晶体管 是现代电子技术的基础，传统上它们是刚性的、平面的和二维 （2D） 的，这限制了它们与生物系统的柔软、不规则和三维 （3D） 特性相融合。 随着有机生物电子学的发展，人们对开发性能优异的可拉伸半导体产生了浓厚兴趣。迄今为止，大多数方法依赖于将半导体材料与弹性体混合，虽然其电子性能 良好，但这些材料的模量远高于生物组织，且无法通过离子插入进行调控。 而现在， 一块能像脑组织一样柔软、可拉伸，又能像传统晶体管一样精确调控电信号的半导体材料，从幻想走向现实。 撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 2025 年 11 月 20 日，香港大学 张 世 明 教 授团队与剑桥大学 George G. Malliaras 教授 团队合作，在国际顶尖学术期刊 Science 上发表了 题为： Increasing the dimensionality of transistors with hydrogels 的研究论文。 该研究成功研制出了 世界首款三维 （3D） 水凝胶半导体晶体管 ，其调制厚度达到毫米级别，同时具备生物组织级别的柔软度和生物相容性。 这项研究彻底打破了 二维 （2D） 电子器件 和三维 （3D） ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the significant impact of AI hardware, particularly GPUs, on the market, highlighting NVIDIA's rise to become one of the highest-valued companies globally due to its dominance in AI chip technology [1][3]. - It raises questions about the future of AI hardware, the trends shaping its development, and the emergence of new players in the market [1][3]. AI Hardware Market Dynamics - The AI boom continues despite fluctuations, with substantial investments from the U.S. government and the EU aimed at enhancing AI capabilities [3][4]. - NVIDIA holds approximately 90% of the global gaming GPU and data center GPU market, with a projected revenue growth of over 50% in 2025 compared to 2024, which already saw a record revenue of $130.4 billion [4][3]. GPU Demand and Alternatives - The demand for GPUs in AI is driven by their parallel processing architecture, which allows for rapid handling of large datasets, crucial during the AI training phase [6][7]. - Alternatives to GPUs include Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), each with distinct advantages and limitations [7][8]. Competitive Landscape - The competitive landscape is evolving, with AMD and Intel as key competitors to NVIDIA, though NVIDIA's CUDA programming environment offers significant advantages over AMD's ROCm [10][11]. - Intel's Gaudi 3 chip, aimed at competing with NVIDIA, has faced challenges in gaining market traction due to NVIDIA's established dominance [12]. Emerging Players and Innovations - Companies like Google are developing their own chips, such as TPUs, to reduce reliance on NVIDIA, indicating a shift in the competitive dynamics of the AI hardware market [12][13]. - Startups like Cerebras, SambaNova, and Groq are emerging with innovative solutions that could challenge NVIDIA's position in the long term [14][15]. Future Trends in AI Hardware - The future of AI hardware may involve a hybrid model combining GPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and new chip architectures, driven by the need for differentiation based on workload types [18]. - Key technological advancements such as silicon photonics, neuromorphic computing, and quantum computing are expected to influence the AI chip market, although their specific impacts remain uncertain [17][18].

Core Insights - The article discusses a new navigation system called LENS developed by researchers at Queensland University of Technology, which mimics human brain perception to enable robots to navigate without GPS or high energy consumption [1][2]. Group 1: Technology and Innovation - LENS is inspired by the brain's neural information encoding, aiming to allow robots to perform complex tasks with minimal energy, similar to the human brain's efficiency of processing information with just 20 watts [1]. - The system utilizes a novel "dynamic vision sensor" or "event camera" that activates pixels only when detecting changes in brightness or motion, significantly reducing unnecessary energy consumption [1][2]. - The neural architecture designed for LENS processes information through electrical pulses, simulating real neuronal signal transmission and enabling adaptive learning [2]. Group 2: Performance and Applications - LENS operates with energy consumption less than 10% of traditional navigation systems and occupies only 180 KB of storage, making it highly efficient for recognizing locations within an 8-kilometer range [2]. - The system is particularly advantageous in environments where traditional navigation methods fail, such as disaster sites, tunnels, dense forests, or extraterrestrial locations, as it does not rely on external positioning support [2]. - Initial tests indicate that LENS demonstrates comparable positioning accuracy and system stability to traditional navigation methods [2]. Group 3: Future Development and Challenges - The LENS system is still in the research and development phase, with potential for significant advancements as processor performance, sensor accuracy, and algorithm models improve [3]. - Key challenges for widespread application include enhancing the stability of the system in response to non-continuous event information and improving the capabilities of neuromorphic processors [3]. - Successful industrialization of this technology will depend on achieving deep collaboration among various sensory modalities, efficient support from brain-like chips, and the continuous evolution of adaptive algorithms [3].

