央视网消息：明年财政的钱到底该怎么花？12月27日至28日，全国财政工作会议对此作出进一步部署。明年要扩大财政支出盘子，调 整优化国补范围和标准，促进居民就业增收，完善社会保障体系，财政的钱要更多用于促消费和民生保障。《新闻1+1》连线中央财 经大学财税学院教授白彦锋，带来分析解读。 明年国补政策的范围、力度会有什么样的变化？ 中央财经大学财税学院教授 白彦锋： 第一，2025年国补资金比2024年翻了一番，所以资金规模上，相信2026年资金规模还是值得期待的。 从区域上，更多的学龄人口在从乡村向城市，尤其是大城市集中。 第三，财政的贴息政策，不管是消费还是供给都实行了双贴息政策。下一步，地方政府在进行支出的时候，2026年也要考虑支出进 度，防止前松后紧。 建立一个教育经费分配的新机制 意味着什么？ 白彦锋：这两年学龄人口在发生一个很大的变化，尤其学前的人口呈现逐步下降的趋势，这样就会波及中学的学位呈现先增后降。 第二，补贴范围上，2025年已经从家电拓展到了电脑、手机这些数码类的产品，所以2026年各个地方也会因地制宜把补贴的范围向消 费领域进一步拓展。 明年财政加大对民生的保障会起什么作用？ 白彦锋：就 ...

城镇保障性安居工程补助资金566亿元、医保财政补助及建设资金4166亿元……近期，一系列关系 明年民生保障的资金从中央财政提前下达地方。中央经济工作会议强调，重视解决地方财政困难，兜牢 基层"三保"底线。谋划新一年改革发展，"三保"再次被放在重要位置。 兜牢基层"三保"底线，就是要做好基层的保基本民生、保工资、保运转工作。一方面，民生无小 事、枝叶总关情，就业、教育、医疗、社会保障等关系群众切身利益；另一方面，保障工资正常发放和 机构正常运转，则是推动政府履职和各项政策实施的基础条件。中央历来高度重视做好"三保"工作，仅 从今年下半年看，7月份召开的中央政治局会议和近期召开的党的二十届四中全会、中央经济工作会 议，都明确提出"兜牢基层'三保'底线"。可见，基层"三保"在全局工作中举足轻重。 当前一些地方财政运行压力较大，这也是强化"三保"工作的一个重要背景。受部分行业企业经营困 难、土地出让收入大幅下降等因素影响，一些地方政府收入增长乏力，财政收支矛盾较为突出。必须重 视解决地方财政困难，综合施策缓解财政运行压力，才能牢牢兜住基层"三保"底线。 兜牢基层"三保"底线，需要务实管用的有力支持。基层各类刚性支出不 ...

兜牢基层"三保"底线，需要务实管用的有力支持。基层各类刚性支出不少，应始终把"三保"摆在财政支 出的优先位置，优先足额安排"三保"经费预算，加强"三保"财力保障。今年中央对地方转移支付安排 10.34万亿元，同口径增长8.4%，重点是增加一般性转移支付，增强地方政府财力，有效提高地方财政 保障能力。近期中央财政下达一系列资金，即在助力地方提高预算编制完整性，加快预算执行进度，更 好地保障"三保"各项支出。各地也应加大财力下沉力度，筹措资金兜牢"三保"底线，加大库款保障和监 测力度，确保"三保"不出问题。 兜牢基层"三保"底线，需要着眼长远的制度安排。"三保"不是一时之需，而是长久之计。做好这项工 作，不能仅限于短期的资金安排，还要致力于长期制度安排。解决地方财政困难、提高基层"三保"能 力，必须提高地方自身的造血能力，特别是建立健全增收节支机制，增强地方自主财力。通过优化税制 结构，完善地方税、直接税体系，比如推进消费税征收环节后移并稳步下划地方等，促进地方收入有更 多源头活水。优化中央和地方财政关系，适当加强中央事权、提高中央财政支出比重，避免地方"小马 拉大车"。完善财政转移支付体系，更好发挥转移支付均衡 ...

