一个曾被资源困住的小国，为啥对中国这么"大方"？ 在如今的国际债务圈里，"欠钱不还"似乎成了不少国家的"常规操作"，有的拖着不还，有的干脆直接违 约。 可偏偏有个中亚小国，人口刚过600万，却在2021年干了件出人意料的事，把欠中国的81亿美元贷款， 一分不差全还了。 更让人好奇的是，还清钱还不算完，这个国家紧接着又主动找上中国，递出了一份价值百亿的能源合 作"大礼包"。 被"资源"困住的国家 土库曼斯坦手里的"牌"其实不差，地下埋着13.6万亿立方米天然气，全球排名第四，境内的加尔金内什 气田更是世界级的"气仓"，理论上随便开发点就能让国民过上好日子。 可现实却打了个折扣，1991年独立后，这个国家愣是把"一手好牌"打明白了"资源诅咒"，想挖天然气， 没有能钻几千米深井的技术；想把气卖出去，没有自己的管道，只能靠俄罗斯中转。 那时候，90%的天然气出口都得看俄罗斯脸色，定价权不在自己手里不说，每过一次境还得交一笔"过 路费"。 2006年，俄土因为能源合作闹掰，土库曼斯坦的天然气出口直接掉了40%，财政收入一下就断了档。 最惨的时候，首都阿什哈巴德的公务员工资都快发不出来，老百姓冬天取暖只能靠烧煤，排队买煤 ...

"中国不买矿，就不怕土澳就自己炼钢吗"？海外最大的问答网站Quora，有人问出了这个问题。 那么问题来了，土澳真的有本事自己炼钢吗？ 实际上澳大利亚坐拥全球 35% 的铁矿储量，却连满足本土需求都要进口 30% 钢材，根源藏在技术、资金、市场的三重死结里，绝非 "有矿就能炼钢" 那么 简单。 市场的 "小池塘" 养不起 "钢铁巨鲸"。中国有 14 亿人支撑着 10 亿吨级钢需求，而澳大利亚 2500 万人口仅对应 900 万吨年消费量，博思格一家就垄断 75% 建筑用钢市场，再建新厂必然产能过剩。出口更是死局：澳大利亚到东南亚的钢材海运成本每吨比中国高 40 美元，而中国钢铁出口价已低至每吨 600 美 元，澳洲钢企根本无利可图。国际钢铁协会数据显示，即便澳洲产能拉满至 650 万吨，也仅能满足本土 72% 需求，剩余产品连运费都赚不回。 更别提水资源短缺、人力成本高昂等隐性障碍 —— 澳大利亚工厂人力成本是中国的 2.4 倍，而钢铁工业每吨需耗水 10-15 立方米，其干旱的西部矿区根本 无法支撑。澳洲的 "资源诅咒" 早已注定：靠卖铁矿躺着赚钱的日子过久了，再难建起需要耐心与积累的钢铁工业。 技术上的 " ...

（原标题：世界银行促加纳摆脱资源魔咒） 世界银行警告称，加纳社会经济发展正面临关键的十字路口。该机构强 调，打破加纳的"资源诅咒"循环需要的不仅仅是开采活动，成功取决于透明的 收入管理、可持续的债务实践以及影响公民日常生活的战略投资。 据"加纳新闻网"9月25日报道，世界银行向加纳政府提出，要其利用强大 的选举授权和议会多数优势，将加纳的自然资源禀赋从祸害转变为国家的福 祉。布雷顿森林机构在其题为《一代人改变加纳》的2025年政策说明中指出， 尽管拥有丰富的黄金、可可、石油和天然气资源，但该国持续存在贫困和不平 等现象，现任政府拥有独特的政治资本来实施大胆的改革，解决数十年来的资 源管理不善问题。 ...

【改写后的新版本】 今年四月，乌克兰政府与美国签署了一项具有战略意义的矿产合作协议。根据这份文件，美方企业将获 得乌境内新矿产项目的优先投资资格，双方还约定将项目收益的50%注入共同管理的投资基金。这份看 似平常的商业协议，却因两国悬殊的国力对比引发广泛讨论。 关于五五分成引发的争议，需要从矿业特性来理解。以锂矿为例，从勘探到投产平均需要7-10年，期间 要应对环保抗议、设备故障、价格波动等多重风险。对财政吃紧的乌克兰来说，用资源置换美国的资金 技术，相当于找到了风险共担人。 联合基金的设置更是精妙。这个资金池将重点支持能源网改造、交通枢纽重建等民生项目，由两国专家 共同监管。既防止了资金挪用，又确保收益反哺经济。就像把鸡蛋放在带锁的篮子里，比直接揣在兜里 更安全。 值得玩味的是协议签署的时机。随着美国政治风向转变，新任政府明确要求对外援助必须物有所值。这 份协议恰好体现了投资代替施舍的新思路——美国获得战略资源保障，乌克兰得到发展资金，各取所 需。 不过硬币总有另一面。过度依赖外资可能带来资源诅咒，历史上不少国家因此陷入发展陷阱。专家建 议，乌克兰应该借机培育本土产业链，比如在采矿设备制造、矿物精加工等领域 ...

