世行首席经济学家因德米特·吉尔强调，标准已成为市场准入的重要影响因素。然而，在国际标准 化组织制定全球标准的技术委员会中，非洲等发展中经济体的参与比例不足三分之一。技术能力薄弱及 国家标准机构资金不足，限制了这些国家对规则制定的影响力。 报告警告，若不加强标准体系建设，非洲出口商可能被挤出高价值市场。为此世行提出"适应—对 齐—主导"的三阶段框架：初期推动国际标准本地化适配，中期与全球规范对接提升竞争力，后期参与 主导国际标准制定。 分析指出，成功经济体都将标准视为战略工具。对非洲而言，随着全球标准不断增多，亟需加强技 术机构建设并更深入参与国际规则制定，以避免在新兴贸易与技术领域被边缘化。 （原标题：非关税壁垒威胁非洲出口） 据"商业与金融时报"12月16日报道，非关税壁垒正对非洲出口构成显著挑战。世界银行指出，从食 品标签到数字网络的一系列全球标准日益收紧，使非洲出口商面临市场准入压力。在最新发布的《2025 年世界发展报告》中，世行警告称，发展中国家在全球贸易规则制定中的影响力正逐渐减弱。 报告显示，目前全球约90%的贸易受到农药限制、认证规则和包装要求等非关税措施的约束，而这 一比例在上世纪90年代末 ...

新华社北京12月10日电 英国媒体9日报道称，美国与印度尼西亚7月达成的贸易协议正面临破裂。印尼方面认为美国试图在贸易协议中加 入"毒丸"条款，侵犯其"经济主权"，美方则认为印尼"背弃"承诺。 美方不满印尼"反悔" 英国《金融时报》9日援引知情人士的话称，美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔指责印尼在多项已作出的承诺上出现"反悔"。 报道称，印尼官员已告知美国贸易代表办公室，该国难以接受双方贸易协定中部分具有约束力的承诺，并希望对这些条款调整表述。 美方人士表示，印尼不仅在落实协议上"拖延时间"，甚至直接表态无法履行已达成的协议，要求重新谈判，将最初的承诺修改为不具约束力 的内容。"这一情况极具争议性，美方对此反应强烈，协议或面临告吹的风险。" 美方认为，印尼在两项关键承诺上出现"倒退"：一是消除美国对印尼出口的非关税壁垒，二是就数字贸易相关问题采取措施。 印尼总统办公室和美国贸易代表办公室均拒绝发表评论。报道称，格里尔计划本周与印尼经济统筹部长艾尔朗加·哈尔塔托会面，以说服印尼 方面解决双方分歧。 印尼坚持"经济主权" 特朗普7月15日宣布美国与印尼达成贸易协议。美国将对所有进口的印度尼西亚商品征收19%的关税，低于 ...

美国成功农业网站11月26日报道，巴西副总统阿尔克明周二表示，巴西与美国在生物燃料进口相关 问题上的分歧"已基本得到解决"。为回应美方关切，巴西将调整其国家生物燃料政策框架下的相关规 定。此前，美国政府在《国家贸易评估报告》中指出，巴西现行的生物燃料政策构成非关税壁垒，对美 国生产商造成不利影响，并呼吁巴西修改相关政策。直至今年6月，外国生物燃料出口商仍需通过中间 机构（通常为巴西本地进口商）方可获得巴西认证并申领脱碳信用额度。阿尔克明在巴西美国商会主办 的一场活动中强调，非关税议题在巴美双边谈判中具有重要意义，涉及领域包括数据中心、稀土资源以 及大型科技公司的市场准入等。他重申，巴西将继续积极参与相关磋商进程。巴西外交部贸易政策主管 费尔南多·皮门特尔表示，截至目前，巴西尚未收到来自美国方面的具体谈判要求，正等待其依据《贸 易法》第301条款启动的正式磋商程序。今年早些时候，美国启动了该项调查，旨在审查巴西多项政 策，涵盖其广受关注的即时支付系统Pix、乙醇市场开放、非法砍伐森林问题以及知识产权保护措施。 （原标题：巴西已基本解决与进口美国生物燃料相关的政策问题） ...

