宏 观 研 究 华福证券 2025 年 08 月 24 日 鲍威尔重磅讲话之后：相信你所相信的 ——Jackson Hole 年会点评 投资要点： 宏 观 点 评 鲍威尔发言引发全球金融市场震荡。鲍威尔在 Jackson Hole 会议上的讲 话首度给出明确的降息暗示，全球市场震动，美元指数随即大幅跳水。当地时 间 8 月 22 日，美联储主席鲍威尔 Jackson Hole 全球央行年会发表重磅讲话， 称美联储在短期内面临着"通胀风险偏向上行，而就业风险偏向下行"的挑战 性局面，并称在"基准情形展望和不断变化的风险平衡"之下，美联储可能需 要"调整政策立场（adjusting our policy stance）"。今年以来首度给出了较为明 确的降息暗示，引发全球市场震动。但结合鲍威尔在发言中对美国通胀和劳动 力市场未来走势的相关描述，降息预期落地后的市场走势如何发展目前仍尚难 确定。鲍威尔发言后，市场对美联储 9 月会议降息的预期骤然升温，但当前市 场已经充分预期的降息于 9 月会议兑现后，美联储后续决策又将如何发展仍需 从鲍威尔的发言中寻找蛛丝马迹。 放弃平均通胀目标，美国通胀能否快速下行？本次有关美联 ...

杰富瑞经济学家托马斯·西蒙斯称，初请数据并未显示美国劳动力市场正在迅速走弱。 （文章来源：新华财经） ...

▲ATFX图 近期，特朗普密集抨击美联储维持利率不变的政策，对美联储主席也表现出不满情绪。但是，美联储在美国是独立机构，并不受到白宫决策的影响。特朗 普想要美联储将基准利率大幅调降至1%左右的企图很难达成。现任美联储主席鲍威尔的任期到明年5月份，在无法合理辞退鲍威尔的前提下，特朗普只能 在下一任美联储主席人选方面做文章。 美联储每一次利率决议，都是那些想要成为下任美联储主席的委员的考验。显而易见，只有那些坚定支持降息的委员，才有可能被特朗普选中。那些支持 按兵不动的委员，非但不会有机会成为下任美联储主席，还有可能被迫离开美联储，比如因个人原因缺席7月份利率决议的库格勒。最新消息显示，特朗 普开始对美联储理事库克发难，指责其存在的两处房产在按揭方面存在问题。特朗普表示，库克必须立即辞职。 在7月份的利率决议上，美联储理事库克支持按兵不动，这显然违背了特朗普的意愿。特朗普指控丽莎·库克，表面看是因为按揭流程违规，但更有可能 是"杀鸡儆猴"，通过逼退库克来震慑美联储其他票委，以期在不更换美联储主席的前提下，实现降息的目的。 ATFX汇评：今日2:00，美联储发布会议纪要，对应7月31日利率决议，当时决议结果维持4. ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles highlights the significant decline in non-farm employment growth in the U.S., with only 73,000 jobs added in May, and an average of 35,000 jobs over the past three months, contrasting sharply with the Biden administration's average of 168,000 jobs per month during 2024 [1][2][5] - The recent employment data has raised concerns among economists and investors about the potential manipulation of data by the Trump administration, particularly following the dismissal of the BLS director [1][10][11] - The decline in immigration due to Trump's policies is expected to exert downward pressure on labor market growth, with projections suggesting that job growth could slow to as low as 10,000 to 40,000 jobs per month later this year [5][6][8] Group 2 - The Biden administration's immigration policies have contributed to a record job growth of 16.1 million jobs during his term, averaging 336,000 jobs added per month, which is now reversing due to the anticipated decline in immigration [7][9] - Goldman Sachs has adjusted its forecast for non-farm employment growth in 2025 to just 30,000 or fewer jobs per month, attributing this primarily to the decrease in immigration [8] - The potential changes in the BLS's statistical methods under Trump's administration could undermine the credibility of U.S. labor market data, which has been built over decades [10][11]

