库存调整

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港股异动 | 华虹半导体(01347)早盘涨近8%创新高 近期宣布与华力微重组 高盛称公司已与客户谈判涨价
智通财经网· 2025-09-26 02:19
智通财经APP获悉,华虹半导体(01347)早盘涨近8%,高见71.4港元再创新高。截至发稿,涨5.51%,报 69.9港元,成交额16.41亿港元。 高盛近期发布研报称,由于全球成熟制程产能增加及终端市场增长放缓,2023年一季度以来华虹的产品 均价一直呈下行趋势。然而,在2024年三季度至2025年二季度产能利用率超过100%的支撑下,华虹已 开始与客户进行价格谈判,预计将反映在2025年三季度业绩中。尽管短期内均价涨幅不会很大,但该行 认为这是供需改善的积极信号。由于主要终端市场已完成库存调整,预计未来价格将呈现渐进且可持续 的上行趋势。 消息面上,华虹近期宣布与华力微重组,解决IPO承诺的同业竞争事项。华力微五厂主要为客户提供12 英寸集成电路晶圆代工服务,拥有3.8万片/月产能,为通信、消费电子等终端应用领域提供完整技术解 决方案,与公司均拥有65/55nm、40nm制程代工工艺。本次重组将进一步提升公司12英寸晶圆代工产 能,双方的优势工艺平台可实现深度互补,共同构建覆盖更广泛应用场景、更齐全技术规格的晶圆代工 及配套服务 ...
中国飞鹤(06186):25年中报点评:25H1经营多方面承压,25H2或趋势向好
ZHESHANG SECURITIES· 2025-09-07 12:39
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is maintained as "Buy" [8] Core Views - The company experienced a revenue decline of 9.4% year-on-year in the first half of 2025, with total revenue reaching 9.15 billion yuan and a net profit of 1.03 billion yuan, down 46% [1][2] - The decline in revenue is attributed to competitive pressures in the industry, consumer subsidies for childbirth, and inventory reduction efforts [2] - The gross margin decreased to 61.6%, down 6.3 percentage points, primarily due to an increased proportion of sales from raw milk products [3] - The company has a strong commitment to shareholder returns, distributing a mid-term dividend of 1 billion yuan, representing a 100% payout ratio [4] Financial Summary - Revenue projections for 2025-2027 are 19.04 billion, 19.99 billion, and 20.83 billion yuan, with year-on-year changes of -8.2%, +5.0%, and +4.2% respectively [5] - The forecasted net profit for the same period is 2.31 billion, 2.60 billion, and 2.98 billion yuan, with year-on-year changes of -35.4%, +13.0%, and +14.6% respectively [5] - The company’s earnings per share (EPS) for 2025 is projected at 0.25 yuan, with a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 15.71 [7]
富安娜(002327) - 2025年9月1日投资者关系活动记录表
2025-09-01 10:36
Group 1: Financial Performance Overview - In the first half of 2025, the company achieved a revenue of 1.091 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 16.56% [3] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 106 million yuan, down 51.31% year-on-year [3] - The net profit after deducting non-recurring items was 93 million yuan, a decline of 51.95% compared to the previous year [3] Group 2: Reasons for Revenue and Profit Decline - The decline in revenue and profit was primarily due to reduced sales from both direct and franchise stores, as well as extended inventory turnover periods for franchisees [4] - Increased sales expenses compared to the previous year also contributed to the profit decline [4] - The company plans to adjust marketing strategies and inventory structures to improve performance in the second half of the year [4] Group 3: Changes in Expenses and Accounts Receivable - Platform expenses increased due to changes in e-commerce channel policies and promotional activities [5] - Accounts receivable rose by 27 million yuan, mainly from the Sam's Club channel, following a renewed partnership [6] Group 4: Gross Margin Insights - The gross margin for the e-commerce channel was 49.41%, an increase of 2.89% year-on-year, attributed to a shift towards higher-priced, high-margin products [7] - The overall gross margin was 53.61%, down 1.41% year-on-year, due to increased inventory proportions and enhanced support for franchisees [8] Group 5: Dividend Policy - The company intends to maintain a stable and continuous dividend policy, barring significant market changes or unforeseen circumstances [8]
中国飞鹤(06186.HK)2025年中报点评:经营务实调整 股息率成支撑
Ge Long Hui· 2025-08-31 19:16
