地球在"变热"，应对气候变化的议题却在某些国家屡屡"遇冷"，反映出全球合作出现的裂痕。作为历史 上累计温室气体排放最多的国家，美国政府今年首度未派高级代表出席COP30，从雄心到资金，都在拖 累全球气候治理进程。 新华社巴西贝伦11月21日电记者手记｜从巴黎到贝伦感受气候谈判"冷"和"热" 新华社记者张晓茹赵焱周永穗 靠近赤道的巴西北部雨林城市贝伦，全年高温多雨，亚马孙河从这里奔腾入海。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）第三十次缔约方大会（COP30）正在此举行。东道 主巴西选择在这个小城举办COP30，意在警醒世人"地球之肺"亚马孙雨林地区既是吸收温室气体的碳 汇，也是对抗森林砍伐和气候变化的前线。 同样主题的大会，十年前曾在法国巴黎举行。巴黎在北纬48度左右，塞纳河穿城而过，冬季平均最高气 温不到10摄氏度。2015年底，尽管彼时的巴黎刚刚经历罕见的恐怖袭击事件，但全球150多个国家的领 导人如约而至，出席了《公约》第二十一次缔约方大会（COP21）开幕活动，为谈判注入强劲的政治推 动力。 当时，经过两周的艰苦谈判，COP21最终协商一致通过《巴黎协定》，对2020年后应对气候变化国际机 制 ...

Core Points - The global climate governance has entered a critical phase, with the world closely monitoring the progress of COP30 [1] - The Secretary-General emphasized the need for political will and flexibility to achieve a balanced solution that addresses emission reduction, adaptation, and financial support [1] - Funding is identified as a key issue for advancing global climate action, with a call for developed countries to mobilize $300 billion annually by 2035 and work towards a financing target of $1.3 trillion per year [1] - Multilateral development banks are urged to play a larger role in expanding climate finance supply, and necessary reforms in the global financial system are needed to better address climate challenges [1]

Group 1 - The COP30 conference is a significant milestone in global climate governance, with China promoting action and consensus to address current challenges [1] - China aims to enhance and implement its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), encouraging other countries to adopt more ambitious climate commitments [1][2] - The new NDC framework from China includes a clear target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 7%-10% from peak levels by 2035, alongside specific quantitative and qualitative indicators [2][3] Group 2 - China is committed to multilateralism and provides stable expectations for global climate governance through clear and measurable commitments [3] - The country is leading in clean energy, contributing over 60% of the global new wind and solar capacity in 2024, supporting both domestic and global decarbonization goals [3][4] - The national carbon trading market covers over 40% of China's CO2 emissions, with plans to increase coverage to over 60%, making it the largest carbon market globally [3][4] Group 3 - China is implementing systematic reforms to address its energy structure, aiming for an 18% reduction in carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 2024 compared to 2019 [4] - The country has integrated energy-saving and carbon reduction targets into local government performance assessments, fostering a collaborative approach to climate action [4] - China emphasizes open cooperation and aims to build a fair global climate governance system, actively engaging in South-South cooperation to assist developing countries [5] Group 4 - China is willing to collaborate with other nations to contribute to global ecological civilization and the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind [6]

Core Viewpoint - The ONCE initiative, led by Chinese scientists, aims to provide a comprehensive framework for ocean carbon sequestration, integrating various mechanisms to support global climate governance [1][2]. Group 1: ONCE Initiative Overview - The ONCE initiative is part of the United Nations' "Decade of Ocean Science" framework and involves 79 teams from 33 countries [1]. - The initiative combines four major ocean carbon sink mechanisms, creating a "four-pump integration" theoretical system [1]. - ONCE proposes a "triple pragmatic" approach that is fair, reasonable, and executable, aiming to translate scientific findings into policy [1]. Group 2: International Collaboration and Support - ONCE has signed cooperation agreements with marine institutions in countries like Brazil and Chile [1]. - The initiative is seen as a crucial step in bridging the gap between data and decision-making, providing scientific basis for effective ocean carbon storage regulations [2]. - The leadership of Chinese scientists in advocating for ONCE is highlighted as a strong example of international cooperation [2].

