撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 黄单胞菌属 （ Xanthomonas spp. ） 能引发 400 多种植物的严重病害。其中保守的 AvrBs2 家族效应蛋 白是黄单胞菌最重要的毒力因子之一，但 AvrBs2 是如何促进侵染的，其中的机制尚不明确。 2025 年 12 月 18 日，吉林农业大学 孙文献 教授、 杜克大学 何胜洋 院士、中国农业大学 王善之 （ 西 南大学植物保护学院含弘研究员 ） 等人在国际顶尖学术期刊 Science 上发表了题为： A bacterial nutrition strategy for plant disease control 的研究论文。 该研究发现，黄单胞菌效应蛋白 AvrBs2 利用植物来源的碳水化合物合成一种名为 Xanthosan 的化合物， 然后将其输出到细胞外空间，并将其水解以供细菌代谢。在此基础上，研究团队提出了 "抗营养" （ anti- nutrition ） 策略， 有望应用 于防治多种黄单胞菌病害。 在这项最新研究中，研究团队发现， AvrBs2 是一种源自甘油磷酸二酯酶的合成酶，可催化尿苷-5′-二磷 酸-α-d-半乳糖生成糖磷酸二酯化 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the development of a novel all-optical chip named LightGen, which addresses the significant computational power shortage faced by large-scale generative artificial intelligence, particularly in visual generation tasks [1][4]. Group 1: Research Development - A research team led by Assistant Professor Chen Yitong from Shanghai Jiao Tong University published a paper in the journal Science on December 18, 2025, detailing their work on the LightGen chip [2]. - The LightGen chip is designed for large-scale intelligent semantic vision generation and integrates millions of photonic neurons to achieve high-resolution image generation, denoising, style transfer, and 3D generation and manipulation [3][4]. Group 2: Performance and Efficiency - Experimental results indicate that the LightGen chip's end-to-end computational speed and energy efficiency exceed that of the most advanced electronic chips by more than two orders of magnitude, paving the way for the advancement of large visual generative models [4].

Core Insights - The article highlights seven significant scientific breakthroughs in 2025, showcasing advancements in gene editing, renewable energy, species protection, and disease control, which collectively instill confidence in the future of humanity [1]. Group 1: Species Protection - Several endangered species have shown significant population recovery in 2025, including the green sea turtle, which has been downgraded from "endangered" to "least concern" due to effective protection measures [5]. - The Antechinus, a small marsupial in Australia, has also recovered from near extinction to "least concern," with its habitat expanding by 48,000 square kilometers despite challenges like drought [5]. - The United Nations' High Seas Treaty, approved by over 60 countries, aims to protect biodiversity in international waters and secure at least 30% of land and marine areas [6]. Group 2: Ozone Layer Recovery - The Antarctic ozone hole has shrunk to its smallest size since 2019, indicating ongoing recovery of the Earth's protective upper atmosphere [7]. - The average annual size of the ozone hole has been decreasing since the 1987 Montreal Protocol, with hopes for complete recovery by the late 2060s if climate-friendly alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons are pursued [9]. Group 3: Gene Editing Advances - 2025 is marked as a breakthrough year for gene editing, with significant medical achievements including a Huntington's disease gene therapy that reduced cognitive decline by 75% [11]. - A CAR-T cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed substantial remission rates in clinical trials, and personalized CRISPR technology was tested for the first time on individuals [11][12]. - These advancements pave the way for developing mutation-specific strategies for rare diseases, highlighting collaboration between academia and industry [12]. Group 4: Renewable Energy Growth - Renewable energy surpassed coal for the first time in 2025, becoming the largest energy source globally, largely due to China's installation of 1 terawatt of solar power capacity [14]. - In the first half of 2025, China installed 256 gigawatts of solar systems, double the total installed in other regions [14]. - The EU sourced about half of its electricity from renewable energy in the second and third quarters, with expectations of nearly 4,600 gigawatts of renewable capacity added between 2025 and 2030 [16]. Group 5: Disease Control - The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was contained within 42 days, with 64 reported cases, thanks to rapid response and vaccination efforts [18]. - The World Health Organization approved the first malaria treatment for infants, which could significantly reduce malaria deaths among children under five [20]. - A new anti-malarial drug, Ganaplacide-Lumefantrine, showed a 97.4% success rate in treating malaria in clinical trials, potentially becoming the first new anti-malarial drug approved since 1999 [20]. Group 6: Allergy Reduction - Research indicates a significant decrease in peanut allergy rates among American children, with a 43% reduction in prevalence among children under three compared to 2012 [22]. - The approach of introducing infants to peanut products at four months old has been shown to greatly reduce the likelihood of developing allergies [22].

