Core Viewpoint - Credit bond ETFs offer a higher return potential compared to interest rate bond ETFs, appealing to investors willing to accept some credit risk [2][13]. Group 1: Definition and Structure - Credit bond ETFs track a basket of credit bonds, allowing investors to hold multiple credit bonds through a single ETF [2]. - The underlying credit bond assets primarily include short-term financing bonds, corporate bonds, enterprise bonds, and local government financing bonds [2][7]. Group 2: Market Overview - There are currently 11 credit bond ETFs in the market, with a total scale exceeding 82.1 billion yuan [3]. - Among these, one product tracking short-term financing bonds has a scale of over 25.4 billion yuan, while one product tracking local government financing bonds has a scale exceeding 15 billion yuan [3][5]. Group 3: Asset Types and Characteristics - Short-term financing bonds are typically issued by large state-owned enterprises or leading private enterprises, with a maturity of no more than one year [7]. - Corporate bonds are issued by listed companies or large enterprises, with flexible funding purposes [7]. - Local government financing bonds are issued by financing platforms of local governments, commonly used for municipal infrastructure projects [7]. Group 4: ETF Product Details - There are five credit bond ETFs with underlying assets in corporate bonds, totaling over 28.5 billion yuan [8]. - The two main indices tracked by these ETFs differ in focus: one emphasizes credit ratings while the other prioritizes market liquidity [9][11]. Group 5: Future Outlook - The next discussion will focus on convertible bond ETFs, which offer more flexibility in risk and return [13].

2025年5月美元汇率大幅下跌，主要原因可归结为以下六个方面： 1. 财政赤字与信用风险加剧 美国国会通过的新减税法案预计未来十年新增数万亿美元财政赤字，叠加穆迪等评级机构调降美国主权 及银行信用评级，市场对美债可持续性担忧加剧。这一背景下，美国国债拍卖遇冷，5月22日20年期国 债拍卖需求疲软，长期收益率大幅飙升，反映投资者要求更高风险溢价，直接拖累美元指数跌破99关 口。 2. 关税政策冲击全球信心 特朗普公开施压美联储大幅降息，甚至威胁解雇主席鲍威尔，引发市场对货币发行政治化的担忧。这种 干预动摇了美元信用基础，部分投资者认为美联储可能丧失抑制通胀的能力，加剧美元抛售潮。同期美 债收益率曲线陡峭化，10年期国债收益率突破4.5%，显示市场对长期通胀预期升温。 4. 全球去美元化进程加速 中国、俄罗斯等国家推动本币结算和黄金储备多元化，叠加美国滥用金融制裁导致美元资产信任度下 降。IMF数据显示人民币购买力平价被显著低估（3.55元/1美元），促使国际资本重新配置资产。5月美 元指数较年初累计下跌11.1%，创2005年以来最差开局。 5. 美元套利逻辑逆转 日本央行加息至0.25%并缩减超长期国债购买， ...

Core Viewpoint - The surge in U.S. Treasury yields is primarily driven by escalating national debt and weak demand in recent bond auctions, reflecting investors' demand for higher returns amid increasing fiscal risks [1][3][4]. Group 1: Treasury Yield Trends - As of May 22, 2025, the yields for U.S. Treasury bonds are as follows: 10-year at 4.6%, 20-year at 5.109%, and 30-year at 5.10%, indicating a significant rise in yields [3]. - The weak demand for the 20-year Treasury auction, requiring a yield of 5.047% to attract buyers, highlights declining market confidence following Moody's downgrade of the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA1 [3][4]. Group 2: Fiscal Challenges - By 2025, approximately $9.2 trillion of U.S. debt will mature, representing about one-third of all circulating market debt, with an estimated 55% to 60% maturing before July 2025 [4]. - The total U.S. national debt is approximately $36.21 trillion, with interest payments projected to be around $684 billion for the fiscal year 2025, accounting for 16% of total federal spending [4]. Group 3: Economic Implications - The debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to rise to 124.4% by the end of 2025, indicating that federal borrowing is significantly outpacing economic growth [6]. - Concerns about fiscal sustainability and political gridlock are diminishing long-term confidence in the U.S. dollar, especially with increasing credit quality risks [7]. Group 4: Market Impact - Rising Treasury yields and recent bond market volatility reflect investor concerns about the U.S. government's ability to refinance large debts in a high-interest environment, which could pressure the dollar and stock markets [7]. - The S&P 500 index has shown strong recovery driven by optimism in U.S.-China trade talks, but uncertainties surrounding future negotiations and fiscal concerns pose risks to the sustainability of this rebound [8]. Group 5: Technical Analysis - The S&P 500 index is approaching a critical psychological level at 6000 points, with recent pullbacks indicating weakening momentum [9]. - The 5700-point level is becoming a significant support point; a breach below this level could trigger further downward pressure on the U.S. stock market [9].