Core Viewpoint - The company reported a decline in revenue and profit for the first half of 2025, attributed to intensified competition and proactive inventory reduction measures [1] Financial Performance - The company achieved a main revenue of 9.151 billion yuan in H1 2025, a year-on-year decrease of 9.36% [1] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 1 billion yuan, down 46.66% year-on-year [1] - The gross profit margin was 61.58%, a decrease of 6.3 percentage points year-on-year [1] - The net profit margin was 10.93%, down 7.64 percentage points year-on-year [1] Revenue Breakdown - Revenue from ultra-high-end, high-end, ordinary, and adult milk powder was 6.19 billion, 1.69 billion, 330 million, and 290 million yuan respectively, with year-on-year changes of -13%, -14%, +3%, and -4% [1] - Online sales performed better than offline, with offline revenue at 6.58 billion yuan (down 15%) and online revenue at 2.57 billion yuan (up 10%) [1] Cost and Expenses - Selling expense ratio was 34.69%, a slight decrease of 0.33 percentage points year-on-year [1] - Management expense ratio increased to 8.46%, up 1.14 percentage points year-on-year due to reduced economies of scale and increased employee compensation [1] - Other income and gains decreased, primarily due to reduced government subsidies and interest income [1] Market Position and Strategy - The company faced significant operational pressure due to intensified market competition and slow approval of new ultra-high-end products [1] - The market share declined by over 1 percentage point to 18.2% in June 2025 [1] - The company is actively adjusting its operations, with inventory levels reaching healthy targets and plans to launch three customized products in the second half of the year [1] Future Outlook - The company aims to improve its operational performance through product launches and inventory adjustments, with expectations for revenue growth [1] - The target price for 2026 is set at 5.1 HKD, with a recommendation to monitor the performance of new products [2]
中国飞鹤(6186.HK):上半年收入利润承压 分红回购力度加大
Ge Long Hui· 2025-08-31 19:16
Core Viewpoint - The company experienced a decline in revenue and net profit in the first half of 2025, attributed to various market pressures, but maintained its leading market position in the industry [1][2]. Group 1: Financial Performance - In 25H1, the company achieved revenue of 9.15 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 9.4% [1]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 1 billion yuan, down 46.7% year-on-year [1]. - The overall gross margin for 25H1 was 61.6%, a decrease of 6.3 percentage points, primarily due to an increase in sales of lower-margin raw materials [2]. - The net profit margin for 25H1 was 11.3%, down 7.7 percentage points year-on-year [2]. - The company plans to invest no less than 1 billion yuan in share buybacks and distribute dividends of at least 2 billion yuan in 2025 [2]. Group 2: Market Position and Strategy - Despite the revenue decline, the company maintained the top market share in the infant formula sector, with an 18.2% market share as of June 2025 [1]. - The company launched a 1.2 billion yuan fertility subsidy plan in response to national policies, with most of the subsidies utilized in the second quarter [3]. - The company is expanding its overseas business, with overseas revenue of approximately 110 million yuan in 25H1, and plans to enter the U.S. market by the end of the year [3]. Group 3: Channel Development - The company operates through over 2,700 offline clients, covering about 70,000 retail points, and has conducted over 380,000 face-to-face activities to enhance consumer engagement [2]. - Online engagement has also been significant, with over 430 million visits to the membership platform and more than 22 million interactions on public accounts [2].
