Core Insights - The top-performing broad-based indices in A-shares for the first three quarters are the ChiNext Index and the Sci-Tech 50 Index, both rising by 51.2% [3][9] - The North Exchange 50 Index has also shown significant growth, increasing by 47.29% year-to-date, with a closing value of 1528 points as of September 30 [3][11] - The performance of these indices sets the stage for an exciting fourth quarter, with speculation on which index will finish the year with the highest growth [3][11] Summary by Index ChiNext Index - The ChiNext Index has a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 45.4, placing it at the 99.3% percentile over the past three years [5] - It experienced a substantial increase of 50.4% in the third quarter, contributing nearly all of its gains for the year [7][9] - The trading volume on September 30 was 580.5 billion yuan, with 97 tracking funds totaling 160.8 billion yuan in assets [7] Sci-Tech 50 Index - The Sci-Tech 50 Index has a P/E ratio of 193, which is at the 100% percentile for the past three and five years, indicating high valuation concerns [9] - It also saw a significant rise of 49% in the third quarter, similar to the ChiNext Index, contributing almost all of its year-to-date gains [9] - The trading volume on September 30 was 99.8 billion yuan, which is less than 20% of the ChiNext Index's trading volume [9] North Exchange 50 Index - The North Exchange 50 Index has a P/E ratio of 71.8, positioned at the 93.7% percentile over the past three years [11] - It had a modest increase of 5.63% in the third quarter, contrasting sharply with the other two indices [11] - Despite the slower growth in the third quarter, it has seen a cumulative increase of over 150% since the start of the current market rally [11]

- The report provides a snapshot of the A-share market performance, highlighting that all broad-based indices experienced a decline on September 26, 2025, with the largest drops seen in the ChiNext Index (-2.6%) and CSI 2000 (-1.55%) [1][2][10] - The report notes that most indices, except SSE 50, fell below their 5-day moving averages, with CSI 1000 and CSI All Share Index also falling below their 10-day moving averages, and SSE 50 and CSI 2000 dropping below their 20-day moving averages [2][13][15] - The turnover rate of the indices on September 26, 2025, is highlighted, with CSI 2000 having the highest turnover rate (3.69), followed by ChiNext Index (3.02) and CSI 1000 (2.67) [2][18] - The daily return distribution of the indices is analyzed, showing that CSI All Share Index has the largest negative kurtosis deviation, while CSI 1000 has the smallest negative kurtosis deviation. CSI All Share Index also has the largest negative skewness, whereas SSE 50 and CSI 300 have the smallest negative skewness [2][23][25] - The risk premium of the indices relative to the 10-year government bond yield is discussed, with SSE 50 (33.65%) and CSI 300 (14.92%) having relatively high 5-year percentile values, while CSI 500 (10.63%) and ChiNext Index (4.68%) have lower values [2][30][32] - The PE-TTM values and percentiles of the indices are analyzed, showing that CSI 500 (99.75%) and CSI All Share Index (96.45%) have high 5-year percentile values, while SSE 50 (82.48%) and ChiNext Index (60.5%) have lower values [3][40][42] - The stock-bond valuation ratio is calculated using the reciprocal of PE-TTM and the difference with the 10-year government bond yield. None of the indices exceed their 80% percentile, and CSI 500 is below its 20% percentile [45][46] - Dividend yield trends are analyzed, showing that ChiNext Index (63.39%) and CSI 1000 (47.19%) are at relatively high 5-year historical percentiles, while CSI 2000 (18.6%) and CSI 500 (15.12%) are at lower percentiles [3][50][53] - The report highlights the current net asset value discount rates of the indices, with SSE 50 having the highest rate (26.0%), followed by CSI 300 (17.33%) and CSI 500 (12.0%), while ChiNext Index has the lowest rate (1.0%) [3][54]