Core Viewpoint - Metals play a crucial role in geopolitical economic competition, with industrialization serving as a key link between metal resources and geopolitical dynamics. The interplay of re-industrialization in the US and Europe, strategic emerging industries, and industrialization in developing countries is significant in this context [2][4]. Group 1: Geopolitical Impact on Metal Supply and Demand - Metals are strategic resources that reflect a country's manufacturing capability and are closely tied to national security. The importance of metals has risen in the context of intensified geopolitical competition [6][12]. - The geographical distribution of metal resources is highly concentrated, leading to significant supply constraints. For instance, cobalt reserves are predominantly located in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which accounts for over 50% of global reserves and 70%-80% of supply [18][20]. - The demand for metals is primarily driven by industrialized regions, such as East Asia, Europe, and North America, while supply is concentrated in South America, Oceania, and Africa, leading to a mismatch in supply and demand [16][23]. Group 2: Industrialization and Metal's Role - Industrialization is categorized into three types: re-industrialization in developed countries, new industrialization driven by green and digital transitions, and industrialization in developing countries. Metals are essential for all these industrialization processes [27][35]. - The re-industrialization efforts in the US and Europe are constrained by high dependence on metal imports, with the EU's net imports of iron ore reaching about 70% in 2022 [28][29]. - The development of new industries, particularly in clean energy and semiconductors, heavily relies on metals. For example, lithium, cobalt, and nickel are critical for battery performance in electric vehicles [36][37]. Group 3: China's Position and Strategies - China possesses significant advantages in metal smelting and processing, which enhances its competitive position in geopolitical economic competition. The country has a dominant share in the global rare earth market, with over 90% of rare earth refining capacity [38][39]. - The scale of China's metal processing capabilities allows for lower production costs, making it a key player in the supply chain for various metals, including lithium and strategic small metals like tungsten [44][55]. - China's response to geopolitical risks in the metal sector includes enhancing recycling capabilities, tapping into domestic resources, and securing foreign reserves [2][51].

Economic Growth and Recovery - Côte d'Ivoire has achieved an average economic growth rate of 7% over the past decade, emerging from the devastation of civil wars to become a leading economy in Sub-Saharan Africa [1] - Following the end of conflicts in 2011, the government implemented a national development plan that led to an average GDP growth of approximately 9.6% from 2012 to 2015 [5][6] Agricultural Sector and Cocoa Industry - Côte d'Ivoire is the world's largest cocoa producer, contributing 40% of global cocoa beans, but has historically been trapped in low-value raw material exports [7] - The government aims to achieve 100% local processing of cocoa beans by 2030, with current local conversion rates at about 33% [10] - A new state-owned cocoa processing plant, capable of processing 50,000 tons annually, has recently commenced operations [10] Infrastructure Development - Côte d'Ivoire is the second-largest economy in the West African Economic Community and is actively enhancing its infrastructure to become a regional economic hub [13] - The country has a total road length of 82,500 kilometers, accounting for 50% of the total road length in the West African Economic and Monetary Union [16] - The Abidjan port, the largest container port in West Africa, has increased its annual throughput from 1.2 million to 2.5 million standard containers after upgrades [16] Private Sector Activation - The government has adopted a "flooding the market" approach to stimulate the private economy through policy relaxation and market opening [17] - In 2023, over 25,000 new businesses were registered in Côte d'Ivoire, reflecting a vibrant entrepreneurial environment [17] - The collaboration between public and private sectors has resulted in an average economic growth rate of 6.5% from 2021 to 2023, despite global challenges [17]

从人均富裕到民不聊生：这个国家，靠石油暴富，又因石油崩塌 "石油天堂"到"人间地狱"：委内瑞拉是如何把王炸打烂的？ 要说全世界最惨的国家，委内瑞拉说自己第二，估计没人敢争第一！这不科学啊！要资源有资源，要风景有风景，老天爷赏饭吃都不需要碗的那种，结果硬 是活成了个国际"负翁"。 汽油比矿泉水还便宜（当年加满一箱油≈买瓶可乐） 看病不要钱、上学不要钱，连房子都白住 委内瑞拉与中东产油国命运迥异，根源在于发展模式差异。中东国家如沙特、阿联酋推动经济多元化，建立主权财富基金，投资全球并发展金融、旅游等非 油产业，同时维持政治稳定与国际合作关系。而委内瑞拉过度依赖石油，忽视产业平衡，实行民粹福利与无度印钞，导致恶性通胀；加之国有化驱逐外资、 技术落后、国际孤立，经济脆弱不堪。当油价下跌，缺乏储备与多元支撑的委内瑞拉陷入崩溃，而中东凭借低成本开采、雄厚储备和战略转型，成功规 避"资源诅咒"。 委内瑞拉经济崩溃将民众推入生存绝境：恶性通胀使钞票沦为废纸，工资仅数美元，以物易物盛行。食品极度短缺，民众排队抢购、食用替代品，儿童营养 不良严重。医疗系统瘫痪，缺药断电，传染病 resurgence。水电供应不稳定，治安恶化，凶 ...