有个刚回县城的朋友跟我吐槽过一件事，他在大城市年收入接近50万，早上8点到晚上9点是常态，周末 加班当家常饭。春节回家见了几个读书时的同学，人家县城公务员，朝九晚五，周末在家，还能开宝 马、戴金表，唯一的压力就是年底有没有年终奖。他当时的心情是这样的：这10多年在大城市费劲巴力 地搞，还不如人家在县城舒服。 这个故事在网上出现了无数次，每次都会引发一大波共鸣。有人感慨"北漂十年，不如县城中产"，有人 开玩笑说"宇宙的尽头是考编"，还有人认真分析起了"县城婆罗门"现象。所有的讨论最后都指向一个问 题：小县城、小城市的经济，是不是真的靠公务员养活的？ 答案其实比想象的更复杂，也更严峻。我们今天就来把这个现象剥开了看，因为这关系到在三四线城市 生活的几亿人的日子。 三四线城市面临的另一个困境是人口持续流出。我们读大学的时候，周围的同学有一堆考上大城市公务 员的，也有一堆在大城市找了工作的。很少有人回到小县城，除非是考上了公务员。这意味着什么？意 味着县城失去了年轻的、有消费能力的、有活力的人群。留下的要么是老人，要么是没有能力离开的 人。消费主体变了，需求结构就跟着变了。以前可能开家餐厅、开家服装店就能活，现在呢， ...

全文共4390字，阅读大约需要10分钟 文｜南方周末记者 周小铃 责任编辑｜张玥 1997年，中国开始推行户籍制度改革。近三十年里，人们能感受到户籍门槛在逐渐降低。如今，它究竟降低到了什么程度？ 北京大学主管的《经济学（季刊）》2024年最佳论文提名《户籍制度改革与城市落户门槛的量化分析：1996-2024》一文给出了答案。 文章对全国332城在1996年至2024年间的落户政策文件进行分析，并得出了结论。 该文为山东大学经济学院教授张吉鹏、西南财经大学博士陈翥的合作成果，也是张吉鹏团队2019年发表的相关论文的续篇。 张吉鹏从事户籍研究近十年。令他印象最深的，是户籍政策出台背后的复杂性。制定一项户籍政策，背后是地方政府的综合考量。 比如，有的城市放开户籍的用意在于提振房地产，他们会设定购房面积作为落户标准之一，甚至考虑到如何避免落户者占用保障房资源。 针对户籍制度的研究成果，2025年11月29日，南方周末记者专访了张吉鹏。 1 覆盖332城 南方周末：你为何会关注到户籍制度和落户门槛这个话题？ 张吉鹏：我最初做的是城市发展研究。城市发展是中国过去几十年经济发展的重要引擎，人口流动又是城市发展研究的重要话题 ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the fiscal support provided by central and local governments to major cities in China, specifically focusing on four direct-controlled municipalities, 27 provincial capitals, and five separately planned cities, analyzing their financial data for 2024 [2][5]. Fiscal Support Analysis - The total transfer payments received by the four direct-controlled municipalities significantly exceed those of other cities, with Chongqing leading at 2491.65 billion, followed by Beijing at 1834.31 billion, Shanghai at 1188 billion, and Tianjin at 883.62 billion [5][6]. - Seven cities received over 500 billion in upper-level subsidies, with Harbin, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Hangzhou, Changchun, and Hefei receiving 799.33 billion, 786.88 billion, 635 billion, 573.25 billion, 564.69 billion, 555.09 billion, and 540.37 billion respectively [7]. - The structure of transfer payments varies among cities, with Harbin, Wuhan, and Changchun relying heavily on general transfer payments, while Guangzhou received the most from tax refunds, indicating a stronger incentive for economically developed areas [7]. Transfer Payment Categories - The transfer payment system includes general and special transfer payments aimed at addressing fiscal imbalances and promoting equal access to public services [4]. - The general transfer payments are designed to balance fiscal capacity across regions, while special transfer payments are allocated for specific purposes as defined by laws and regulations [4]. Budget Execution and Adjustments - Recent years have seen an increase in transfer payments from central and provincial governments, with many cities reporting significant increases in actual transfer income compared to budgeted amounts [9]. - For instance, Shanghai's actual transfer income was 1188 billion, exceeding the budgeted 833.8 billion by 42.5%, attributed to additional central government funding for infrastructure and energy-saving projects [10]. - Wuhan's general and special transfer payments also exceeded budgeted figures, reflecting increased support from central and provincial governments for social security and industry [11].

