Core Viewpoint - The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their groundbreaking experiments demonstrating macroscopic quantum tunneling effects and energy quantization phenomena in electrical circuits, paving the way for advancements in quantum technologies such as quantum computing and quantum cryptography [1][2][3]. Group 1: Award Significance - The award recognizes the ability to observe quantum mechanical effects at a macroscopic scale, addressing a fundamental question in physics regarding the maximum size of a system that can exhibit quantum behavior [1][2]. - The experiments conducted by the laureates illustrate that quantum properties can manifest in systems large enough to be handled, such as superconducting circuits, which are practical applications of quantum technology [1][2][3]. Group 2: Experimental Insights - The laureates' work involved constructing a superconducting circuit that allowed for the observation of quantum tunneling, where charged particles behave collectively as a single entity, demonstrating quantum effects in a system containing billions of Cooper pairs [1][2][37]. - Their experiments showed that the system could escape a zero-voltage state through quantum tunneling, producing measurable voltage, thus confirming the quantum nature of the system [21][24][39]. Group 3: Future Implications - The findings from this research are expected to significantly impact the development of next-generation quantum technologies, including quantum computers and quantum sensors, by providing a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics at larger scales [1][2][42]. - The work lays a foundation for future advancements in quantum computing, as it allows for the use of quantized energy states in superconducting circuits as qubits, which are essential for building practical quantum computers [43][44].

Group 1 - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists for their contributions to quantum mechanics, specifically for discovering macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in circuits [1] - The Nobel Prize committee stated that this year's award opens opportunities for the development of next-generation quantum technologies, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and quantum sensors [1] - The award highlights the significant contributions of the winners to superconducting quantum computing, which is based on macroscopic quantum effects and energy quantization [3] Group 2 - The concept of "quantum computing superiority" refers to the ability of quantum computers to outperform classical computers in solving specific problems that even supercomputers cannot solve in a short time [4] - The mainstream academic view suggests that the development of quantum computing will follow a three-step process: achieving quantum computing superiority, developing manipulable quantum simulators, and creating programmable universal quantum computers [4] - Major technology companies, including Google, IBM, Microsoft, and NVIDIA, are actively investing in quantum information technology, accelerating the transition from laboratory research to industrial applications [4]

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their contributions to quantum mechanics, specifically for discovering macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in electronic circuits [4][8][34] Group 1: Award Details - The Nobel Prize recognizes the ability to observe quantum tunneling effects at a macroscopic scale, which was previously only studied at the microscopic level [17][30] - The awardees demonstrated that quantum properties can manifest in systems large enough to be held in hand, using superconducting circuits [8][15] Group 2: Experimental Contributions - The experiments conducted by the awardees involved superconductors that could tunnel from one state to another, akin to passing through a wall, and showed that these systems absorb and emit energy in specific quantized amounts [8][19][30] - Their work involved creating a Josephson junction, which allowed for the measurement of quantum phenomena in a system containing billions of Cooper pairs, thus bridging the gap between micro and macro quantum effects [26][30] Group 3: Theoretical Implications - The findings have significant implications for understanding quantum mechanics, as they illustrate that macroscopic systems can exhibit quantum behavior, challenging the notion that quantum effects are only relevant at the microscopic level [32][33] - The research opens new avenues for experimental exploration of quantum phenomena and has potential applications in quantum computing, where the quantized states of circuits can be utilized as qubits [34]

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists John Clarke, Mike H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their research on the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and energy quantization in circuits [1] - The Nobel Committee recognized that the winners demonstrated the peculiar characteristics of the quantum world can be realized in systems large enough to be held in hand through a series of experiments [1] Summary by Categories - **Award Recipients** - John Clarke, Mike H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis are the recipients of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics [1] - **Research Focus** - The awarded research focuses on the discovery of the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and energy quantization in electrical circuits [1] - **Significance of Research** - The Nobel Committee highlighted the importance of the research in showing that quantum phenomena can manifest in larger systems, bridging the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics [1]

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their work on "macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in circuits" [1] - The award committee recognized that the laureates demonstrated the peculiar characteristics of the quantum world can manifest in systems large enough to be held in hand [1] - Their superconducting electrical systems can tunnel from one state to another, akin to passing through a wall, and they showed that the system absorbs and emits energy in specific quantized amounts as predicted by quantum mechanics [1] - The winners will share a prize of 11 million Swedish Krona, approximately 8.36 million RMB [1]