Core Insights - A new navigation system named LENS has been developed by researchers at Queensland University of Technology, which mimics human brain perception to enable robots to navigate without GPS or high energy consumption [1][2] - The system utilizes a novel type of camera called "dynamic vision sensor" or "event camera," which only activates pixels when detecting changes in brightness or motion, significantly reducing unnecessary energy consumption [1][2] - LENS operates with energy consumption less than 10% of traditional navigation systems and occupies only 180 KB of storage, making it highly efficient for use in complex environments [2] Group 1 - The LENS system represents a shift from traditional navigation methods that rely on pre-set high-precision maps and large computing power, focusing instead on real-time environmental adaptation and energy efficiency [3] - The system has shown preliminary performance comparable to traditional navigation methods in terms of positioning accuracy and system stability under various testing conditions [2][3] - Future developments aim to expand the recognition range of LENS and integrate it into lightweight vehicles or wearable devices for enhanced adaptability and longer endurance in diverse mobile scenarios [3] Group 2 - The core breakthrough of the LENS system lies in its ability to operate without external positioning support, making it suitable for applications in signal-blind areas such as disaster sites, tunnels, and remote locations [2] - The research team acknowledges that the system is still in the development phase, with potential for significant advancements as processor performance, sensor accuracy, and algorithm models improve [3] - Key challenges for widespread application include enhancing the stability of the system in real-world environments and achieving deep collaboration among various perception modalities [3]

Core Insights - The Vision Iconic concept car represents Mercedes-Benz's vision for future mobility, incorporating groundbreaking innovations such as neuromorphic computing, steer-by-wire technology, solar coatings, and Level 4 autonomous driving capabilities [2][5][7] Design and Aesthetics - The Vision Iconic concept car showcases a new design language that blends historical elements with modern digital aesthetics, featuring a reinterpreted iconic grille and a striking three-pointed star emblem [2] - The interior design is inspired by Art Deco, providing a luxurious experience with a floating glass structure and a combination of classic analog and digital displays [4] Technological Innovations - The innovative solar module can be seamlessly applied to the vehicle's surface, potentially increasing the range by 12,000 kilometers annually under ideal conditions, with solar cells achieving up to 20% efficiency [5] - Neuromorphic computing is being developed to enhance AI efficiency and speed, with the potential to reduce energy consumption for autonomous driving data processing by 90% [7] User Experience - The Vision Iconic concept car aims to create a lounge-like atmosphere with advanced digital luxury features, including a cinematic dashboard display and AI integration [4] - Steer-by-wire technology enhances driving experience and safety, particularly for longer vehicles, improving maneuverability and parking convenience [7] Fashion and Design Collaboration - Mercedes-Benz is not only a leader in automotive design but also actively participates in the global fashion and design industry, as evidenced by the capsule collection launched alongside the Vision Iconic concept car during Shanghai Fashion Week [9]