Employment Data Revision - Since 2025, U.S. non-farm employment data has been revised down by a total of 461,000 jobs, indicating a more significant weakness in the labor market than initially reported[2] - Historical patterns show that significant downward revisions in non-farm data often precede economic slowdowns, as seen during the 2001 internet bubble and the 2008 financial crisis[3] - The downward trend in non-farm data has been consistent over the past three years, with revisions of 546,000, 577,000, and 461,000 jobs respectively[3] Labor Market Indicators - Job vacancies have decreased from a peak of 12.134 million in March 2022 to 7.437 million by June 2025, a decline of nearly 40%[10] - The unemployment rate has risen from 3.5% in late 2023 to 4.2% by July 2025, reflecting a gradual but persistent upward trend[10] - Initial claims for unemployment benefits have increased from around 200,000 in early 2023 to 250,000 by June 2025, indicating a rise in layoffs[10] Market Expectations and Federal Reserve Policy - Market expectations for Federal Reserve rate cuts have shifted significantly, with the probability of a 25 basis point cut in September rising from 38% to 80% within a few days[13] - The likelihood of cumulative rate cuts of 50 to 75 basis points by the end of the year has increased from less than 8% to 53.1%[13] - The focus of market speculation has transitioned from "whether to cut rates" to "how much to cut" as labor market data continues to weaken[13]

Group 1 - Federal Reserve Governor Michelle Bowman supports three interest rate cuts this year, citing recent weak labor market data as a key factor [3][5] - Bowman previously supported maintaining interest rates until June but voted against the decision in July, advocating for a 25 basis point cut [3] - She urges other policymakers to initiate rate cuts at the September Federal Reserve meeting to prevent further deterioration in the labor market [5] Group 2 - The U.S. labor market shows signs of cooling, with non-farm employment increasing by only 73,000 in July, below expectations, and the unemployment rate rising from 4.1% to 4.2% [6][8] - Core Consumer Price Index (CPI) is expected to rise by 0.3% in July, compared to a 0.2% increase in June, indicating potential inflationary pressures from higher tariffs [7] - Higher tariffs are beginning to affect consumer prices in categories such as household goods and entertainment, although core service inflation remains moderate [7][8]

Group 1 - Federal Reserve Governor Michelle Bowman supports three interest rate cuts this year, citing weak labor market data as a key factor [3][5] - Bowman previously supported maintaining interest rates until June but voted against the decision in July, advocating for a 25 basis point cut [3][5] - She urges other decision-makers to initiate rate cuts at the September Federal Reserve meeting to prevent further deterioration in the labor market [5][7] Group 2 - The U.S. labor market shows signs of cooling, with non-farm employment increasing by only 73,000 in July, below expectations, and the unemployment rate rising from 4.1% to 4.2% [7][9] - Core Consumer Price Index (CPI) is expected to rise by 0.3% in July, compared to a 0.2% increase in June, indicating a potential uptick in inflation due to higher tariffs [9][10] - Higher tariffs are beginning to affect consumer prices, particularly in household goods and entertainment, creating a dilemma for Federal Reserve officials who are trying to assess the impact on sustained inflation while monitoring labor market trends [9][10]