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 睡眠 是一种高度保守的本能行为，对健康和生存不可或缺。它支持多种认知和生理过程，包括记忆巩固、 情绪处理、废物清除和代谢调节。 睡眠 还与 免疫系统 存在双向互动：睡眠缺失会导致免疫系统失调，最终引发死亡；反之，当机体产生免 疫应答后，动物的睡眠时间会显著增加。这种睡眠时长的增加能促进疾病或损伤期间的功能恢复与生存。 然而，免疫系统调控睡眠的具体机制，目前尚未被完全阐明。 近日， 深圳医学科学院神经调控与认知研究所 丹扬 资深研究员、 姚园园 特聘研究员作为共通讯作者，在 Science 子刊 Science Advances 上发表了题为： Brainstem circuit for sickness-induced sleep 的研究 论文。 该研究解析了 疾病促进睡眠的脑干环路 —— 外周免疫激活孤束核-臂旁核神经通路，进而通过调控蓝斑去 甲肾上腺素释放，从而促进睡眠。 在这项新研究中，研究团队发现了一条源自 孤束核 （NST） 的 脑干神经环路 ，该回路介导了 疾病诱导 的非快速眼动睡眠 （ sickness-induced nonrapid eye movem ...

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 12 月 17 日， 国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上线了 19 篇论文，其中， 9 篇来自华人学者 （包括作为通讯 作者和第一作者的论文） 。 12 月 17 日， 中日友好医院 杨文英 教授 作为通讯作者 （ 北京医院·国家老年医学中心 郭立新 教授、中 日友好医院 张波 主任医师为共同第一作者 ） ，在 Nature 期刊发表了题为： Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes （玛 仕度肽与度拉糖肽在中国 2 型糖尿病成人患者 中的对比研究 ） 的研究论文 【1】 。 12 月 17 日， 信达生物 钱镭 博士作为通讯作者， 南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院 朱大龙 教授和 山东第一 医科大学附属省立医院 赵家军 教授作为共同第一作者兼共同通讯作者，在 Nature 期刊发表了题为： Mazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes （ 玛 仕度肽 与安慰剂在中国 2 型糖 尿病成人患者中的对比研究 ...

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 实体瘤 的治疗耐受性常源于癌细胞中同源重组 （ Homologous Recombination， HR） 修复能力的增强，但该通路的系统性调控机制尚不明确。 2025 年 12 月 17 日， 中山大学中山医学院 潘超云 团队联合中山大学附属第一医院 刘军秀 / 李洁 团队及华中科技大学同济医院 高庆蕾 团队 （ 李洁 、 卢靖 怡 、 郑翠苗 、 黄茜 、 李浩源 为论文共同第一作者 ） ，在 Cell 子刊 Cell Metabolism 上发表了题为： Serotonin-licensed macrophages potentiate chemoresistance via inositol metabolic crosstalk in ovarian cancer 的研究。 该研究首次揭示外周 血清素 （5-HT） 通过肿瘤相关巨噬细胞 （TAM） 增强肿瘤细胞的 DNA 同源重组修复，导致卵巢癌化疗耐药的作用机制，并创新性地提 出将常用的 SSRI 类抗抑郁药物 氟西汀 作为化疗增敏剂的潜在治疗策略。 在这项最新研究中，研究团队发现了一类对 血清素 （5-H ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a breakthrough in reversing immune aging through mRNA technology, which allows the liver to temporarily act as a "protein factory" to produce three key immune nutritional factors, enhancing immune responses in aged mice [1][2]. Group 1: Immune Aging and Its Challenges - Aging leads to significant changes in the immune system, including thymic shrinkage and reduced T cell production, resulting in decreased immune diversity and response to pathogens and cancer [4]. - Traditional methods to reverse immune aging, such as hormone therapy and cytokine injections, have shown limited effectiveness and often come with side effects [5][6]. Group 2: Innovative Approach - The research team utilized multi-omics analysis to identify weakened immune signaling pathways in aged mice, specifically the Notch, FLT3L, and IL-7 pathways, which are crucial for T cell development and function [8]. - A liver DFI reconstruction strategy was designed, encapsulating mRNA coding for DLL1, FLT3L, and IL-7 in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for intravenous injection targeting the liver, which retains good function even in old age [8]. Group 3: Remarkable Outcomes - Post-treatment, aged mice exhibited significant thymic regeneration, increased new T cell numbers, and improved T cell receptor diversity, indicating a rejuvenation of the immune system [11]. - The treated aged mice showed a twofold increase in antigen-specific T cell numbers and response intensity to vaccines, nearing levels seen in younger mice [12]. - In tumor models, 40% of treated aged mice completely cleared tumors, while all control mice died due to tumor progression, indicating enhanced anti-tumor capabilities [14]. Group 4: Safety and Reversibility - The therapy is characterized by its safety, as effects diminish after treatment cessation, avoiding long-term uncontrolled risks. In models prone to spontaneous diabetes, the treatment did not accelerate disease progression, indicating it does not disrupt immune tolerance [18]. - Compared to traditional recombinant cytokine therapies, the mRNA approach resulted in significantly reduced systemic inflammatory responses and maintained normal liver and kidney function indicators, showcasing better safety profiles [19]. Group 5: Future Prospects - This research highlights the potential of using the liver for therapeutic protein production, which could serve as a universal strategy against age-related diseases, including cancer [21]. - The method's adjustability and reversibility allow for precise control over treatment duration, and it may be applicable to other key factors diminished by aging, offering new insights for various age-related diseases [21][22]. - The study opens new paradigms for systemic treatment through organ-specific delivery, providing innovative solutions to combat immune aging [23].