养殖油脂产业链周度策略报告-20250818
Fang Zheng Zhong Qi Qi Huo· 2025-08-18 04:13
1. Report Industry Investment Rating There is no information about the report industry investment rating in the provided content. 2. Core Views of the Report - **Soybean Oil**: The price of soybean oil broke through and rose this week. The market is worried about the supply of oilseeds in the fourth quarter. The soybean oil market is in a "weak reality + strong expectation" pattern. The 01 contract of soybean oil may continue to rise based on the 8400 level. It is recommended to hold long positions in the main 01 contract, consider 1 - 5 positive spread operations [3]. - **Rapeseed Oil**: China's temporary anti - dumping measures on imported Canadian rapeseed initially pushed up the price of rapeseed products. However, the import of rapeseed from other countries has alleviated supply concerns, and the price has fallen from its high. The price of palm oil provides some support, and the price is expected to fluctuate in the short term [3]. - **Palm Oil**: The high - frequency data shows poor production of Malaysian palm oil. The export of Malaysian palm oil from August 1 - 15 increased by 21.3% month - on - month. The replenishment demand of importing countries supports the price. There are potential positive factors for the price, and it is recommended to hold long positions [4]. - **Soybean Meal and Soybean No. 2**: The price of soybean meal broke through and rose. The situation of Sino - US trade remains severe, and there is an expectation of tight supply of soybeans for oil extraction in the fourth quarter. The 09 contract of soybean meal is expected to be strong, and long positions can be held. The 09 contract of soybean No. 2 is expected to fluctuate and adjust [3][4]. - **Rapeseed Meal**: After the change in trade policy, the price of rapeseed meal first rose and then fell. The supply can be partially supplemented by imports from other countries, and the demand is weak. The price is expected to stop falling and fluctuate [3][4]. - **Soybean No. 1**: The price of soybean No. 1 oscillated at a low level this week. The price in the Northeast is stable, but there is a downward expectation. New soybeans in Hubei are gradually on the market, and it is recommended to try short positions with a light position [5]. - **Peanut**: The inventory of peanuts in the producing areas is low, and the import volume is small. The new - season planting area has increased, and there is an expectation of a bumper harvest. It is recommended to short the 11 and 01 contracts on rebounds [6]. - **Corn and Corn Starch**: The futures prices continued to be weak this week. The external market is under pressure, and the domestic market also has supply pressure. It is recommended to hold short positions cautiously and consider option strategies such as selling wide - straddle combinations or out - of - the - money call options [7]. - **Pig**: The spot price of pigs was weakly volatile and generally stable over the weekend. Terminal consumption is expected to improve in late August. The futures price of far - month contracts rebounded after rising. It is recommended that aggressive investors hold long positions in the 2511 or 2601 contracts and buy the 2605 contract on dips [8][9]. - **Egg**: The spot price of eggs rebounded with fluctuations over the weekend. The current inventory is high, and the seasonal peak season in August needs further confirmation. It is recommended to buy the 10 or 11 contracts on dips and pay attention to the 11 - 1 spread [9]. 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs 3.1 First Part: Sector Strategy Recommendations 3.1.1 Market Analysis | Sector | Variety | Market Logic (Supply - Demand) | Support Level | Resistance Level | Market Judgment | Reference Strategy | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Oilseeds | Soybean No. 1 11 | Northeast soybean sentiment cools, new soybeans in Hubei are on the market, price expected to fall steadily | 3900 - 3930 | 4145 - 4150 | Oscillatory decline | Try short positions with a light position | | | Soybean No. 2 09 | Sino - US trade situation is severe, import cost rises, fewer purchases in the fourth quarter | 3640 - 3670 | 3950 - 4000 | Oscillatory strength | Temporarily wait and see | | | Peanut 11 | Low old - season inventory, increased new - season area, reduced cost | 7500 - 7600 | 8100 - 8162 | Oscillatory decline | Hold short positions | | Oils | Soybean Oil 01 | Fewer soybean purchases in the fourth quarter, expected tight supply in the future | 8230 - 8300 | 8880 - 9000 | Oscillatory rise | Hold long positions | | | Rapeseed Oil 01 | Fewer rapeseed purchases, increased imports from alternative countries | 9600 - 9610 | 10290 - 10333 | Oscillatory adjustment | Temporarily wait and see | | | Palm Oil 01 | Good export demand in the origin, concerns about Indonesian production | 9050 - 9074 | 9990 - 9990 | Oscillatory strength | Hold long positions | | Proteins | Soybean Meal 09 | Sino - US trade situation is severe, fewer soybean purchases in the fourth quarter, good expectation | 2950 - 2980 | 3200 - 3250 | Oscillatory strength | Hold long positions | | | Rapeseed Meal 01 | Fewer rapeseed purchases, increased imports from alternative countries, weak demand | 2431 - 2460 | 2698 - 2708 | Oscillatory adjustment | Temporarily wait and see | | Energy and By - products | Corn 11 | Imported corn auctions continue, new - season is under pressure, short - term price continues to seek the bottom | 2150 - 2160 | 2240 - 2250 | Oscillatory weakness | Hold short positions cautiously | | | Starch 09 | Corn price at the cost end is under pressure, spot supply remains loose | 2590 - 2600 | 2720 - 2730 | Oscillatory weakness | Hold short positions cautiously | | Livestock | Pig 11 | Feed price stops falling and rebounds, industry has capacity - reduction policy | 13000 - 13500 | 14500 - 15000 | Oscillatory rebound | Hold long positions | | | Egg 10 | Capacity pressure + consumption peak - season expectation | 3200 - 3300 | 3600 - 3700 | Oscillatory bottom - seeking | Buy on dips | [12] 3.1.2 Basis and Spot - Futures Strategies The report provides the spot prices, price changes, and basis data of various varieties in different sectors, including oilseeds, oils, proteins, energy and by - products, and livestock [13][14]. 3.2 Second Part: Key Data Tracking Table 3.2.1 Oilseeds and Oils - **Daily Data**: It includes the import cost data of soybeans, rapeseeds, and palm oil from different origins and shipping periods, such as the CNF price, import duty - paid price, and cost of soybean meal or rapeseed meal when the crushing profit is zero [14][15]. - **Weekly Data**: It shows the inventory and operating rate data of various oilseeds and oils, such as the inventory of soybeans, rapeseeds, palm oil, peanuts, and the operating rate of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and peanut oil production [16]. 3.2.2 Feed The report provides the weekly data of corn and corn starch, including the consumption, inventory, operating rate, and inventory of deep - processing enterprises [16]. 3.2.3 Livestock - **Pig**: It provides the weekly data of the pig market, including spot prices, breeding costs, profits, slaughter data, and other indicators [17]. - **Egg**: It provides the weekly data of the egg market, including supply - side data (production rate, inventory, etc.), demand - side data (inventory), and profit data [18]. 3.3 Third Part: Fundamental Tracking Charts - **Livestock (Pig and Egg)**: It includes charts of the closing prices of pig and egg futures contracts, spot prices, and related data [20][21][22][23][25][26][27]. - **Oilseeds and Oils**: It includes charts of the production, export, inventory, and other data of palm oil, soybean oil, and peanuts [29][36][43]. - **Feed**: It includes charts of the prices, basis, inventory, consumption, and profit data of corn, corn starch, rapeseed, and soybean meal [47][55][63][69]. 3.4 Fourth Part: Options Situation of Feed, Livestock, and Oils The report provides charts of the historical volatility of various varieties and the trading volume, open interest, and put - call ratio of corn options [70][75][76]. 3.5 Fifth Part: Warehouse Receipt Situation of Feed, Livestock, and Oils The report provides charts of the warehouse receipt quantity of various varieties, including rapeseed meal, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, palm oil, peanuts, corn, corn starch, pig, and egg [81][82][83][84][89][91]
南华期货棉花棉纱周报:USDA超预期下调库存,国内旺季备货缓慢开启-20250815
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-08-15 10:53