Core Viewpoint - The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) in Belém, Brazil, emphasizes the need for global cooperation to address climate change, accelerate emission reductions, and promote an inclusive and just transition [6][9]. Group 1: Climate Agreements and Actions - The Paris Agreement, reached 10 years ago, has successfully reduced the projected global temperature rise from over 4°C to between 2.1°C and 2.8°C by the end of the century [6]. - China has consistently advocated for multilateralism and has made significant contributions to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, showcasing its commitment to global climate governance [7][17]. - China has set ambitious national contributions, including a target for carbon intensity reduction by 2020 and a commitment to achieve peak carbon emissions before 2030, followed by a goal for carbon neutrality by 2060 [10][11]. Group 2: International Cooperation and Support - China has mobilized over 177 billion RMB for climate change South-South cooperation projects, supporting more than 120 developing countries through training and capacity-building initiatives [14][16]. - The "African Light Belt" project exemplifies China's efforts to provide clean energy solutions to developing nations, significantly improving energy access in countries like São Tomé and Príncipe [14]. - China plays a crucial role in facilitating climate funding negotiations, addressing the funding obligations of developed countries under the Paris Agreement, and providing financial support to developing nations [16]. Group 3: Technological Innovation and Green Transition - China aims to achieve a 19.8% share of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption by 2024, ahead of its 2030 targets, and has become a leader in renewable energy production and electric vehicle sales [11]. - The establishment of a national carbon trading market covering over 60% of carbon emissions demonstrates China's commitment to innovative solutions for reducing emissions [11]. Group 4: Leadership in Climate Negotiations - China has been instrumental in coordinating negotiations at climate conferences, often serving as a bridge between different parties to facilitate consensus [15][16]. - The country has taken on leadership roles in various negotiation topics, including climate finance and technology transfer, reinforcing its position as a key player in global climate governance [16].

Group 1: Global Climate Governance - The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) will be held in Belém, Brazil, from November 10 to 21, 2025, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement and the 30th anniversary of the climate conference [1] - The international climate governance landscape is challenged by setbacks in climate policies from developed countries, including the U.S. re-announcing its exit from the Paris Agreement, which undermines political consensus and funding support for global climate action [2] - The International Court has confirmed that countries have obligations to protect the climate system under international law, even if they are not party to relevant treaties, providing a positive signal for global climate governance [2] Group 2: China's Role in Climate Governance - China submitted its 2035 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) document, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 7% to 10% from peak levels by 2035 and to establish a comprehensive greenhouse gas monitoring system [3] - China's renewable energy capacity has been the largest globally for several years, with wind and solar installations accounting for over half of the global total [3] - China is promoting initiatives like the "Tropical Rainforest Sustainable Fund" and "Carbon Market Integrated Open Alliance" to provide sustainable financing channels for developing countries [3] Group 3: Climate Financing and South-South Cooperation - COP30 will focus on mobilizing $1.3 trillion annually for climate financing by 2035, reflecting the needs of developing countries, surpassing the previously set target of $300 billion [4] - China advocates for fair and win-win principles in climate financing and supports the South-South Cooperation Climate Fund to enhance the capacity of Asian, African, and Latin American countries to address climate change [4] Group 4: Adaptation and Just Transition - The conference will review 100 indicators for the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) under the Paris Agreement, addressing the significant funding gap for developing countries, which need $310 to $365 billion annually for climate risk adaptation [5] - China has accumulated experience in adaptation practices, such as sponge city construction and climate-smart agriculture, which are considered replicable models [5] Group 5: Climate and Trade Coordination - A new agenda item at COP30 will address the coordination between climate and trade, with concerns from developing countries about unilateral trade measures by developed nations, such as the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism [7] - China calls for consensus-based solutions within a multilateral framework to oppose "green protectionism" and supports Brazil's initiative to establish a "Climate and Trade Comprehensive Forum" [7] Group 6: Conclusion on Cooperation and Action - The agenda for COP30 is complex and challenging, but China's ongoing actions and constructive role provide certainty and hope for global climate governance [8] - The emphasis is on cooperation, inclusivity, and shared responsibility to address escalating climate risks and safeguard a common future [8]

