Core Viewpoint - The research published in Nature reveals a two-billion-year transitional oxygenation process of the Earth's surface, providing crucial environmental context for understanding the origin and evolution of life on Earth, as well as the formation of sedimentary minerals and hydrocarbons [2][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study indicates that the Earth's atmospheric oxygen levels reached modern levels only in the late stages of Earth's history, following a gradual oxygenation process that lasted approximately two billion years [5]. - The research team utilized widely available carbonate-bound sulfate with triple oxygen isotopes (Δ′O) to trace the evolution of atmospheric oxygen content, marking a significant advancement in understanding this transition [5]. - The findings confirm that atmospheric oxygen levels reached modern levels around 410 million years ago, illustrating a phased evolution from anoxic to oxic conditions [5]. Group 2: Implications for Oil and Gas Exploration - This research provides a foundational understanding of the anomalous carbon isotope records from the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic eras and the complex evolution of eukaryotic life [6]. - Importantly, the study suggests the existence of a super-sized dissolved organic carbon reservoir in the ancient oceans, which may serve as a new organic carbon source for the formation of ancient oil and gas resources, offering new insights for deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration [6].

Core Viewpoint - The research identifies homocysitaconate as a significant anti-inflammatory metabolite that increases during inflammation, reshaping methionine metabolism and inhibiting inflammatory responses [2][7]. Group 1: Research Findings - Homocysitaconate levels increase 152 times during inflammation, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects [3]. - The mechanism involves homocysitaconate binding to the pro-inflammatory protein MARS, inhibiting its function and reshaping methionine metabolism [3][4]. - The study confirms that homocysitaconate acts as a homeostatic regulator through protein modification, providing new strategies for managing inflammatory complications [7]. Group 2: Therapeutic Implications - Homocysitaconate shows therapeutic effects in models of sepsis, high-fat diet-induced inflammation, and colitis [4]. - Supplementation with nicotinamide riboside or pyruvate can enhance the endogenous synthesis of homocysitaconate, targeting the MARS/NLRP3-N-homocysteinylation cascade to suppress inflammation [4][8].

Core Insights - The study highlights a significant increase in hypertension prevalence in China, with a weighted prevalence of 31.6% among adults aged 18 and above during 2021-2022, marking an absolute increase of 8.4% compared to 2012-2015 [4][6] - Awareness, treatment, and control rates for hypertension remain relatively low, at 43.3%, 38.7%, and 12.9% respectively, indicating a need for targeted policies to improve hypertension management [4][6] Summary by Sections Hypertension Prevalence - The prevalence of hypertension in China is reported at 31.6% for the years 2021-2022, with specific rates for isolated systolic hypertension at 9.3% and isolated diastolic hypertension at 5.3% [4][6] - The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension increased from 22.3% in 2012-2015 to 31.2% in 2021-2022 [4] Demographic Patterns - The rise in hypertension prevalence is particularly notable among men, younger individuals, rural residents, and those living in northern and northeastern regions of China [4][6] - The management levels for hypertension are relatively low in these demographic groups, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions [4] Awareness and Treatment - The study indicates that the awareness rate for hypertension is 43.3%, with treatment and control rates at 38.7% and 12.9% respectively, underscoring the urgency for improved healthcare strategies [4][6]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the breakthrough of a new spatial transcriptomics technology, Stereo-seq V2, developed by a Chinese research team, which enables high-resolution, in-situ analysis of host-microbe interactions in FFPE samples, unlocking vast clinical data for research and diagnostics [3][4]. Breakthroughs - Breakthrough 1: Unlocking 90% of Clinical "Treasures" - Over 90% of clinical samples are FFPE, which have been difficult to analyze due to RNA degradation. Stereo-seq V2 can analyze samples preserved for up to 9 years, providing detailed spatial maps of tumor gene expression [8][9]. - Breakthrough 2: Random Primers as a "Universal Key" - Unlike traditional methods that only capture mRNA, Stereo-seq V2 uses random primers to capture the entire