Report Industry Investment Rating - No relevant content found. Core Views - From the perspective of cumulative returns this year, the three best - performing indices are the Micro - cap Index (+65.84%), the ChiNext Index (+47.16%), and the STAR 50 Index (+46.71%), while the three weakest are the CSI Dividend (-2.27%), the Shanghai Composite Index (+14.21%), and the CSI 300 (+15.63%) [10][12]. - Looking ahead, recent option sentiment dimensions indicate a bearish sentiment for the CSI 1000, CSI 300, and CSI 500, and combined with factors such as institutional fund withdrawals, it may suggest further market adjustments. Investors need to manage risks in the short - term [10]. - In terms of positions, the overall stock long - only strategy should maintain a moderately low position, and the neutral strategy should further reduce the position to a moderately low level before the holiday [10]. Summary by Directory 1. Equity Market Review - **Factor Calendar Overview**: This week, most of the equity market rose. The CSI A500 rose 1.19%, the CSI 300 rose 1.07%, the CSI 500 rose 0.98%, the CSI All - Share rose 0.21%, the CSI Dividend fell 0.25%, the CSI 1000 fell 0.55%, and the CSI 2000 fell 1.79%. The best - performing Barra style factors were size, growth, and momentum, with returns of 0.61%, 0.56%, and 0.18% respectively, while the worst were value, BETA, and residual volatility, with returns of -0.41%, -0.61%, and -1.17% respectively [14][15]. - **Main Broad - based Index Review**: - **Short - term Market Activity**: It is at a moderately high level but shows a marginal decline. The CSI All - Share's daily average trading volume was 2.26 trillion yuan. The trading volume proportions of the CSI 300 and CSI 500 increased marginally, while those of the CSI 2000, CSI 1000, and others decreased marginally [20][22]. - **Medium - term Market Activity**: It is at a moderately high level. The CSI All - Share's 20 - day rolling average daily trading volume was 2.39 trillion yuan. The trading volume proportions of the CSI 300 and CSI 500 increased marginally, while those of the CSI 2000, CSI 1000, and others decreased marginally [23][25]. - **Volatility**: Most broad - based indices rose, and volatility generally declined. For example, the CSI 500's volatility was 23.63% (82.41% quantile), with a marginal weekly decline of 0.79% [17][19]. - **Equity Industry Index Review**: This week, 19.4% of industries had positive returns, with the power equipment sector leading. The top three industries in terms of weekly returns were power equipment (3.86%), non - ferrous metals (3.52%), and electronics (3.51%), while the bottom three were retail (-4.32%), comprehensive (-4.61%), and social services (-5.92%) [26]. - **Equity Style Factor Review**: - **Barra Style Factors**: The size, growth, and momentum factors performed well, with returns of 0.61%, 0.56%, and 0.18% respectively, while the value, BETA, and residual volatility factors performed poorly, with returns of -0.41%, -0.61%, and -1.17% respectively [30]. - **Giant Tide Style Indices**: Most of them rose. The top three indices in terms of returns were large - cap growth (2.48%), mid - cap growth (2.30%), and small - cap growth (2.03%), while the bottom three were mid - cap value (0.56%), large - cap value (-0.34%), and small - cap value (-0.85%) [34]. - **Stock Index Futures Market Review**: - **Premium Convergence and Volatility**: The premium of IC, IF, and IM contracts converged, and volatility generally declined [36][38]. - **Impact on Neutral Products**: From the perspective of quarterly - contract hedging, the estimated average returns of neutral products affected by the hedging of IF, IC, and IM contracts were -0.280%, -0.270%, and -0.320% respectively [39]. - **Options Market Review**: This week, implied volatility generally declined, which is expected to be unfavorable for option - buying and arbitrage strategies. The top three products with the highest implied volatility were the E Fund STAR 50 ETF (50.20%), the Huaxia STAR 50 ETF (49.84%), and the E Fund ChiNext ETF (42.33%), while the bottom three were the CSI 300 Index (19.51%), the SSE 50 Index (19.10%), and the Huaxia SSE 50 ETF (18.48%) [41][42]. 