【环球时报报道 记者 倪浩】陷入失去"产业竞争力"焦虑的欧盟，拟于12月讨论收紧外国投资规则—— 要求投资其新能源领域的企业转移技术。外媒分析称，这一政策主要针对中国企业。 塞茹尔内是在回应有关限制中国企业向欧盟扩张的提问时作出上述表态的。欧盟委员会数据显示，2024 年中国对欧盟的直接投资较2023年增长80%，达94亿欧元。欧盟官员称，新规不会提及中国，但鉴于中 国对欧盟的投资规模，立法重点指向不言自明。 欧盟此前已多次被报道将收紧投资规则。彭博社此前报道称，欧盟考虑强制中企向欧洲公司转让技术， 作为在欧盟进行投资的前提。这些措施将适用于寻求进入汽车和电池等关键数字及制造业市场的公司， 强制中企在欧盟成立合资企业也是备选方案之一。 北京语言大学国别和区域研究院副研究员董一凡告诉《环球时报》记者，欧盟拟议的投资规则应属于其 《工业加速器法案》的一部分。该法案被视为欧盟近十年来在新能源领域出台的最严苛市场准入规则， 中国投资是其主要针对对象。 10月15日，在外交部例行记者会上，针对"欧盟正考虑迫使中国公司向欧洲公司移交技术"的相关问题， 外交部新闻发言人林剑明确表示，反对违反世贸组织规则强制技术转让，反对干 ...

Group 1 - The article discusses the recent resurgence of Trump's tariff threats in October, highlighting China's more composed response and increasing divisions within the U.S. regarding tariff strategies [1][6][24] - The uncertainty surrounding tariffs has been influenced by non-tariff measures taken by the U.S. since September, including the expansion of sanctions and export controls on rare earths [2][7][24] - U.S. policymakers have noted two significant changes in China's tariff strategy: the use of tactical agreements to gain strategic space and an increase in China's proactive stance compared to the previous tariff conflict [2][10][24] Group 2 - Critics from think tanks like Cato and AEI argue that Trump's tariff strategy has inherent flaws, including economic inefficiency and potential harm to domestic supply chains [3][11][25] - Recommendations from U.S. strategic circles suggest a shift away from broad high tariffs towards more targeted non-tariff barriers and conditional tariffs on critical sectors [3][14][25] - The article emphasizes that U.S. policymakers are concerned about the short-term focus of Trump's negotiations, which may overlook long-term strategic interests [4][15][26] Group 3 - There is a general consensus among U.S. policymakers that any trade agreement with China should prioritize strategic and security concerns over visible economic gains [4][15][26] - The article highlights the urgency for Trump to reach a verifiable agreement, as the lack of a formal deal has led to significant economic costs for the U.S., including a sharp decline in agricultural orders [4][18][26] - The preference for smaller, more manageable trade agreements over large-scale deals is noted, as the latter may require geopolitical concessions that do not align with U.S. interests [5][19][27]

Core Insights - The trade volume among West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) member countries reached 1.3 trillion West African francs (approximately $23.6 billion) in Q2 2025, reflecting a 9.2% increase from the previous quarter, indicating a stable recovery in regional trade [1] - The internal trade of the WAEMU accounts for 16.1% of the total global trade of its member countries, highlighting the significance of intra-regional commerce [1] Trade Dynamics - Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal are the two main suppliers in the region, with Côte d'Ivoire accounting for 35.8% of the internal exports within the WAEMU, followed by Senegal at 19.5%, together representing over half of the regional trade flow [1] - The primary products supplied by these countries include oil, construction materials, agricultural raw materials, and fertilizers, supported by their diverse industrial base and well-developed logistics infrastructure [1] Import Dependencies - Burkina Faso (26%) and Mali (18.8%) are the major demand countries in the region, heavily relying on Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal for fuel, raw materials, and food supplies, with these two countries accounting for nearly half of the internal imports within the WAEMU [1] Trade Barriers - Non-tariff barriers, customs efficiency, and security restrictions continue to hinder trade flow in the region, while manufactured goods and high-value-added products still represent a small proportion of the trade [1]