Report Investment Rating - Not provided in the report Core Viewpoints - This week, Zhengzhou cotton rebounded close to the previous high after the adjustment in the USDA report. There is an optimistic outlook for the new - year cotton production. As the "Golden September and Silver October" peak season approaches, the downstream market shows marginal improvement, but the current recovery is limited. The USDA's August report tightened the global new - year cotton supply - demand expectations. The low inventory of old cotton supports near - month contracts, and the short - term cotton price center may rise with the marginal improvement in the downstream. Attention should be paid to downstream stocking [5]. Summary by Related Catalogs Domestic Market Supply - As of August 7, the national new cotton sales rate was 97.7%, 6.7 percentage points higher year - on - year and 8.4 percentage points higher than the average of the past four years [2]. Import - In June, China's cotton import volume was 30,000 tons, a decrease of 10,000 tons month - on - month and 130,000 tons year - on - year; the cotton yarn import volume was 110,000 tons, an increase of 10,000 tons month - on - month and the same year - on - year; the cotton cloth import volume was 4,289.55 tons, a decrease of 3.44% month - on - month and 24.37% year - on - year [2]. Demand - In July, the domestic textile and clothing retail sales were 96.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 24.63% month - on - month and an increase of 1.80% year - on - year; the textile and clothing export volume was 26.766 billion US dollars, a decrease of 2.01% month - on - month and a decrease of 0.06% year - on - year [2]. Inventory - As of the end of July, the national cotton industrial and commercial inventory was 3.0882 million tons, a decrease of 644,600 tons from the end of June. The commercial inventory was 2.1898 million tons, a decrease of 640,000 tons from the end of June, and the industrial inventory was 898,400 tons, a decrease of 4,600 tons from the end of June [2]. International Market US Supply - As of August 10, the cotton budding rate in the US was 93%, 2 percentage points behind year - on - year and 1 percentage point behind the five - year average; the boll - setting rate was 65%, 7 percentage points behind year - on - year and 6 percentage points behind the five - year average; the flocculation rate was 8%, 4 percentage points behind year - on - year and 2 percentage points behind the five - year average. The overall good - quality rate of cotton plants was 53%, a decrease of 2 percentage points month - on - month and an increase of 7 percentage points year - on - year [2][3]. US Demand - From August 1 to 7, the net signing of US 25/26 - year upland cotton was 54,885 tons, a significant increase month - on - month, with 41,345 tons shipped; the net signing of Pima cotton was 476 tons, with 2,722 tons shipped; the net signing of 26/27 - year upland cotton was 249 tons, and there was no signing of 26/27 - year Pima cotton [3]. Southeast Asian Supply - As of August 8, the new - year cotton sowing area in India reached 10.7 million hectares, a decrease of about 2.7% year - on - year [3]. Southeast Asian Demand - In July, Vietnam's textile and clothing export volume was 3.911 billion US dollars, an increase of 8.7% month - on - month and 5.3% year - on - year; in June, Bangladesh's clothing export volume was 2.788 billion US dollars, a decrease of 28.87% month - on - month and 6.31% year - on - year; in June, India's clothing export volume was 1.31 billion US dollars, a decrease of 13.30% month - on - month and an increase of 1.23% year - on - year; in June, Pakistan's textile and clothing export volume was 1.522 billion US dollars, a decrease of 0.60% month - on - month and an increase of 7.59% year - on - year [3]. Futures Market - Zhengzhou cotton 01 contract closed at 14,120 yuan, up 320 yuan with a 2.32% increase; Zhengzhou cotton 05 contract closed at 14,090 yuan, up 340 yuan with a 2.47% increase; Zhengzhou cotton 09 contract closed at 13,835 yuan, up 195 yuan with a 1.43% increase. The CC Index 3128B was 15,216 yuan, up 38 yuan with a 0.25% increase; the CC Index 2227B was 13,335 yuan, up 26 yuan with a 0.2% increase; the CC Index 2129B was 15,486 yuan, up 28 yuan with a 0.18% increase. The FC Index M was 13,576 yuan, up 156 yuan with a 1.16% increase; the FCY Index C32s was 21,255 yuan, up 68 yuan with a 0.32% increase. The cotton yarn futures price was 20,185 yuan, up 580 yuan with a 2.96% increase, and the spot price was 20,720 yuan, up 100 yuan with a 0.48% increase [22][26].