transcriptome, significantly increasing the number of detected genes and allowing for precise identification of tumor-specific splicing events [10][11]. - Breakthrough 3: In-situ Capture of Pathogens and Immune Cells - Stereo-seq V2 allows for simultaneous capture of all human and microbial RNA, enabling comprehensive analysis of host-microbe interactions without prior knowledge of the pathogen [12][13]. - Breakthrough 4: Wide Clinical Applications - The technology has broad implications for precision medicine, including identifying gene copy number variations in breast cancer and tracking the dynamics of immune responses in tuberculosis infections [16][19]. Implications for Research and Development - The advancements in Stereo-seq V2 position it as a powerful tool for various fields, including infectious diseases, antibody drug development, and neuroscience, facilitating high-resolution spatial analysis of precious archived samples [25]. - The technology represents a significant leap from merely observing cells to understanding the intricate interactions within them, marking a new era in life sciences research [20][21].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a significant research breakthrough by a team led by Professor Wang Quanming from Tsinghua University, focusing on the structural evolution of silver nanoclusters, specifically icosahedral forms, which are essential for understanding their unique properties [1]. Group 1 - The research published in the journal Science details the synthesis of two giant silver icosahedral nanoclusters containing 213 and 429 silver atoms, serving as model systems for studying the formation process of icosahedra [1][3]. - X-ray diffraction studies indicate that these nanoclusters possess a multilayer structure, supporting a gradual evolution process from nuclei to seeds [1][3]. - The emergence of surface plasmon resonance confirms the metallic characteristics of these silver nanoclusters, highlighting their potential applications in various fields [1][3]. Group 2 - The study successfully utilized ligand engineering and kinetic control to synthesize the two types of giant silver nanoclusters, Ag213 and Ag429, with specific ligands that enhance their stability and properties [3]. - Ag429 is noted as the largest reported silver nanocluster containing 260 valence electrons, showcasing the advancements in nanomaterial synthesis [3]. - The research reveals the atomic-level precise structure of the silver icosahedra, elucidating the layered evolution mechanism from nuclei to seeds [3].

Core Viewpoint - The research identifies a specific macrophage subset, septal macrophages (sATM), that plays a crucial role in regulating adipocyte stem cell (ASC) fate and contributes to obesity susceptibility, providing potential new strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases [3][5]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study reveals that the microenvironment of sub-tissue macrophages in adipose tissue serves as a guiding center for ASC fate determination [5]. - Three distinct adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) types are defined in white adipose tissue (WAT): pATM, cATM, and sATM, with sATM characterized by CD209b+ LYVE1+ and specifically located in the lobular septa of WAT [5]. - sATM, which originates from embryonic development and has a long lifespan, is closely associated with CD26+ ASC and guides their differentiation into white adipocytes through TGFβ1 [5][7]. Group 2: Implications for Treatment - The findings highlight the role of a specific anatomical macrophage subset in regulating ASC fate and coordinating adipose tissue expansion, suggesting that targeting the sATM-TGFβ1-ASC signaling axis may help promote beige fat formation and combat obesity and insulin resistance without triggering inflammation [7].

Core Viewpoint - The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is significantly increasing globally, which is linked to various negative health outcomes, particularly in male reproductive and metabolic health [2][4][10]. Group 1: Health Impacts of Ultra-Processed Foods - UPF consumption is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, certain cancers, and mental health issues [2]. - A notable decline in male semen quality has been observed globally, with sperm counts decreasing by approximately 60% since the 1970s, potentially linked to the rise in UPF consumption [6]. - The recent study confirms that UPF negatively impacts male reproductive and cardiovascular metabolic health, regardless of caloric intake [4][10]. Group 2: Research Findings - The study utilized a controlled 2×2 crossover design to assess the effects of UPF on reproductive and metabolic health, indicating that the harmful effects of UPF are not solely due to increased caloric intake [6][8]. - Key hormonal levels involved in energy metabolism and sperm production, such as GDF15 and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), were found to be altered due to UPF consumption [7][8]. - There was a significant increase in serum levels of phthalates (cxMINP), which are endocrine disruptors, following UPF consumption, while lithium levels in plasma decreased, correlating with mood disorders and cognitive decline [7][8].