一批钢材抵达欧洲港口，却可能因工厂无法提供合格的CBAM编码而被当地海关"卡住"。 历经两年的过渡期，欧盟碳边境调节机制（CBAM，碳关税）在2026年1月1日正式步入收费期。这项旨 在对进口的高碳产品征收碳税的政策，率先覆盖了钢铁、铝、水泥等六大行业。其中，钢铁行业因贸易 体量大、碳排放强度高，成为受冲击最显著的目标领域。 根据国际能源署（IEA）数据，全球钢铁行业碳排放量占能源系统总排放的7%-9%。而在中国，钢铁行 业是仅次于火电行业的第二大碳排放源，占全国碳排放总量约15%，其绿色转型进程直接关系到国 家"双碳"目标的实现。 我国新一轮国家自主贡献（NDC）目标明确提出，到2035年全经济范围温室气体净排放量较峰值下降 7%—10%。钢铁行业转型的技术路径虽已绘就，但经济可行性仍是横亘在前的现实高山。从提高电炉 短流程比例到探索前沿的氢冶金技术，中国钢铁行业如何权衡短期生存与长远竞争力，已成为一道无法 回避的必答题。 中国钢铁行业减排主要驱动在于双碳目标的落实与企业高质量发展的内在要求，欧盟CBAM为代表的国 际绿色贸易壁垒也提供了加速转型的信号。 CBAM规则的复杂性远超单纯的税费征收。绿色创新发展 ...

Core Viewpoint - The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has transitioned into a mandatory phase, posing significant challenges and opportunities for China's petroleum and chemical industries, necessitating a shift towards greener practices and compliance with international standards [1] Group 1: Fertilizer Industry - The default emission value for Chinese urea products is set at 2.85 tons of CO2 per ton, nearly double that of major natural gas-producing countries like Algeria, while anhydrous ammonia has a default value of 4.36 tons of CO2 per ton [2] - Fertilizer companies must transition from "extensive management" to "refined accounting" by establishing a Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system that meets international standards to counter unreasonable default values [2] Group 2: Hydrogen Industry - The hydrogen industry, although small, is crucial for the green development of the petrochemical sector, with a default emission intensity for Chinese hydrogen set at 26.64 tons of CO2 per ton [2] - The CBAM's inclusion of hydrogen signifies a rejection of traditional "grey hydrogen" production methods, pushing the industry towards green hydrogen production using renewable energy [2] Group 3: Refining and Chemical Industries - The refining and organic chemicals sectors are identified as potential main battlegrounds under CBAM, with the EU targeting organic chemicals and polymers to prevent "carbon leakage" [3] - Refining products will have their carbon footprints traced throughout the supply chain, and any expansion of CBAM will impact the entire petrochemical industry, including synthetic resins and plastics [3] Group 4: Data Management and Compliance - CBAM challenges companies not only in production processes but also in data governance, requiring transparent and verifiable supply chain data [4] - Companies need to establish a digital carbon management platform to track carbon footprints from raw material procurement to end products, while adhering to compliance standards [4] - The industry must view the CBAM as both a long-term and a critical challenge, transforming external carbon constraints into internal green momentum through technological innovation and management upgrades [4]

Group 1 - The European Commission has announced multiple revisions to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) guidelines to assist high-energy industries facing carbon leakage risks, including the petrochemical sector [1][2] - The revisions are part of the European Chemical Industry Action Plan released earlier in 2025, aimed at addressing the rising ETS costs that have increased carbon leakage risks for high-energy industries [1] - The updated guidelines expand the list of eligible industries for compensation, adding 20 new industries and 2 sub-industries, including petrochemicals, and increasing the aid intensity from 75% to 80% to mitigate the carbon leakage risks [2] Group 2 - The current ETS guidelines allow member states to partially compensate industries at risk of carbon leakage due to high electricity prices caused by rising carbon costs [2] - The revisions are crucial for the struggling European petrochemical industry, providing significant support against high electricity prices, which have been a major concern for the sector [2] - The revised ETS is expected to alleviate electricity cost pressures on the petrochemical industry while enhancing its international competitiveness and supporting decarbonization efforts [2]

Group 1 - The European Commission has announced multiple revisions to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) guidelines to assist high-energy industries facing carbon leakage risks, including the petrochemical sector [1][2] - The revisions are part of the European Chemical Industry Action Plan released earlier in 2025, aimed at addressing the rising ETS costs that have increased carbon leakage risks for high-energy industries [1] - The revised guidelines expand the list of eligible industries for compensation, adding 20 new industries and 2 sub-industries, including petrochemicals, and increase the aid intensity from 75% to 80% to mitigate the carbon leakage risks [2] Group 2 - The current ETS guidelines allow member states to partially compensate industries at risk of carbon leakage due to high electricity prices caused by rising carbon costs [2] - The revisions are crucial for the struggling European petrochemical industry, providing significant support against high electricity prices, which have been a major concern for the sector [2] - The expanded ETS is expected to alleviate electricity cost pressures on the petrochemical industry while enhancing its international competitiveness and supporting decarbonization efforts [2]