关税影响缓和 英飞凌(IFNNY.US)略微上调全年盈利指引
Zhi Tong Cai Jing· 2025-08-05 07:05
Group 1 - Infineon Technologies (IFNNY.US) expects flat sales for the current fiscal quarter due to ongoing uncertainty regarding tariffs, which continues to impact revenue [1] - The company raised its full-year guidance for segment operating margin to a high teens range (approximately over 15%) after reporting better-than-expected Q3 results [1] - CEO Jochen Hanebeck noted significant progress in inventory adjustments within target markets, but challenges remain due to uncertain macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions [1] Group 2 - Infineon's Q3 segment operating margin was reported at 18%, exceeding the previous expectation of 15.8% [1] - The company slightly raised its full-year profit guidance, adjusting segment revenue growth expectations to a high teens range, up from a mid-teens range [1] - For the fiscal quarter ending in September, Infineon anticipates revenue to be flat year-over-year at approximately €3.9 billion (around $4.5 billion), slightly below analysts' average expectation of €4 billion [1] Group 3 - The European semiconductor industry is assessing the impact of tariffs, with a recent trade agreement between the US and EU setting tariffs at 15% [2] - Infineon's Q3 revenue was reported at €3.7 billion, in line with expectations, and the company slightly raised its adjusted gross margin forecast for the fiscal year to at least 40% [2] - Competitors like NXP (NXPI.US) and STMicroelectronics (STM.US) have not indicated similarly negative impacts, with NXP suggesting that the prolonged inventory surplus may be coming to an end [2]
百威亚太二季度收入降幅收窄 战略调整效果待显
Zheng Quan Ri Bao Wang· 2025-08-01 11:41
Core Viewpoint - Budweiser APAC reported a decline in revenue and net profit for the first half of 2025, indicating challenges in the beer market, particularly in China, while showing signs of marginal improvement in the second quarter [1][2]. Financial Performance - For the first half of 2025, Budweiser APAC's revenue was $3.136 billion, a decrease of 5.6% year-on-year; net profit was $409 million, down 24.4%; total sales volume was 4.363 billion liters, a decline of 6.1% [1]. - The second quarter showed a smaller revenue decline of 3.9% compared to a 7.5% decline in the first quarter, indicating a trend of marginal improvement [1]. - Average revenue per hectoliter increased by 0.5% year-on-year for the first half, with a 2.4% increase in the second quarter, contrasting with a 1.5% decline in the first quarter [1]. Regional Performance - In China, sales volume decreased by 8.2% and revenue by 9.5% in the first half, with a 7.4% decline in sales volume and a 6.4% decline in revenue in the second quarter [2]. - The Indian market experienced double-digit growth in revenue and sales volume for high-end products, continuing to drive overall growth [2]. - In South Korea, sales volume showed a high single-digit decline, while revenue also decreased significantly due to reduced sales volume, although average revenue per hectoliter saw low single-digit growth [2]. Inventory Management - Inventory adjustment was a key operational focus for Budweiser APAC in the first half, with proactive measures taken to align inventory levels with market conditions [3]. - The company reported lower inventory levels and days compared to the previous year, indicating effective inventory management [3]. Strategic Focus - The new CEO and sales leadership are undergoing structural and strategic adjustments, facing challenges in channel transformation, management efficiency, and external risks [3]. - The company plans to focus on controllable areas, increasing investment in brands like Budweiser and Harbin, while expanding non-immediate consumption channels and enhancing execution [3]. - Analysts suggest that the company may see marginal recovery in the Chinese market in the second half, but emphasize the need for time to build brand influence and establish non-immediate consumption channels [3].
中国飞鹤(06186.HK)2025年中报预告点评:业绩低于预期 加大分红回购力度
Ge Long Hui· 2025-07-11 02:35
Core Viewpoint - The company anticipates a decline in revenue and net profit for the first half of 2025, primarily due to inventory reduction and the impact of a fertility subsidy program [1][2]. Group 1: Financial Performance - The company expects to achieve revenue of 9.1-9.3 billion for H1 2025, representing a year-on-year decline of 7.9%-9.9% [1]. - The projected net profit for H1 2025 is estimated to be between 1.0-1.2 billion, reflecting a year-on-year decrease of 36%-47% [1]. - The company plans to allocate no less than 1.0 billion for share buybacks and expects to distribute dividends of at least 2.0 billion in 2025, down from 2.72 billion in the previous year [1][2]. Group 2: Market Outlook - The company forecasts low single-digit growth for full-year revenue, with H2 2025 revenue expected to increase by 10%-15% [2]. - The anticipated completion of inventory adjustments in Q3 2025 is expected to positively impact revenue [2]. - The company plans to launch higher-end products in H2 2025, which may drive revenue improvement [2]. Group 3: Investment Strategy - The company has announced a share buyback plan and a commitment to dividend distribution, enhancing shareholder returns [2][3]. - The long-term outlook remains positive due to expected recovery in newborn population growth and the implementation of fertility subsidies, suggesting a potential industry improvement cycle of 2-3 years [2]. - The company has adjusted its earnings forecasts for 2025-2027, with a target price set at 5.1 HKD and a recommendation downgrade to "recommended" [3].