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the development of a novel therapeutic agent, SeNExo, derived from selenium-modified neural stem cell exosomes, which shows promise in treating traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) [3][6]. Group 1: Research Background - Traumatic injuries to the CNS, including TBI and SCI, often lead to long-term disabilities across all age groups due to complex pathological processes involving primary and secondary injuries [2]. - Primary injuries cause immediate mechanical damage and local tissue injury, triggering a series of molecular and biochemical events that lead to secondary injuries, often exacerbated by immune cell activation and neuroinflammation [2]. Group 2: Development of SeNExo - The research team developed SeNExo, a selenium-modified exosome from neural stem cells, which can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has the ability to clear reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provide neuroprotection [3][6]. - SeNExo retains the beneficial properties of neural stem cell-derived exosomes while overcoming limitations such as the negative impact of pathological microenvironments on stem cell survival and differentiation [5][6]. Group 3: Mechanism and Efficacy - SeNExo enhances ROS clearance through a selenium-oxygen bond and penetrates the BBB via interactions with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (APOE_LRP-1) [6][7]. - The study demonstrated that SeNExo significantly reduces neuronal apoptosis, restores glial cell homeostasis, and remodels the glial-neuronal network, leading to substantial therapeutic effects in TBI and SCI mouse models [6][7].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the breakthrough technology BindCraft, which allows for the one-shot design of functional protein binders with a success rate of 10%-100%, significantly improving the efficiency of protein design compared to traditional methods [2][3][5]. Summary by Sections BindCraft Technology - BindCraft is an open-source, automated platform for de novo design of protein binders, achieving high-affinity binders without the need for high-throughput screening or experimental optimization [3][5]. - The technology leverages AlphaFold2's weights to generate protein binders with nanomolar affinity, even in the absence of known binding sites [3][5]. Applications and Results - The research team successfully designed binders targeting challenging targets such as cell surface receptors, common allergens, de novo proteins, and multi-domain nucleases like CRISPR-Cas9 [3][7]. - Specific applications include: 1. Designing antibody drugs targeting therapeutic cell surface receptors like PD-1 and PD-L1, achieving nanomolar affinity without extensive design and screening [7]. 2. Blocking allergens, with a designed binder for birch pollen allergen Bet v1 showing a 50% reduction in IgE binding in patient serum tests [7][8]. 3. Regulating CRISPR gene editing by designing a new inhibitory protein that significantly reduces Cas9's gene editing activity in HEK293 cells [8]. 4. Neutralizing deadly bacterial toxins, with a designed protein completely eliminating cell death caused by the toxin from Clostridium perfringens [8]. 5. Modifying AAV for targeted gene delivery by integrating mini-binders that specifically target HER2 and PD-L1 expressing cancer cells [8]. Impact and Future Potential - BindCraft addresses long-standing success rate bottlenecks in protein design and offers direct solutions for allergy treatment, gene editing safety, toxin neutralization, and targeted gene therapy [9]. - The open-source nature of the technology allows ordinary laboratories to design custom proteins, potentially reshaping drug development, disease diagnosis, and biotechnology [9].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 诸如 跳跃 之类的快速动作需要将大量势能迅速转化为动能。对于 机器人系统 而言，这可能会使机载电源达到极限。 空化效应 （ Cavitation ） ， 指液体在低压或高温区域形成蒸汽气泡的过程，通常具有破坏性，但其能量也可被用于驱动执行器和机器人。 在这项最新研究中，研究团队通过抑制空化的即时能量释放 （直至达到稳定性极限） ，利用其在过热液体中积累大量能量。这些高能且不稳定的 气泡会剧烈坍缩，爆发高功率和高作用力，从而驱动运动。 值得注意的是，研究团队 基于空化效应的发射机制开发了毫米级微型器件，其通过空化发射可实现 1.5 米的跳跃高度，达到 12 m/s的峰值速度 、 7.14×10⁴m/s²的加速度以及 0.64% 的能量转换效率 ；该器件还能够以 12 cm/s 的速度在水面游动。 该研究首次创新性地提出并验证了一种 基于 空化效应 的高效发射机制 ，通过精确控制液体中气泡的剧烈溃灭过程，将传统上具有破坏性的空化现 象转化为可控、高效的动力源，成功实现了微小型器件的高速跳跃、游泳和精准运动，在 智能生物技术 领域展现出重要的应用潜力。 而现在，来自 浙江农林 ...