Group 1 - The coal industry is expected to see a decline in operating revenue in 2024, with a decrease in operating cash flow and significant net outflow in investment cash flow. However, overall debt repayment capability remains strong despite high leverage and increasing debt levels [4] - In 2025, coal enterprises' profitability will still be constrained, but there will be support for overall profitability. Operating cash flow is expected to remain relatively ample, while investment cash flow will continue to show a rigid net outflow [4] Group 2 - The banking sector is experiencing a systematic decline in interest rates due to recent monetary policy measures, with an expected improvement in industry interest margins by over 5 basis points. The management of funding costs is anticipated to alleviate pressure on interest margins [5] - The banking sector's fundamentals are stable, and there is optimism regarding the performance of bank stocks moving forward [5] Group 3 - In April 2025, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 3.72 trillion yuan, showing a year-on-year growth of 5.1%, although the growth rate decreased by 0.8 percentage points compared to March. From January to April, the total retail sales amounted to 16.18 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 4.7%, an increase of 0.6 percentage points compared to the same period last year [6] - The restaurant industry is showing signs of recovery, with an increase in the number of stores and a rise in market activity in first-tier cities. Policy stimuli are expected to improve demand, while competition among stores is intensifying [10] Group 4 - The recent easing of trade tensions between China and the U.S. has led to a surge in shipping demand, resulting in a rapid increase in freight rates for routes between the U.S. and China. The average freight rates for the U.S. West and East routes rose by 31.7% and 22.0%, respectively [8]

桥水基金创始人瑞达利欧警告称，虽然穆迪下调美国主权信用评级，但"你应该知道，信用评级低估了 信用风险，因为它们只评估了政府不偿还债务的风险……它们没有考虑到更大的风险，即负债国家会印 钞偿还债务，从而导致债券持有人因所获资金价值下跌（而不是资金数量减少）而蒙受损失……换句话 说，对于那些关心资金价值的人来说，美国政府债务的风险比评级机构传达的要大。" ...

债 券 研 究 2025 年 05 月 18 日 资金无忧，关注利率下行触发因素 相关研究 - 证券分析师 黄伟平 A0230524110002 huangwp@swsresearch.com 栾强 A0230524110003 luanqiang@swsresearch.com 联系人 栾强 (8621)23297818× luanqiang@swsresearch.com 本研究报告仅通过邮件提供给 中庚基金 使用。1 债 券 策 略 证 券 研 究 报 告 ⚫ 长期以来，信用风险关注度超过利率风险。人民银行在《2025 年第一季度中 国货币政策执行报告》的《专栏 4 加强债券市场建设 支持债券市场健康发 展》中强调了债券市场存在的短板不足，从债券市场宏观审慎视角下更加重 视利率波动影响，但主要都是长期机制，短期对债市影响可能有限。事实上， 以往监管对系统性金融机构的关注主要在信用风险，对利率风险关注相对较 少。但是，近年来主导债券市场扩容的标的更多落脚在利率债资产，贡献了 资产荒下新债增发和资产增值两个维度的供给。新旧动能切换背景下，广义 信贷（贷款、非标等）增速下行，但广义利率债扩容支撑了社会信用扩张 ...

