented, emphasizing its role in addressing economic cycle bottlenecks [8] Group 3: High-Frequency Tracking - The article notes that the "Spring Festival adjustment" is not the main reason for the export slowdown; rather, the end of the "export rush" is crucial [9] - Inflation readings have significantly declined due to the Spring Festival misalignment, with actual levels still remaining weak after adjustments [10] - The U.S. ISM manufacturing PMI fell in February, and the European Central Bank cut interest rates by 25 basis points [11] - Domestic construction activity has seen a decline, indicating a slowdown in the construction industry [12][13] - The central government has reserved ample fiscal space for future policies [14]

Core Viewpoint - The significant drop in inflation readings is attributed to the misalignment of the Spring Festival, and even after excluding this effect, the actual levels remain weak [2][10]. Group 1: CPI Analysis - In February, the CPI decreased by 0.2% month-on-month, influenced by the high base effect from the previous year when the Spring Festival occurred in February [2][10]. - The food CPI fell by 0.5%, with fresh vegetables and pork prices decreasing by 3.8% and 1.9% respectively, reflecting a supply increase due to favorable weather and improved livestock inventory [10][11]. - The core service CPI saw a month-on-month decline of 0.8%, with travel-related prices dropping significantly, including a 22.6% decrease in airfares and a 9.6% drop in tourism prices [3][17]. Group 2: PPI Analysis - The PPI decreased by 0.1% month-on-month in February, with a year-on-year decline of 2.2%, which was below market expectations [12][14]. - The rise in international oil prices contributed positively to the PPI, while coal prices fell significantly, leading to a negative impact on the overall PPI [12][13]. - The low capacity utilization in downstream industries continues to exert downward pressure on the PPI, with expectations of a relative "over-decline" phenomenon in the future [12][13]. Group 3: Future Outlook - The supply-side constraints on inflation are expected to persist in the short term, and the impact of consumption-boosting policies may limit inflation recovery [13]. - In March, the CPI is likely to rebound above zero as the Spring Festival effects dissipate, but the actual recovery may be moderate due to sufficient supply and the "old-for-new" policy suppressing core CPI [13][14]. - The PPI is anticipated to remain under pressure due to low global oil inventories and potential demand suppression from tariff policies, with a projected year-on-year PPI midpoint of -1.2% by 2025 [5][13].