2. Strategy Environment Monitoring - **Intraday Alpha Environment for Neutral and Index - Enhancement Strategies**: Overall, it is unfavorable for intraday Alpha accumulation. Although liquidity slightly increased and volatility slightly decreased, the net capital outflow was 516 billion yuan per day this week [44][49]. - **Trading - based Alpha Environment for Neutral and Index - Enhancement Strategies**: Overall, it is unfavorable for trading - based Alpha accumulation. Although trading volume and turnover rate are at high levels and stock differentiation is in a high - level range, the number of stocks outperforming the benchmark index is low and shows a marginal decline [50][55]. - **Holding - based Alpha Environment for Neutral and Index - Enhancement Strategies**: Overall, it is unfavorable for holding - based Alpha accumulation. Although stock liquidity is at a high level, factors such as market style, the proportion of stocks outperforming the index, and factor rotation speed have a negative impact [58][74]. - **Hedging Environment for Neutral Strategies**: The basis spread fluctuation is in a moderately high - level range, posing certain challenges to cost control. The IF, IC, and IM basis spreads all converged this week [75][80]. 3. Future Strategy Research and Judgment - **Return Performance**: From the 20 - day rolling returns, the relative returns of the CSI 1000, CSI 2000, and CSI 500 to the CSI 300 are in the normal range, and the return of the CSI 300 is also in the normal range [84]. - **Derivatives Option Sentiment**: The option sentiment dimension shows that the sentiment of the CSI 1000 is stable, while the CSI 300 and CSI 500 are bearish [88]. - **Derivatives Futures Sentiment**: The futures sentiment dimension shows that the basis spreads of IC, IF, and IM all converged, with a differentiated overall sentiment [92]. - **Risk Preference**: As of September 25, 2025, the margin trading balance was 2.43 trillion yuan, at a high - level range in the past three years, indicating a high risk preference [95]. - **Trading Heat**: The trading heat of the CSI 300, CSI 500, CSI 1000, and CSI 2000, as well as the market trading volume, are at different quantile levels [97]. - **Style Attention Multiple**: The CSI 1000 is in the normal range, the CSI 500 is in the high - level range, and the CSI 2000 is in the extremely low - level range [100]. - **Profit Spread**: The profit spreads of the CSI 1000, CSI 500, CSI 2000, and CSI 300 are in the low or extremely low - level ranges [103]. - **Dividend Spread**: The dividend spreads of the CSI 1000, CSI 500, CSI 2000, and CSI 300 are in the normal range [105]. - **Trading Congestion**: The trading heat of the TMT sector is in the high - level range, the trading heat of the micro - cap sector is in the normal range, and the market trading volume is in the extremely high - level range [111].

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints No explicit core viewpoints are presented in the provided content. The report mainly offers daily tracking data of various ETFs, including their performance metrics such as trading volume, net subscriptions, and RSI indicators. 3. Summary by Category A. Data Explanation - The report tracks daily frequency data of ETFs, divided into "broad - based" and "theme" sub - tables according to the tracked index categories. The "broad - based" ETFs track mainstream broad - based indices like CSI 300 and CSI 500, while "theme" ETFs track industry/style indices such as non - bank and dividend indices [2]. - A fund pool is constructed by selecting one or several large - scale ETFs in each type for analysis [2]. - The RSI relative strength indicator is calculated based on the ratio of average gains to average losses over a 12 - day period. RSI > 70 indicates an overbought market, and RSI < 30 indicates an oversold market [2]. - The net subscription amount is calculated using the formula NETBUY(T) = NAV(T)–NAV(T - 1)*(1 + R(T)), where NAV(T - 1) is the previous trading day's ETF net value [2]. - The intraday market trend is based on a 5 - minute intraday transaction price trend chart, with red dots representing the day's highest and lowest prices. Some intraday data may be missing [2]. - The institutional holding ratio is the estimated ratio from the latest annual or semi - annual reports of ETF funds, excluding the holding ratio of corresponding linked funds, and the data may have deviations [3]. B. Broad - based ETFs - Multiple ETFs tracking indices like CSI 300, CSI 500, SSE 50, etc. are presented. For example, the Huatai - Peregrine CSI 300 ETF has a circulation market value of 416.721 billion yuan, a decline of 0.94%, an RSI of 60.18, a net subscription of 703 million yuan, and a trading volume of 3.345 billion yuan [4]. - Different ETFs show varying performance in terms of market value, price changes, net subscriptions, and trading volumes. For instance, the Tianhong CSI 300 ETF has a relatively small market value of 8.977 billion yuan and a net subscription of - 53 million yuan [4]. C. Theme ETFs - **Consumer Electronics**: ETFs such as the Huaxia China Securities Consumption Electronics Theme ETF have a market value of 4.423 billion yuan and a decline of 3.44%. They also have different RSI values, net subscriptions, and trading volumes [6]. - **Non - bank**: The Guotai CSI All - Index Securities Company ETF has a market value of 5.4226 billion yuan and a decline of 0.41%. The industry shows diverse performance among different ETFs in terms of price changes, net subscriptions, etc. [6]. - **Banking**: The Huabao CSI Bank ETF has a market value of 1.4223 billion yuan and a gain of 0.13%. Different bank - related ETFs have different institutional holding ratios and trading volumes [6]. - **Dividend**: The Huatai - Peregrine SSE Dividend ETF has a market value of 1.9402 billion yuan and a gain of 0.03%. Dividend - themed ETFs show differences in performance and net subscriptions [6]. - **New Energy**: The Huaxia CSI New Energy Vehicle ETF has a market value of 549.4 million yuan and a decline of 1.50%. New - energy - related ETFs have different price trends and net subscription situations [6]. - **Chip and Semiconductor**: The Huaxia China Securities Semiconductor Chip ETF has a market value of 2.7587 billion yuan and a decline of 1.24%. These ETFs also vary in RSI values and trading volumes [6]. - **Photovoltaic**: The Huatai - Peregrine CSI Photovoltaic Industry ETF has a market value of 1.3512 billion yuan and a decline of 1.07%. Photovoltaic - themed ETFs show different performance metrics [6]. - **Military Industry**: The Guotai CSI Military Industry ETF has a market value of 1.3688 billion yuan and a decline of 0.33%. Military - industry - related ETFs have different price changes and net subscriptions [6]. - **ESG**: The Yifangda CSI Shanghai Environmental Exchange Carbon Neutrality ETF has a market value of 96.5 million yuan and a decline of 0.41%. ESG - related ETFs show different performance characteristics [6]. - **Robot**: The Huaxia CSI Robot ETF has a market value of 2.2068 billion yuan and a decline of 3.25%. Robot - themed ETFs have different RSI values and trading volumes [6]. - **Central and State - owned Enterprises**: The Huitianfu CSI Shanghai State - owned Enterprises ETF has a market value of 796.5 million yuan and a decline of 0.10%. Central and state - owned - enterprise - related ETFs show different performance in the market [6]. - **Artificial Intelligence**: The Yifangda CSI Artificial Intelligence ETF has a market value of 2.421 billion yuan and a decline of 3.25%. AI - themed ETFs vary in net subscriptions and trading volumes [6]. - **Real Estate**: The Nanfang CSI All - Index Real Estate ETF has a market value of 686.9 million yuan and a gain of 0.19%. Real - estate - related ETFs show different price trends [6]. - **Biomedicine**: The Huabao CSI Medical ETF has a market value of 2.6023 billion yuan and a decline of 1.55%. Biomedicine - related ETFs have different performance metrics [6]. - **China Concept Internet**: The Yifangda CSI Overseas Internet ETF has a market value of 4.2085 billion yuan and a decline of 1.85%. China - concept - internet - related ETFs show different net subscriptions and trading volumes [6]. - **Resources**: The Nanfang CSI Shenwan Non - ferrous Metals ETF has a market value of 1.2669 billion yuan and a decline of 0.07%. Resource - related ETFs have different price changes and net subscriptions [6]. - **Consumption**: The Penghua CSI Wine ETF has a market value of 1.9911 billion yuan and a decline of 0.68%. Consumption - related ETFs show different performance in the market [6].