根据彭博亿万富翁指数最新发布的2025年上半年数据，俄罗斯最富有的那群人总财富增加了204亿美 元。 推动这一增长的主要力量来自石油、天然气和金属这些大宗商品领域的巨头。 其中，掌控着重要镍生产商诺里尔斯克镍业的弗拉基米尔·波塔宁财富增加了25亿美元，总资产达到304 亿美元，继续保持着俄罗斯首富的位置。 排在第二位的是俄罗斯第二大石油公司卢克石油的创始人瓦吉特·阿列克佩罗夫，他的净资产增加了11 亿美元，达到265亿美元。 大型钢铁企业Severstal的主席阿列克谢·莫尔达绍夫排名第三，财富增长了19亿美元，总财富为252亿美 元。俄罗斯第二大天然气生产商Novatek的共同所有人列昂尼德·米赫尔松财富增加了14亿美元，达到 238亿美元。 不过，并非所有人都实现了增长。钢铁制造商NLMK的主要股东弗拉基米尔·利辛由于钢铁价格下跌， 财富缩水了35亿美元，降至222亿美元，成为榜单上损失最大的人。 与此同时，通讯应用Telegram的联合创始人帕维尔·杜罗夫表现突出，他的财富大幅增长了32亿美元， 达到143亿美元。 资源寡头的韧性远超预期 乍一看，西方对俄罗斯实施的大规模、全方位的经济制裁，本应重创其经 ...

Group 1: Economic Growth and Oil Production - Guyana has become an energy hub, producing nearly 650,000 barrels of oil per day, with an estimated recoverable oil reserve of approximately 11 billion barrels [1] - The country's GDP grew by 62.3% in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 47% projected from 2022 to 2024 [1] - By 2025, daily oil production is expected to reach 800,000 barrels, contributing significantly to economic growth [1] Group 2: Government Initiatives and Infrastructure Investment - The Guyanese government established a Natural Resource Fund to manage oil revenues and prevent the "resource curse," investing heavily in clean energy, infrastructure, education, and healthcare [2] - Over $200 billion has been invested in roads and bridges nationwide this year, with a focus on improving public services and reducing living costs [2] - The government aims to ensure equitable sharing of oil wealth among the population through various development projects [2] Group 3: Environmental Challenges and Strategies - Guyana faces environmental challenges, particularly due to rising sea levels affecting over 90% of its coastal population [2] - The country has a high forest cover rate of 87%, making it a crucial carbon sink, and has developed a "Low Carbon Development Strategy" to address climate change [2] - The strategy emphasizes sustainable resource use, biodiversity protection, and marine economy management [2] Group 4: International Cooperation - Economic cooperation between China and Guyana has deepened, with over 30 Chinese enterprises operating in the country [3] - Guyana joined the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018, enhancing infrastructure development through Chinese investment [3] - The Demerara River Bridge project, the largest and most complex infrastructure project in Guyana, is currently under construction by Chinese companies [3]

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes that measuring a region's true development level should not rely solely on GDP totals, but rather on per capita GDP and per capita income as more accurate indicators of wealth and prosperity [2][4]. Group 1: Per Capita GDP Insights - Per capita GDP is a measure of wealth creation capacity, while per capita income reflects residents' income levels [3]. - Jiangsu has the highest per capita GDP among provinces, reaching 163,000 yuan, surpassing the threshold of 20,000 USD for developed economies [6]. - Gansu has the lowest per capita GDP at 53,000 yuan, approximately one-third of Jiangsu's level, equivalent to the national average from a decade ago [7]. - The top five provinces by per capita GDP are Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, and Zhejiang, while the bottom five are Gansu, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Jilin [11][12]. Group 2: Per Capita Income Insights - Per capita income is a closer indicator of "people's wealth," with a national average ratio of 43.1% between per capita income and per capita GDP [23]. - The top provinces for per capita disposable income are Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Tianjin, with Shanghai leading at 88,400 yuan [26]. - Coastal provinces dominate the top rankings for per capita income, with Zhejiang surpassing Jiangsu to claim the highest position among non-municipal provinces [28]. Group 3: Economic Characteristics and Comparisons - Jiangsu and Zhejiang are noted for their balanced development, while Guangdong's diverse geography leads to disparities in wealth [13][14]. - Resource-rich provinces like Inner Mongolia and Shanxi have high GDPs but lower per capita incomes due to the concentration of wealth in government and corporate sectors rather than among ordinary workers [31][33]. - Gansu, despite facing geographical and structural challenges, has the lowest rankings in both per capita GDP and income, indicating a need for more national support [36][49]. Group 4: High-Income Provinces - Only Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Fujian meet the criteria for "high-income provinces," defined as having both per capita GDP over 100,000 yuan and per capita income over 50,000 yuan [40][41]. - The article highlights that these provinces share characteristics such as being major economic contributors and having robust private sectors [43].