Core Insights - The article discusses the journey of Naveen Rao and his team from founding Nervana Systems to their new venture, Unconventional, highlighting the evolution of the AI hardware market and the challenges faced by startups in this space [1][30]. Group 1: Founding of Nervana Systems - In 2014, the founders of Nervana, including Naveen Rao, Amir Khosrowshahi, and Arjun Bansal, recognized the potential of deep learning and aimed to address the hardware limitations in AI processing [2][3]. - The team, all with backgrounds in neuroscience, was motivated by a fascination with intelligent machines and aimed to design specialized chips for machine learning [4][7]. Group 2: Acquisition by Intel - In 2016, Intel acquired Nervana for approximately $350 million to strengthen its position in the deep learning chip market, which was being dominated by NVIDIA [10][11]. - Following the acquisition, Rao led Intel's AI platform division, where they developed the Nervana NNP series of chips aimed at competing with NVIDIA's offerings [13][15]. Group 3: Challenges and Setbacks - Despite initial success, Intel announced in 2020 that it would cease development of the Nervana chips in favor of the technology acquired from Habana Labs, which posed a direct competition to Nervana's products [21][22]. - The performance of Habana's chips significantly outperformed Nervana's, leading to doubts about the future of Nervana within Intel's product lineup [19][21]. Group 4: Launch of Unconventional - After leaving Intel, Rao founded Unconventional, aiming to raise $1 billion with a target valuation of $5 billion, significantly higher than Nervana's previous valuation [26][30]. - Unconventional seeks to rethink the foundations of computing, potentially leveraging neuromorphic computing principles to create more efficient AI hardware [27][28]. Group 5: Market Dynamics - The AI hardware market has dramatically changed since 2014, with NVIDIA's market cap soaring to over $4 trillion and a surge in competition from both established companies and new startups [30][31]. - The current landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for new entrants like Unconventional, including the need to compete against NVIDIA's established ecosystem and address customer inertia [31][32].

Core Insights - A team from Linköping University in Sweden has developed artificial neurons made from conductive plastics that can simulate advanced functions of biological neurons, exhibiting up to 17 key characteristics [1][2] - This breakthrough in artificial neurons opens up vast prospects for next-generation implantable sensors, medical devices, and advanced robotics [1] Group 1: Technological Advancements - The research demonstrates that organic electronics are not merely flexible alternatives to silicon-based electronics but have the potential to achieve new forms of neuromorphic computing, effectively connecting biology and electronics [2] - The team has simplified the basic structure of artificial neurons, previously achieving 15 out of 22 key characteristics of biological neurons, but the earlier design relied on multiple components, limiting practical applications [2] Group 2: Functional Capabilities - The newly developed artificial neurons can perform a function called "anti-coincidence detection," activating only when one input signal is present while another is absent, a mechanism widely found in the human nervous system [1] - This capability enables the integration of more sensitive and intelligent tactile feedback in prosthetics or robotics in the future [1] Group 3: Biological Compatibility - The new artificial neurons are not only more powerful but also comparable in size to real human nerve cells, demonstrating high biocompatibility and integration potential [2] - This development represents one of the simplest and most biologically relevant artificial neurons reported to date, paving the way for direct integration into living tissues or soft robotic systems [2]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) processing solutions, highlighting the need for companies to balance current performance with future adaptability in AI models and methods. Various processing units such as GPUs, ASICs, NPUs, and FPGAs are being utilized across different applications, from high-end smartphones to low-power edge devices [1][12]. Summary by Sections AI Processing Units - Companies are exploring a range of processing units for AI tasks, including GPUs, ASICs, NPUs, and DSPs, each with unique advantages and trade-offs in terms of power consumption, performance, flexibility, and cost [1][2]. - GPUs are favored in data centers for their scalability and flexibility, but their high power consumption limits their use in mobile devices [2]. - NPUs are optimized for AI tasks, offering low power and low latency, making them suitable for mobile and edge devices [2]. - ASICs provide the highest efficiency and performance for specific tasks but lack flexibility and have high development costs, making them ideal for large-scale, targeted deployments [3]. Custom Silicon - The trend towards custom silicon is growing, with major tech companies like NVIDIA, Microsoft, and Google investing in tailored chips to optimize performance for their specific software needs [4]. - Custom AI accelerators can provide significant advantages, but they require a robust ecosystem to support software development and deployment [4]. Flexibility and Adaptability - The rapid evolution of AI algorithms necessitates flexible hardware solutions that can adapt to new models and use cases, as traditional ASICs may struggle to keep pace with these changes [4][5]. - The need for adaptable architectures is emphasized, as AI capabilities may grow exponentially, putting pressure on decision-makers to choose the right processing solutions [4][5]. Role of DSPs and FPGAs - DSPs are increasingly being replaced or augmented by AI-specific processors, enhancing capabilities in areas like audio processing and motion detection [7]. - FPGAs are seen as a flexible alternative, allowing for algorithm updates without the need for complete hardware redesigns, thus combining the benefits of ASICs and general-purpose processors [8]. Edge Device Applications - Low-power edge devices are utilizing MCUs equipped with DSPs and NPUs to meet specific processing needs, differentiating them from high-performance mobile processors [10]. - The integration of AI capabilities into edge devices is becoming more prevalent, with companies developing specialized MCUs for machine learning and context-aware applications [10][11]. Conclusion - The edge computing landscape is characterized by a complex mix of specialized and general-purpose processors, with a trend towards customization and fine-tuning for specific workloads [12].