Market Review - The A-share market showed a mixed performance last week, with the STAR 50, ChiNext, and SME indices gaining 6.47%, 1.96%, and 1.75% respectively, while the CSI 1000, SSE Composite, and CSI 500 indices recorded losses of -0.55%, 0.21%, and 0.98% respectively [1][9] - In terms of trading volume, most major indices saw a decline, except for the Shenzhen Component, SME, and STAR 50 indices [12][13] - The electronic, non-ferrous metals, and power equipment & new energy sectors performed well, with returns of 3.67%, 3.24%, and 3.21% respectively, while consumer services, retail, and light industry sectors lagged with returns of -6.71%, -3.92%, and -2.80% respectively [16][17] Fund Performance - Active equity, flexible allocation, and balanced mixed funds achieved returns of 0.40%, 0.32%, and 0.75% respectively last week. Year-to-date, active equity funds have the best performance with a median return of 29.87% [26][29] - The median excess return for index-enhanced funds was 0.01%, while quantitative hedge funds recorded a median return of -0.40%. Year-to-date, index-enhanced funds have a median excess return of 3.40% [30][31] Fund Issuance - A total of 61 new funds were established last week, with a total issuance scale of 366.07 billion yuan, a decrease from the previous week. The majority of new funds were passive index funds and equity mixed funds [38][39] - The newly established funds included 22 passive index funds and 13 equity mixed funds, with issuance scales of 153.55 billion yuan and 50.2 billion yuan respectively [39][40] Public Fund Scale - As of August 31, 2025, the total net asset value of public funds reached a historical high of 36.25 trillion yuan, an increase of 1,195.89 billion yuan compared to the end of July 2025 [7]

- The report does not contain any quantitative models or factors for analysis[1][2][3]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the performance and growth of the China A500 ETF over the past year, highlighting its advantages over the CSI 300 ETF and the challenges it faces in terms of scale and market leadership. Performance Summary - The China A500 Index achieved a return of 48.21% from September 24, 2024, to September 24, 2025, outperforming the CSI 300 Index by 6 percentage points [8]. - The maximum drawdown of the A500 ETF was slightly lower than that of the CSI 300 Index, indicating better risk management [9][10]. Characteristics of A500 ETF - The A500 Index features a balanced industry distribution with a higher weight in emerging sectors, avoiding extreme industry overexposure [11]. - It selects industry leaders across sectors, showcasing a mix of large-cap stability and small-cap growth potential [11]. - The index's design has proven advantageous in a market favoring growth and emerging sectors [12]. Scale Comparison - As of September 25, 2025, the A500 ETF's scale reached approximately 193.7 billion yuan, significantly trailing behind the CSI 300 ETF, which is close to 1,179.3 billion yuan [15][16]. - The A500 ETF's growth was rapid initially, surpassing 100 billion yuan within two months of its launch, but has since slowed down, with some larger funds experiencing capital outflows [17][18]. Market Leadership Uncertainty - Despite a year of operation, the leading fund tracking the A500 Index remains uncertain, with the largest being Huatai-PB A500 ETF at over 22.9 billion yuan, but not establishing a dominant position [22][23]. - Other funds like E Fund A500 ETF and Guotai A500 ETF are closely competing, with sizes around 21.6 billion yuan and 21.5 billion yuan, respectively [26]. Institutional Investors - The largest shareholders of Huatai-PB A500 ETF include brokerages, with Huatai Securities increasing its stake significantly [29]. - The A500 ETF has attracted significant interest from insurance companies, particularly in the E Fund A500 ETF, which has seen a majority of its top holders being insurance firms [32][33].

- The report provides a snapshot of the A-share market, focusing on the performance of broad-based indices as of September 25, 2025[1][2] - The indices with the highest daily gains were the ChiNext Index (1.58%) and the CSI 300 Index (0.6%), while the CSI 2000 Index (-0.61%) and the CSI 1000 Index (-0.37%) experienced the largest declines[2][10] - The ChiNext Index showed the highest year-to-date gain (51.09%), followed by the CSI 2000 Index (32.27%) and the CSI 500 Index (28.22%)[2][10] - The report includes a comparison of indices with their moving averages and their positions relative to the highest and lowest points over the past 250 trading days[13] - The CSI 300 Index had the highest trading volume share (28.66%), followed by the CSI 500 Index (21.1%) and the CSI 2000 Index (20.61%)[15] - The turnover rates for the indices were as follows: CSI 2000 (3.95), ChiNext Index (3.72), CSI 1000 (2.73), CSI 500 (2.09), CSI All Share Index (1.86), CSI 300 (0.7), and