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their discovery of macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in circuits [1][5] - The prize money of 11 million Swedish Krona (approximately 8.36 million RMB) will be equally distributed among the winners [1] Group 1: Awardees Background - John Clarke, born in 1942 in Cambridge, UK, is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley [4] - Michel H. Devoret, born in 1953 in Paris, France, is a professor at Yale University and the University of California, Santa Barbara [4] - John M. Martinis, born in 1958, is also a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara [4] Group 2: Research Significance - The awardees conducted experiments on circuits that revealed the role of quantum physics, addressing a significant question in physics regarding the maximum size of systems exhibiting quantum effects [5] - Their experiments demonstrated that quantum mechanical properties can manifest at a macroscopic scale, using superconducting circuits to show quantum tunneling and quantized energy levels [5][6] - The findings have implications for the development of next-generation quantum technologies, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and quantum sensors [6]

Core Viewpoint - The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 was awarded to three scientists in the field of quantum mechanics: John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis, for their discoveries related to macroscopic quantum tunneling effects and energy quantization phenomena in circuits [1]. Group 1: John Clarke - John Clarke's research focuses on superconductivity and superconducting electronics, particularly in low-temperature physics [4]. - He is best known for inventing and improving the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), which is a highly sensitive flux-to-voltage converter used in various fields such as condensed matter physics and medical physics [4]. - Clarke was born in 1942 in Cambridge, UK, and has received numerous awards, including the Fritz London Prize for his contributions to low-temperature physics [7][11]. Group 2: Michel H. Devoret - Michel H. Devoret is recognized as one of the founders of "quantum electronics," focusing on the quantum behavior of electronic systems at the mesoscopic scale [16]. - He has made significant contributions to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of quantum non-equilibrium physics in superconducting circuits, laying a solid foundation for quantum technology [18]. - Devoret has received several prestigious awards, including the 2024 Comstock Prize in Physics and the 2022 Micius Quantum Prize [19]. Group 3: John M. Martinis - John M. Martinis's core contribution to the Nobel Prize was his research on the quantum behavior of the phase difference in Josephson junctions, demonstrating that macroscopic circuit systems can exhibit quantum tunneling and energy level discretization [20]. - He played a pivotal role in achieving "quantum supremacy" with a 53-qubit processor, surpassing the computational power of the world's strongest classical supercomputer [24]. - Martinis has held various prestigious positions, including serving as the Chief Scientist for Quantum Hardware at Google's Quantum AI Lab, and has co-founded companies focused on practical quantum computing [26][28].

Core Viewpoint - The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their groundbreaking work demonstrating macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in superconducting circuits, paving the way for next-generation quantum technologies [2][5][11]. Group 1: Experimental Achievements - The laureates conducted a series of experiments in the 1980s that showcased how quantum tunneling effects can be observed at a macroscopic scale, specifically in superconducting circuits [11][12]. - They created a circuit with two superconductors separated by an insulating layer, demonstrating that charged particles in superconductors behave collectively as if they were a single particle [11][12]. - Their experiments confirmed that the superconducting system could escape a zero-voltage state through tunneling, producing measurable voltage and demonstrating quantized energy levels [12][28]. Group 2: Theoretical Implications - The experiments provide significant insights into quantum mechanics, illustrating how macroscopic phenomena can arise from the collective behavior of many microscopic particles [31][33]. - The work draws parallels to Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, suggesting that macroscopic quantum states can exist and be measured, challenging traditional views of quantum mechanics [31][33]. - The findings have implications for the development of quantum technologies, including quantum computing, by utilizing the principles of energy quantization demonstrated in their research [35][37]. Group 3: Future Applications - The research opens new avenues for experimental exploration of quantum phenomena, potentially leading to the creation of artificial atoms that can be used in quantum technology applications [35]. - John Martinis's subsequent work on quantum computers leverages the principles established by the Nobel laureates, indicating a direct application of their findings in advancing quantum computing technology [35].

当地时间10月7日，瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予科学家约翰·克拉克、麦克·H·德沃 雷特、约翰·M·马蒂尼，以表彰他们在量子力学领域的贡献。 获奖者将平分1100万瑞典克朗（约合836万元人民币）奖金。 责任编辑：凌辰 ...

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to scientists John Clarke, Mike H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their discovery of the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and energy quantization in circuits [1]. Group 1 - The total prize amount is 11 million Swedish Krona, equivalent to approximately 8.36 million Chinese Yuan [2].