Group 1: Economic Overview - The U.S. GDP for Q2 2025 shows an annualized growth rate of 3.0%, exceeding Bloomberg's consensus of 2.6% and Atlanta Fed's GDPNow estimate of 2.9% [1] - The seasonally adjusted GDP amount for Q2 is $5.9 trillion, with a year-on-year growth of 2% and a quarter-on-quarter annualized growth of 3% [1] - The GDP growth rate is positioned as the 5th highest in the last 14 quarters, indicating a relatively strong performance [1] Group 2: GDP Composition - Personal consumption accounts for approximately 68% of GDP, private investment around 18%, government spending about 17%, and net exports at -3% [2] - Retail sales in June reached $720 billion, with a month-on-month increase of 0.6% and a cumulative total of $4.2 trillion for the first half of the year, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 4.3% [2] - Core retail sales, which make up about three-quarters of total sales, amounted to $533 billion in June, with a year-on-year increase of 4.1% [2] Group 3: Trade and Investment Dynamics - The reduction in trade deficit contributed significantly to GDP growth, with Q2 trade deficit shrinking from $3,906 billion in Q1 to $1,921 billion in Q2, a decrease of 51% [4] - Q2 exports totaled $846.5 billion, a year-on-year increase of 6%, while imports decreased by 2% [4] - Private investment saw a significant decline, with a year-on-year rate of -15.6% in Q2, contributing negatively to GDP [6] Group 4: Labor Market Insights - July saw only 70,000 new non-farm jobs added, significantly below expectations, with previous months' figures revised downwards [5] - The unemployment rate, while low at 4.2%, is showing signs of a potential increase, indicating underlying labor market weaknesses [5] - The labor market's performance is critical as it reflects the overall economic health and consumer spending capacity [5] Group 5: Economic Challenges - The implementation of "reciprocal tariffs" is expected to negatively impact personal consumption, private investment, and net exports in the short term [3] - The overall economic growth appears to be uneven, with concerns about the sustainability of the current growth trajectory [4] - The real estate market is cooling, with new home sales down 4% year-on-year in the first half of 2025, indicating potential challenges in the housing sector [6]

Economic Indicators - The July non-farm payrolls increased by 73,000, which was below the expected 108,000, indicating a cooling labor market[5] - The unemployment rate rose to 4.2%, while the labor participation rate decreased to 62.2%[5] - Initial jobless claims for the week ending July 26 were 218,000, showing a slight increase but maintaining a downward trend in the two-month moving average[5] Market Performance - Major U.S. stock indices experienced significant declines, with the Dow Jones falling by 2.92%, S&P 500 by 2.36%, and Nasdaq by 2.17% following the non-farm data release[6] - The U.S. dollar index rebounded above 100 but fell back to 98.69 after the non-farm data, resulting in a weekly increase of 1.04%[6] - Gold prices saw a slight increase of 0.79%, while Brent crude oil rose by 2.84% during the same period[6] Federal Reserve Outlook - The FOMC's July meeting indicated a hawkish stance, with no guidance on potential rate cuts in September, leading to mixed market expectations[4] - As of August 4, market expectations for rate cuts in September, October, and December were each set at 25 basis points, reflecting a shift in sentiment following the labor market data[4] Investment Strategy - The report suggests that the Federal Reserve is likely to resume rate cuts, recommending investment in gold and emerging markets during a weak dollar cycle[7] - The report highlights the importance of monitoring overseas liquidity and geopolitical risks as potential threats to market stability[7]

Group 1 - The core issue of the recent U.S. employment data is the significant downward revision of employment figures for May and June, which raises questions about whether this is due to statistical factors or a weakening economy [1][3][8] - In July, non-farm payrolls added only 73,000 jobs, falling short of the market expectation of 104,000, while the revisions for May and June were down by 125,000 and 133,000 jobs respectively [3][4][5] - The downward revisions primarily affected government employment, indicating that the previously reported strong job growth was misleading [1][8] Group 2 - The labor market is entering a "loosened" phase, with both supply and demand weakening, making it difficult for the unemployment rate to decrease significantly [2][42] - The unemployment rate for July rose to 4.2%, aligning with market expectations, while the labor force participation rate fell to 62.2% [3][7] - The economic outlook for the second half of the year suggests a continuation of the slowdown, with factors such as increased tariffs and reduced consumer spending likely to suppress economic growth [2][4] Group 3 - Following the release of the July employment data, the market has priced in an 80% probability of a 25 basis point rate cut by the Federal Reserve in September [2][3] - The market reaction included a decline in U.S. Treasury yields and the dollar index, alongside an increase in gold prices, indicating a shift towards "recession trading" [2][3] - The Federal Reserve's focus on the unemployment rate rather than non-farm payroll numbers suggests that a rate cut may be contingent on unemployment exceeding 4.3% [2][3]