Market Overview - On June 17, the brain science sector experienced a collective surge, with stocks like Aipeng Medical and Innovation Medical hitting the daily limit, while others like Nanjing Panda and Beilu Pharmaceutical also saw significant gains [1][2]. Industry Developments - Chinese concept stocks in brain regeneration technology surged by 283% in the US market, with a cumulative increase of over 50 times this year [3]. - A research team from the University of California, Davis, developed a brain-machine interface that could help individuals with speech loss due to neurological diseases regain their ability to "speak" [3]. - Researchers have created a neuromorphic computer that mimics the human brain structure, potentially operating 250,000 to 1,000,000 times faster than a biological brain while consuming only 10 kilowatts of power [3]. - China has successfully conducted its first prospective clinical trial for invasive brain-machine interfaces, becoming the second country after the US to enter this stage [3]. Institutional Insights - The advancement of invasive brain-machine interface technology in China is expected to drive rapid growth in related industries, including high-end imaging equipment, surgical robots, and AI medical applications, benefiting leading companies in these sectors [4]. - The potential of neuromorphic computing could revolutionize fields such as AI, robotics, and healthcare, with applications in smart medical devices and autonomous vehicles [4]. - The brain-machine interface industry is witnessing breakthroughs in applications for movement recovery, communication, and hearing restoration, supported by favorable national policies [5].

Group 1: Market Performance - The easing of Middle East conflict concerns has led to a rebound in U.S. stocks, with the Dow Jones up 0.75%, S&P 500 up 0.94%, and Nasdaq up 1.52% [1] - Chip stocks rose by 3%, with AMD increasing nearly 9%, while airline stocks also saw significant rebounds, with United Airlines up over 6% [1] - Chinese concept stocks outperformed the market, with the Chinese concept index rebounding over 2%, and RGC (Regenerative Medicine) soaring over 280% [1] Group 2: Economic Indicators - Following news of Iran's willingness to resume negotiations, the U.S. dollar index hit a daily low, while crude oil and gold prices experienced significant drops, with crude oil falling 10% from its daily high [1] - U.S. Treasury yields hit a daily low but later rebounded after a stable auction of 20-year Treasury bonds [2] Group 3: Industry Developments - The National Medical Products Administration of China is seeking public opinion on optimizing the review and approval process for innovative drug clinical trials, proposing to reduce the review period from 60 days to 30 days [4] - Guangdong Province has issued an action plan to accelerate the high-quality development of the nuclear medicine industry, aiming to cultivate 3-5 leading enterprises by 2030 [5] - Job demand for humanoid robots has surged by 409% year-on-year in the first five months of this year, according to Zhilian Recruitment [6] Group 4: Stock Market Insights - The Shanghai Composite Index fell below the critical support level of 3380 points but found support in the 3350-3360 range, while the ChiNext Index rebounded after hitting the 2030 support level [8] - The military industry sector has shown strong performance due to the Paris Air Show and geopolitical tensions, while the innovative drug sector has experienced fluctuations [8] Group 5: New Policies and Initiatives - Starting July 1, Dalian and Hubei provinces will implement a tax refund policy for overseas travelers, expanding the network of tax refund stores significantly [11] - The Chinese Ministry of Finance announced a reduction in the minimum purchase amount for tax refunds from 500 yuan to 200 yuan, enhancing the convenience of the refund process [11] Group 6: Company Announcements - Xiaomi is set to launch its new SUV model, the YU7, at the end of June, which emphasizes long battery life, intelligent driving, and ecosystem connectivity [12] - The company aims to replicate its success in the smartphone industry within the automotive sector by leveraging its large user base and innovative capabilities [12]