Group 1 - The Federal Circuit Court ruled that the tariffs imposed by the Trump administration under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act were illegal, leading to potential implications for U.S. trade policy and negotiations [1][3] - The ruling may undermine the credibility of previous trade agreements made by the U.S. with various countries, as they lacked legislative backing and could be viewed as mere "paper commitments" [3] - The decision could open alternative policy channels, allowing lobbying groups in industries like steel and aluminum to push for non-tariff barriers such as anti-dumping measures and national security reviews [3] Group 2 - The ruling has significant implications for U.S. national security strategy, as it may shift the administration's focus towards multilateral approaches and "rules-based" strategies in trade, particularly in areas like digital trade and supply chain standards [4] - The decision may also impact India's trade dynamics, as it could lead to reduced export costs for Indian goods, but simultaneously expose India to potential trade relief measures from the U.S. [6] - The deepening energy ties between India and Russia, highlighted by Modi and Putin's discussions, may complicate India's position as it navigates U.S. pressures while seeking to maintain strategic autonomy [6][8] Group 3 - The interactions between Modi and Putin symbolize a strong trust and strategic partnership, which India is leveraging to secure energy supplies and enhance its bargaining power amid U.S. pressures [8] - The evolving geopolitical landscape suggests that as the U.S. ties trade to national security, India's ability to balance relations with both Russia and the U.S. will become increasingly challenging [8] - The recent court ruling, along with political statements from U.S. officials, indicates a broader reconfiguration of power and partnerships in the global trade environment [8]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a significant breakthrough in the US-EU trade agreement, highlighting the commitments made by both parties regarding tariffs, market access, and investment opportunities [3][4]. Tariff Reduction Arrangements - The framework agreement includes commitments from the EU to eliminate tariffs on all US industrial products and provide better market access for various US seafood and agricultural products [7][8]. - The US will maintain a 15% tariff on most goods imported from the EU, with specific products subject to the most favored nation (MFN) rate or the 15% rate, whichever is higher [7][8]. - The automotive tariff issue remains unresolved, with the US indicating that any reduction will depend on the EU's formal legislative proposals to lower tariffs on US industrial goods [8][9]. Procurement, Investment, and Non-Tariff Barriers - The EU has committed to purchasing $750 billion worth of US liquefied natural gas (LNG), oil, and nuclear products by 2028, along with at least $40 billion in US AI chips for its data centers [11]. - The framework outlines a $600 billion investment from the EU in strategic US industries by 2028, enhancing transatlantic economic cooperation [11]. - Both parties aim to reduce non-tariff barriers, particularly in the automotive sector, and simplify sanitary certificate requirements for food and agricultural products [11]. Environmental and Climate Change Issues - The EU has promised to provide more flexibility in the implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), especially for small and medium-sized enterprises in the US [12]. - The EU will ensure that sustainability directives do not impose undue restrictions on transatlantic trade [12].

Core Points - The U.S. and EU have reached a significant breakthrough in trade negotiations, agreeing on a framework for a "Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade Agreement" [1][2] - The framework includes commitments from both sides regarding tariffs, market access, and investment, with the EU agreeing to eliminate tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods [5][6] - The U.S. will maintain a 15% tariff on most goods imported from the EU, with specific conditions for reducing auto tariffs [1][4] Tariff and Market Access - The EU will eliminate tariffs on all U.S. industrial products and provide better market access for various U.S. seafood and agricultural products [5] - The U.S. will apply the most favored nation (MFN) rate or a 15% tariff on goods from the EU, whichever is higher, starting from September 1, 2025, for certain products [5][6] - The U.S. has committed to reducing tariffs on pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and wood products from the EU, ensuring rates do not exceed 15% [5][6] Procurement and Investment - The EU has committed to purchasing $750 billion worth of U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG), oil, and nuclear products by 2028 [7] - The EU plans to invest $600 billion in strategic sectors in the U.S. by 2028, enhancing transatlantic economic cooperation [7] - Both parties will work to reduce non-tariff barriers, particularly in the automotive sector, and simplify sanitary certificate requirements for food and agricultural products [7] Environmental and Climate Change - The EU has promised to provide more flexibility in the implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to support U.S. small and medium-sized enterprises [8] - The EU will ensure that sustainability directives do not impose undue restrictions on transatlantic trade [8]

Group 1 - The core issue in the US-EU trade negotiations is the disagreement over the wording related to "non-tariff barriers," particularly concerning the EU's Digital Services Act, which the US views as a significant obstacle [1][3][4] - The EU is awaiting a reduction in US auto tariffs from 27.5% to 15%, but this action is contingent upon the agreement of a joint statement [3][4] - The complexity of the EU's internal decision-making process, influenced by the differing opinions of its 27 member states, is prolonging the timeline for reaching a joint statement with the US [4] Group 2 - The Digital Services Act imposes stricter regulations on large tech companies, which the current US administration considers a "non-tariff barrier" [3] - The US is keen to address digital trade barriers in discussions with trade partners, and the EU had initially agreed to tackle these issues during preliminary negotiations [3][4] - The failure to reach a joint statement could lead to ongoing disputes in sensitive areas, jeopardizing the implementation of the US-EU trade agreement [4]