Core Viewpoint - The article analyzes the fiscal support provided by the central and local governments to major cities in China, focusing on the financial data from 2024 fiscal reports of four municipalities, 27 provincial capitals, and five separately planned cities, highlighting the importance of these cities in regional and national economic growth [2]. Fiscal Support Analysis - The total transfer payments received by the four municipalities significantly exceed those of other cities, with Chongqing leading at 2491.65 billion yuan, followed by Beijing at 1834.31 billion yuan, Shanghai at 1188 billion yuan, and Tianjin at 883.62 billion yuan [5]. - Seven cities received over 500 billion yuan in upper-level subsidy income, with Harbin, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Hangzhou, Changchun, and Hefei receiving 799.33 billion, 786.88 billion, 635 billion, 573.25 billion, 564.69 billion, 555.09 billion, and 540.37 billion yuan respectively [7]. - The structure of transfer payments varies among cities, with Harbin, Wuhan, and Changchun relying heavily on general transfer payments, while Guangzhou benefits more from tax refunds, indicating a stronger incentive for economically developed regions [7]. Transfer Payment Categories - The transfer payment system includes tax refunds, general transfer payments, and special transfer payments, aimed at addressing fiscal imbalances and promoting equal access to public services across regions [4]. - In 2024, Guangzhou's tax refund income decreased by 0.4% to 296.7 billion yuan, while general transfer payments dropped by 21.7% to 259.1 billion yuan, attributed to the absence of special subsidy funds from the previous year [8]. - The overall trend shows an increase in transfer payments, with cities like Shanghai exceeding their budgeted amounts significantly, indicating a growing reliance on central government support [11]. Specific City Insights - Wuhan's general and special transfer payment revenues were budgeted at 314.1 billion and 57.3 billion yuan, respectively, but the final figures were 509.56 billion and 136.23 billion yuan, reflecting increased support from central and provincial governments [13]. - Nanjing received only 254.73 billion yuan in upper-level subsidy income, ranking 32nd among the 36 cities, while its upper-level transfer expenditures were 434.45 billion yuan, indicating a significant fiscal imbalance [8].

Group 1 - The State Council's joint prevention and control mechanism held a press conference on March 3 to discuss fiscal and tax policy support for epidemic prevention and resumption of production [2] - The Ministry of Finance's Social Security Department Director Fu Jinling acknowledged that the epidemic has had a certain impact on the fiscal revenue and expenditure of Hubei province and other severely affected areas, but this impact is considered to be temporary [4] - Fu Jinling stated that the overall scale of fiscal revenue and expenditure in China is large, and there is considerable room for structural adjustment. The impact of the epidemic on fiscal revenue and expenditure is manageable, and epidemic prevention expenditures are guaranteed [7] Group 2 - The Ministry of Finance plans to coordinate epidemic prevention and economic development, making fiscal policies more proactive and adjusting the structure of fiscal expenditures. Increased transfer payments to local governments, especially in severely affected provinces like Hubei, will be prioritized to ensure support for epidemic prevention and livelihood expenditures [7] - Comprehensive fiscal and tax measures will be implemented to minimize the impact of the epidemic on fiscal revenue and expenditure [7]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles emphasizes the importance of fiscal support for improving people's livelihoods and the ongoing efforts to enhance public service provision through increased budget allocations [1][2][3][4] - In August, the national general public budget revenue reached 1.24 trillion yuan, showing a year-on-year growth of 2%, while fiscal expenditure continued to grow rapidly, reflecting a proactive fiscal policy [1] - The central government has increased funding for key areas such as education, social security, and healthcare, with total expenditures in these sectors approaching 4.5 trillion yuan, marking growth rates of 6.1% and 5.9% respectively [2] Group 2 - There is a need to address the imbalances and inadequacies in public services, as many citizens still face challenges in employment, education, healthcare, and elderly care [2][3] - The government is urged to optimize the expenditure structure to enhance the capacity for guaranteeing and improving people's livelihoods, focusing on eliminating unreasonable and non-performance expenditures [4] - Increasing transfer payments to local governments is crucial for improving the equity of basic public services, especially in financially constrained regions [3][4]

Core Insights - Azerbaijan's budget revenue for January to July 2025 reached 23.48 billion manats (approximately 1.381 billion USD), reflecting a year-on-year growth of 4% [1] - The national budget surplus for the same period was 3.54 billion manats (approximately 208 million USD), showing a year-on-year increase of 13% [1] - The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) transferred 8.45 billion manats (approximately 497 million USD) to the national budget, achieving 100% of the expected target [1]