Core Points - The article emphasizes the importance of global cooperation in addressing climate change, particularly in the context of the 10th anniversary of the Paris Agreement and the ongoing COP30 conference in Brazil [1][2] - It highlights China's commitment to multilateralism and its proactive role in climate governance, showcasing its achievements and future goals in reducing carbon emissions and promoting green technology [3][4][5] Group 1: Global Climate Governance - The COP30 conference focuses on finding common solutions to the climate crisis, accelerating emission reductions, and promoting an inclusive transition [1] - The Paris Agreement has successfully lowered the projected global temperature rise from over 4°C to between 2.1°C and 2.8°C by the end of the century [1] - China has consistently advocated for multilateralism and has taken practical actions to support global climate governance, despite setbacks from some countries [2] Group 2: China's Climate Commitments - China has exceeded its 2020 carbon intensity reduction target and has set ambitious goals for 2030, including a transition from carbon intensity control to absolute emission reductions [3][4] - The country aims for non-fossil energy to account for 19.8% of primary energy consumption by 2024, ahead of its 2030 targets [5] - China's carbon trading market covers over 60% of national carbon emissions, showcasing its commitment to effective climate action [5] Group 3: International Cooperation and Support - China has provided over 177 billion RMB in funding for climate change projects in developing countries, supporting capacity building and technology transfer [6][9] - The "African Solar Belt" project exemplifies China's efforts to enhance clean energy access in Africa, providing solar systems to households in need [7] - China plays a crucial role in facilitating negotiations at climate conferences, helping to bridge gaps between developed and developing nations [8][9]

Core Insights - The COP30 conference in Belem, Brazil, serves as a crucial platform for advancing global climate governance, particularly focusing on the Amazon rainforest, which is vital for sustainable development in the Global South [1][2] Group 1: China's Role in Climate Action - China has demonstrated commitment to its "dual carbon" goals, aiming for peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, which is driving significant changes in its energy structure and industrial system [1][2] - As the world's largest developing country, China is setting an example for other developing nations by balancing emission reductions with development, viewing climate action as a new driver for national growth [2][3] - China's leadership in international climate cooperation is reshaping the traditional model dominated by developed countries, emphasizing technology sharing and collaborative development [2][3] Group 2: Sino-Latin American Climate Cooperation - Climate cooperation between China and Latin America has expanded in scope, covering areas such as clean energy development, land restoration, low-carbon urban construction, and green finance [3] - China's position as the largest exporter of clean technology is crucial for reducing the costs of green transitions in Latin American countries [3] - The convergence of China's ecological civilization philosophy and Latin America's "good life" philosophy highlights a shared vision for sustainable development, emphasizing the balance between development rights and ecological rights [3] Group 3: Future Directions and Global Cooperation - The COP30 conference provides an opportunity for developing countries to assert their agency in climate governance, showcasing the need for equality, inclusivity, and cooperation in achieving a low-carbon future [3] - The conference aims to inspire a spirit of mutual respect and solidarity among nations, promoting collaborative efforts across policy, diplomacy, and technology to realize the concept of a shared human destiny [3]

Core Viewpoint - The COP30 conference in Brazil emphasizes the urgent need for consensus on key climate issues to achieve substantial outcomes, with a focus on accelerating climate financing and cooperation among nations [1][2]. Group 1: Investment and Financing - Countries have pledged to raise $1 trillion for clean energy and grid investments, supporting a global plan to quadruple sustainable fuel production [1] - The commitment reflects a broad consensus on the Paris Agreement as a framework for addressing the global climate crisis [1] Group 2: Climate Action Progress - A total of 118 countries have submitted their self-determined contribution targets, marking significant progress in global climate action [2] - The COP30 leadership aims to reach consensus on key issues like climate financing by mid-week and finalize the conference outcomes before its conclusion on the 21st [1]

Group 1 - The COP30 conference was held in Belem, Brazil, marking the first multilateral climate governance meeting since the signing of the Paris Agreement ten years ago [1] - China's Minister of Ecology and Environment highlighted the significant progress made in ecological civilization and green development under Xi Jinping's guidance, emphasizing the country's commitment to carbon reduction, pollution control, and green growth [1] - China actively participates in global environmental and climate governance, having played a key role in the establishment and implementation of the Paris Agreement and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework [1] Group 2 - The conference addressed various climate change-related issues, including energy transition, climate financing, and adaptation to climate change, with calls for unity among nations to find common solutions to the climate crisis [1] - China's continuous institutional innovation in green taxation is providing a "Chinese model" for global climate governance, promoting a green and low-carbon transformation of production and lifestyle through a comprehensive green tax system [2]