Group 1 - The EU plans to officially implement a carbon border tax (CBAM) starting January 1, 2026, marking a significant policy shift in international trade and global climate policy [1] - The European Commission has proposed a comprehensive reform package to enhance the carbon tax framework, aiming to close regulatory gaps, expand coverage, and strengthen oversight against evasion [1][2] - The reform will significantly broaden the regulatory scope by including approximately 180 downstream products in the carbon tax regime starting in 2028, targeting high-carbon production transfer and ensuring carbon reduction rather than carbon leakage [1][2] Group 2 - The proposal aims to enhance the operational feasibility and credibility of the carbon tax by addressing issues of underreporting and misreporting of emissions data by importers [2] - A temporary decarbonization fund will be established to mitigate the impact on industries facing high carbon leakage risks, providing limited compensation linked to demonstrated decarbonization efforts [2][3] - The fundamental goal of the carbon tax is to ensure a fair competitive environment between EU and non-EU producers, preventing European companies from being disadvantaged due to higher climate costs [3] Group 3 - Concerns have been raised by the international community and EU industries regarding the carbon tax, particularly its impact on UK steel exports and the potential burdens on manufacturers [4] - Countries in the Western Balkans, heavily reliant on coal-fired electricity exports to the EU, face significant challenges due to the implementation of the carbon tax [4] - Agricultural producers in Bulgaria express fears that the carbon tax will undermine the global competitiveness of EU agricultural products, with potential profit declines of 25% to 50% for farmers due to increased fertilizer costs [5] Group 4 - The European Steel Association believes that while expanding the carbon tax coverage helps address carbon leakage, the current reform may not sufficiently protect the European steel industry from capacity relocation and job losses [6] - The inclusion of pre-consumer scrap aluminum in the carbon accounting system has been welcomed by some industry players, though concerns remain about the operational feasibility of carbon pricing in complex supply chains [6] - The establishment of the temporary decarbonization fund has sparked debate over whether the carbon tax is evolving into a trade protection tool, potentially conflicting with World Trade Organization rules [6]

Core Viewpoint - The European Union (EU) is expanding the scope of its carbon border tax to include automotive parts and washing machines, aiming to protect local industries from low-priced imports from countries with less stringent climate regulations [1][5][6]. Group 1: Carbon Border Tax Expansion - The carbon border tax will now cover downstream products that heavily use steel and aluminum, such as construction products, grid components, and machinery [2][7]. - The carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is the world's first carbon border tax, currently taxing the carbon emissions of imported products like steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers [1][5]. Group 2: Addressing Compliance and Evasion - The EU plans to implement strict measures against foreign companies that underreport emissions to evade carbon taxes, potentially imposing "default emission values" on products from non-compliant countries [3][8]. - This initiative aims to prevent foreign companies, particularly from China, from strategically exporting low-carbon products to Europe while continuing to produce high-carbon products for other markets [3][8]. Group 3: Implementation Timeline and Subsidies - The carbon border tax will require importers to pay for the emissions of their imported products starting in 2026, with a compliance grace period until September 2027 [4][9]. - The EU plans to allocate 25% of the carbon border tax revenue to subsidize European manufacturers to offset additional costs incurred due to the tax, specifically targeting industries investing in low-carbon manufacturing processes [4][9].

Core Viewpoint - The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will be implemented on January 1, 2026, serving as a geopolitical tool to transfer internal carbon costs to global supply chains, significantly impacting the competitiveness of the chemical industry [1] Group 1: Impact on the Chemical Industry - The CBAM aims to create a "green buffer" for EU chemical companies, particularly basic chemicals and polymer producers, who face the highest carbon prices globally at approximately €80 per ton, thus balancing the burden on domestic manufacturers [1] - The mechanism may lead to a strategic adjustment in the global chemical and petrochemical sectors, as it directly affects cost structures, trade flows, and technological innovation [3][4] Group 2: Global Response and Trade Dynamics - Major chemical exporting countries like China, the Middle East, the US, and India may opt for "trade flow reconfiguration" rather than immediate capital-intensive low-carbon transformations in response to the additional costs imposed by CBAM [2] - High carbon intensity chemical products are likely to shift towards markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where environmental standards are less stringent, potentially leading to "carbon leakage" without a net reduction in global carbon emissions [2] Group 3: Technical and Geopolitical Challenges - The uncertainty surrounding CBAM lies in its complex technical execution, particularly in setting "default emission values" for various chemical products, which may lead to distortions in carbon pricing and undermine the mechanism's effectiveness [2] - The geopolitical backlash is evident, with the US expressing dissatisfaction, prompting the EU to consider providing "additional flexibility," indicating internal divisions within the Western bloc regarding climate policy tools [3] Group 4: Future Implications - The implementation of CBAM may not lead to the expected technological convergence and accelerated emissions reductions, but rather push the global chemical industry into a more regionalized and uncertain strategic era [4] - The industry's low-carbon future will depend on global collaboration in technological innovation and the establishment of mutual recognition standards, rather than solely relying on a border tax mechanism [4]

Core Viewpoint - Russia has formally requested consultations with the EU and WTO regarding the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), arguing that these measures are trade-restrictive and discriminatory under the guise of climate policy [1][5][9]. Group 1: CBAM and EU ETS Overview - The EU established the EU ETS in October 2003 to address "carbon leakage," which refers to the transfer of production to countries with less stringent emissions regulations [4]. - In May 2023, the EU passed regulations to establish CBAM, which aims to provide additional support measures for sectors at risk of carbon leakage [5][9]. Group 2: Russia's Concerns - Russia claims that the CBAM imposes complex and costly trade barriers on EU imports, creating significant uncertainty and unpredictability for operators [5][6]. - The application process for CBAM requires extensive documentation and proof of financial and operational capacity from importers, increasing compliance costs [6][8]. - Russia argues that the CBAM effectively acts as an additional "quasi-tariff" on imports from third countries, diverting financial resources from these countries' domestic climate change efforts [8][9]. Group 3: Economic Implications - The CBAM is expected to increase the trading costs of regulated goods significantly due to the administrative and compliance burdens imposed [6][9]. - The EU's CBAM currently applies to industries such as cement, steel, aluminum, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen, which are identified as having high carbon leakage risks [9]. - The EU estimates that these sectors will account for over 50% of emissions covered by the EU ETS once fully implemented, aiming to encourage production countries to reduce carbon emissions [9].