SSE 50 (0.32)[15] - The ChiNext Index had the highest kurtosis and positive skewness, indicating a more concentrated distribution of daily returns and a higher likelihood of extreme positive returns[21][23] - The risk premiums for the indices, relative to the 10-year government bond yield, were highest for the ChiNext Index (84.13%) and the CSI 300 Index (74.6%), and lowest for the CSI 1000 Index (35.24%) and the CSI 2000 Index (28.97%)[27][28] - The PE-TTM ratios for the indices showed that the CSI 500 Index (100.0%) and the CSI All Share Index (98.02%) had the highest historical percentiles, while the SSE 50 (82.64%) and the ChiNext Index (61.4%) had the lowest[39][40] - The dividend yields for the indices were highest for the SSE 50 (3.34%) and the CSI 300 (2.68%), and lowest for the CSI 2000 (0.76%) and the ChiNext Index (0.92%)[49][50] - The current net asset value break rates for the indices were as follows: SSE 50 (24.0%), CSI 300 (17.0%), CSI 500 (12.0%), CSI 1000 (7.8%), CSI 2000 (3.7%), ChiNext Index (1.0%), and CSI All Share Index (6.48%)[51]

- The report tracks the performance of broad-based indices, highlighting that all indices rose on September 24, 2025, with the highest daily gains seen in the ChiNext Index (2.28%) and CSI 500 (1.99%) [12][13][16] - The ChiNext Index showed the largest year-to-date increase (48.75%), followed by CSI 2000 (33.08%) and CSI 500 (27.91%), while the SSE 50 had the smallest gain (9.49%) [12][13] - All tracked indices surpassed their 5-day moving averages, with CSI 1000, CSI 2000, and CSI All Share Index breaking above their 10-day moving averages. CSI 2000 also exceeded its 20-day moving average, while SSE 50 remained below its 10-day and 20-day moving averages despite three consecutive days of gains [16] - The turnover rate of indices on September 24, 2025, was led by CSI 2000 (3.93), followed by ChiNext Index (3.7), CSI 1000 (2.88), CSI 500 (2.12), CSI All Share Index (1.86), CSI 300 (0.67), and SSE 50 (0.3) [18][19] - The ChiNext Index exhibited the highest kurtosis and positive skewness, indicating concentrated returns and increased extreme positive returns, while CSI 2000 showed the lowest values for both metrics [25][26] - Risk premium analysis revealed that CSI 500 (96.67%) and ChiNext Index (91.19%) had the highest 5-year percentile values, while CSI 2000 (84.29%) and SSE 50 (79.37%) were relatively lower [30][32] - PE-TTM values showed CSI 500 (100.0%) and CSI All Share Index (98.02%) at high 5-year percentiles, while SSE 50 (82.48%) and ChiNext Index (60.83%) were lower. CSI 500 reached its historical peak for both 1-year and 5-year percentiles [44][45] - Dividend yield analysis indicated that ChiNext Index (63.31%) and CSI 1000 (39.92%) were at high 5-year percentiles, while CSI 500 (13.97%) and CSI 2000 (13.06%) were at lower percentiles [48][54][55] - Current net-breaking rates showed SSE 50 (24.0%) leading, followed by CSI 300 (16.33%), CSI 500 (11.6%), CSI 1000 (7.6%), CSI 2000 (3.5%), ChiNext Index (1.0%), and CSI All Share Index (6.27%) [56]

Core Insights - The article highlights the rapid growth and significance of the China ETF market, particularly the performance of the CSI A500 Index and its associated ETFs, which have become essential tools for asset allocation among investors [1][5][11] Group 1: Market Trends - Since the launch of the CSI A500 Index, it has quickly become the second-largest A-share index in terms of ETF scale, reaching nearly 190 billion yuan as of September 22, 2025 [1][3] - The overall ETF market in China is projected to exceed 5 trillion yuan by 2025, indicating a shift towards passive investment strategies becoming mainstream [1][11] - The CSI A500 Index has shown a remarkable growth rate of 46.81% since its inception, outperforming other major indices [6][7] Group 2: Company Performance - Huatai-PB's A500 ETF leads its category with a scale of 22.4 billion yuan and a cumulative net asset value of 1.2154 yuan, reflecting its strong market position [1][3] - The company has a well-established reputation in the broad-based ETF sector, backed by over 18 years of management experience [3][10] - Huatai-PB's focus on low fees and efficient operations has positioned it favorably in a competitive market, with management fees at 0.15% and custody fees at 0.05% [4][10] Group 3: Investment Strategy - The CSI A500 Index serves as a "barometer" for market conditions and a "weather vane" for economic transformation, with a diversified composition that includes significant weights in growth sectors like electronics and renewable energy [6][7] - The index covers 53% of the total market capitalization of A-shares, making it a valuable tool for investors seeking exposure to China's economic growth [6][7] - The article emphasizes the importance of long-term investment strategies and the role of quality index tools in connecting investors with market opportunities [12]