编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 深圳医学科学院 （Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation，SMART） ， 是一家为 未来医学科学开辟新道路的机构。SMART 致力于探索最能激发原始创新的新机制，同时培养一支能够应对 紧迫挑战的顶尖人才团队。在 SMART，将科学技术转化为全民健康是我们工作的核心。SMART 采用全过 程方法，不断突破生物医学研究的界限， 打通临床医学、基础研究、产业转化等环节之间的障碍 。扎根深 圳，SMART 敢于梦想，致力于将深圳建设成为人才汇聚的智慧之城和全球生物医学科学的强大力量。 感染与免疫是 深圳医学科学院 （SMART） 及其姊妹机构 深圳湾实验室 （SZBL） 的重点研究方向。 此次将招聘多位主要在 SMART 人类免疫学研究所任职的教职人员，研究重点包括但不限于微生物致病 性、病原体与宿主的相互作用、T 细胞和 B 细胞生物学、病毒免疫学以及系统免疫学。 福利待遇 欲了解更多关于 SMART 的信息，请访问网站：https://smart.org.cn/en/ 。 招聘职位与资格条件 资深研究员 （ Senio ...

Core Viewpoint - The research published by the University of Pennsylvania reveals that the strong immune response triggered by mRNA vaccines is a result of the synergistic interaction between two core components: modified mRNA and lipid nanoparticles (LNP), which together guide the immune system to produce effective germinal center responses, leading to the generation of durable neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells [1][2][18]. Group 1: Mechanism of mRNA Vaccines - mRNA vaccines deliver mRNA encoding viral proteins to human cells, prompting them to produce viral antigens and train the immune system. Early studies indicated that unmodified mRNA could cause excessive inflammatory responses, which scientists mitigated through nucleotide modifications [5][6]. - The study challenges the traditional view that modified mRNA is "immune-silent," demonstrating that mRNA components can induce the production of type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), which activate dendritic cells (DC) and enhance the differentiation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, crucial for germinal center responses [8][9]. Group 2: Role of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNP) - LNPs, typically seen as mere carriers for mRNA, possess significant adjuvant activity, directly regulating the transcriptional program of dendritic cells and promoting Tfh cell differentiation [10][11]. - LNPs induce dendritic cells to express soluble CD25, which neutralizes IL-2, a cytokine that inhibits Tfh cell differentiation, thereby facilitating Tfh cell development [11]. - The study shows that LNPs enhance immune signaling locally at the injection site, explaining their high efficiency and safety [11][12]. Group 3: Synergistic Effects of mRNA and LNP - The research indicates that both mRNA and LNP components are essential for optimal immune responses. Using LNP alone with recombinant proteins resulted in weaker immune reactions compared to the combination with modified mRNA [13][14]. - The presence of mRNA enhances the quality of Tfh cells, making them more likely to produce IFN-γ and IL-21, which are critical for B cell responses, ultimately leading to stronger neutralizing antibody titers [13][14]. Group 4: Implications for Future Vaccine Design - This study not only elucidates the mechanisms behind the success of mRNA vaccines but also provides a blueprint for the design of next-generation vaccines. Adjustments to mRNA modifications or LNP components could precisely regulate the type and intensity of immune responses [16][18]. - The principles derived from this research could extend to cancer vaccines or infectious disease vaccines, enabling more effective immunotherapies [16].

Core Viewpoint - The research highlights the hidden enzyme diversity and distribution within the microbiome of fermented foods, emphasizing the untapped potential for enzyme resource development in food research [2][3][8]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study utilized AI-assisted functional annotation to uncover enzyme diversity in the fermented food microbiome, providing valuable insights for future microbial function exploration in food research [3][10]. - The research team explored 10,202 metagenomic assembled genomes from global fermented foods, identifying over 5 million enzyme sequences categorized into 98,693 homologous clusters, representing more than 3,000 enzyme types [6]. - Functional analysis revealed that 84.4% of these clusters are unannotated in current databases, with terpenoid and polyketide metabolic enzymes showing high novelty [6]. Group 2: Environmental Adaptability - Peptidases exhibited broad environmental adaptability based on predicted optimal temperature and pH, with 31.3% of enzyme clusters demonstrating food type specificity [6]. - A machine learning model was developed to classify the source of fermented foods based on enzyme clusters, highlighting the potential for targeted optimization in food production [6]. Group 3: Related Commentary - A commentary article published in the same journal emphasizes that AI-assisted functional annotation reveals hidden microbial enzyme diversity and distribution, providing clues for elucidating ecological roles and biotechnological potential [9][10].