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Rating downgrades in the convertible bond market from 2021 - 2024 showed high - frequency, seasonal, and industry - concentrated characteristics. Over 61% of downgrades were in June, with cyclical industries like industrial and materials dominating, and over 80% of downgraded entities being private enterprises in coastal developed areas. High - rating entities had lower downgrade risks [6]. - Rating adjustments drove market differentiation. High - growth sectors such as TMT, electronics, and non - ferrous metals had low downgrade risks, while industries like real estate, steel, and power equipment faced greater downgrade pressure. After a downgrade, convertible bond prices generally showed a "first decline then rise" pattern, and market sentiment was significantly affected by the rating window period [6]. - To deal with credit risks, a triple - strategy approach could be adopted: using equity - biased convertible bonds to hedge risks, seizing repair opportunities of undervalued low - price bonds, and using short - duration high - YTM bonds for defense [6]. 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Rating Adjustment Review 3.1.1 Historical Rating Adjustments and Market Performance - From 2021 - 2024, there were 193 downgrades in the convertible bond market, accounting for 4.51% of all rating adjustments. Over 61% of them were in June. Industries such as industrial and materials were dominant, private enterprises accounted for over 80%, mainly in coastal areas like Guangdong and Jiangsu. Downgraded entities were generally of weak quality, with issuance ratings concentrated at AA and AA - [6][8][10]. - The broader market index often weakened in May and June. The CSI Convertible Bond Index usually had a phased decline before the release of rating adjustment announcements due to risk pre - screening by institutions, leading to a chain reaction of "forward - priced risk → wider credit spread → market correction" [16]. - After a downgrade, convertible bond prices generally showed a "first decline then rise" pattern. For example, Zhongzhuang Zhuan 2 and Ying 19 Convertible Bond rebounded about 1 month after the downgrade [19]. 3.1.2 Identification of Downgraded Convertible Bonds - Factors leading to rating downgrades included performance losses, weakened solvency, low industry prosperity, equity issues, and liquidity risks. For example, Lingnan Convertible Bond was downgraded multiple times due to a plunge in EBITDA margin to - 119% and a high short - term debt ratio [6][23][24]. 3.1.3 Rating Adjustments Showed Structural Differentiation - High - growth sectors such as TMT, electronics, and non - ferrous metals had strong profitability and low downgrade risks. For example, the computer industry had a 471.86% year - on - year increase in net profit, the electronics industry had a ROE of 6.27% and a 37.24% net profit growth, and the non - ferrous metals industry had a ROE of 11.3% and a 53.23% net profit growth [26]. - Traditional industries such as real estate, steel, and power equipment faced greater downgrade risks. The real estate industry had a 274% drop in net profit, the steel industry had a negative ROE, and the power equipment industry had a low ROE of 3.6% [28]. 3.2 How to Select Bonds Around the Rating Adjustment Window Period 3.2.1 Equity - linked Convertible Bonds Could Hedge Credit Risks - In the face of credit risk shocks, equity - biased convertible bonds showed stronger price resilience. For example, during the "20 Hongda Xingye SCP001" default in 2020, equity - biased convertible bonds rose while others declined [32]. 3.2.2 Low - price Convertible Bonds Presented a Layout Window - During the credit adjustment window period, the low - price index usually showed a "first decline then rise" return characteristic. In 2024, low - price convertible bonds initially underperformed but later achieved the highest cumulative return for the year. Currently, attention could be paid to undervalued but cash - flow - stable bonds [33]. 3.2.3 Layout of Short - duration High - YTM Convertible Bonds - Short - duration high - YTM convertible bonds with a remaining term of less than 2 years and positive YTM could be selected. For example, Wanshun Zhuan 2 in 2024 outperformed the market under the protection of the put - back clause [36]. 3.3 Post - market Allocation Suggestions - Focus on three types of opportunities: high - growth equity - biased convertible bonds such as Hao 24 Convertible Bond; low - price bonds with credit mispricing like Jingneng Convertible Bond; and short - duration high - YTM defensive bonds such as Lvyin Convertible Bond [40].

Core Viewpoint - Zhongzheng Pengyuan has placed Beijing Sound Communication Electronics Co., Ltd. on a credit rating watch list due to significant losses and declining financial indicators, maintaining its credit rating at A+ [1] Group 1: Company Performance - In 2024, Sound Communication reported revenue of 302 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.85%, but incurred a net loss of 51.2 million yuan, a decline of 304.23% compared to the previous year [1] - The company continued to experience losses in Q1 2025, with a net loss of 14.21 million yuan [1] - The decline in gross profit, increased expenses, and poor receivables collection have contributed to the company's financial struggles [1] Group 2: Credit Rating and Market Position - Zhongzheng Pengyuan has maintained the company's credit rating at A+ while placing it on a watch list due to the aforementioned financial issues [1] - Sound Communication has one outstanding bond, the Sound Convertible Bond, with a remaining scale of 279 million yuan and a maturity of 3.63 years [2] - The company, founded in 1994, provides comprehensive security solutions and services across various sectors, including rail transportation and finance [2] Group 3: Industry Context - In 2023, over 10 convertible bonds have had their ratings downgraded, with 4 bonds placed on a watch list, indicating a trend of increasing credit risk in the market [3] - The primary reasons for rating downgrades include operational losses, liquidity issues, and deteriorating credit conditions [7][9]

报告导读： 美国具有充足的安全垫机制，短期违约风险不大。美国债务风险被市场高估， 经济衰退仍是主要逻辑，当下的环境更像 2011 年，中长期来看美债配置价值优于欧日。 美国主权债务危机复盘：历史上未发生过主权债务违约，且当前有比较充足的风险垫机制，美债短期违约 风险不大。 回顾历史，美国国债未因债务上限发生过正式的债务违约，但曾有被视为技术性违约或接近违 约的案例。早在 18 至 20 世纪初期，美国曾多次因战争大量举债而最终无力偿还接近违约的案例，如 1779 年的独立战争时期和 1862 年的南北战争时期等。 20 世纪末至今则偶有几次发生技术性违约的情 况。总的来看，美国国债历史上并没有发生过真正意义上的违约（即未能按时支付本金或利息），过去几 轮技术性违约事件通常是由债务上限问题引发的，背后则是民主党和共和党对于财政扩张或财政保守之间 的政治博弈。解决方式主要是通过国会提高债务上限或采取非常规措施来维持支付能力。美联储、 TGA 账户资金和超常规措施提供安全垫，美债短期违约风险不大。 美债危机期间的资产变动：与全球经济、货币政策等因素紧密相关，衰退期间美债表现占优。 1 ） 1979 年美国经济衰退， ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the recent updates on convertible bond ratings, highlighting that while most ratings remain unchanged, several have been downgraded due to deteriorating company fundamentals, including losses, increased debt pressure, and worsening credit conditions [1][3]. Group 1: Rating Updates - As of now, 72 convertible bonds have updated their ratings this year, with 65 bonds maintaining their previous ratings, accounting for 90.28% [3]. - Seven convertible bonds have experienced rating downgrades, including Dongshi Convertible Bond, Fumiao Convertible Bond, and others, primarily due to continuous losses and increased debt pressure [3][4]. Group 2: Reasons for Downgrades - Fumiao Convertible Bond's rating was adjusted from A+ to A due to declining profitability and increased debt pressure, with a significant rise in the asset-liability ratio expected by the end of 2024 [4]. - Dongshi Convertible Bond's rating was downgraded from B to CCC, reflecting increased liquidity risks and a negative outlook due to worsening credit conditions, including civil judgments and administrative penalties [5]. Group 3: Implications of Downgrades - The downgrades indicate a rise in credit risk for the affected convertible bonds, which could lead to potential liquidity issues and increased scrutiny from investors [6][7]. - The downgrade of the Puli Convertible Bond from BB to B+ was influenced by the termination of its stock and bond listings due to significant financial discrepancies, which severely impacted the company's market reputation [8][9]. - The company faces potential risks of early redemption of convertible bonds if stock prices fall below a certain threshold, exacerbating liquidity pressures and increasing the likelihood of default [10].