本资料包括10科：经济基础、人力资源、财税、工商、金融、建筑、保险、旅游、农业、运输。 扫下方二维码免费领取 2025年中级经济师高频考点完整版↓↓ 免费领取，免费领取，免费领取 【经济基础】高频考点↓↓ 考点1：社会主义基本经济制度的内涵 （一）社会主义基本经济制度的内涵 《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》：公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发 展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制。 社会主义基本经济制度体现了社会主义制度的优越性，同我国社会主义初级阶段社会生产力发展水平相适应。 考点2：社会主义市场经济体制 （一）资源配置的含义及方式 狭义的资源是指自然资源；广义的资源（经济资源或生产要素）包括自然资源、劳动力、资本、企业家才能、知识、数据等。 资源配置就是指一个地区、一个国家，甚至全球范围内，对所拥有的各种资源在不同用途上的分配。资源配置的实质是社会总劳动时间在各种产品生产上 分配的问题，或分配社会劳动的问题。 将经济资源有效地分配到各种社会生产部门是人类社会生产活动的首要任务。社会的发展阶段不同，社会生产力发展水平不同 ...

强化反垄断与反不正当竞争、深入推进公平竞争政策实施，是完善社会主义市场经济体制的内在要 求。2025年6月27日，十四届全国人大常委会第十六次会议表决通过新修订的《中华人民共和国反不正 当竞争法》，自2025年10月15日起施行。图为当日表决现场。 中新社记者 田雨昊/摄 党的十一届三中全会作出实行改革开放的历史性决策，将党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来，为民营经济发 展起步创造了条件。为解决城镇青年就业等突出问题，国家通过允许个体经营、恢复城乡集市贸易等举措，有限 度地引入市场机制。1980年，全国第一张个体工商业营业执照在温州发放。个体经济作为"公有制经济的必要的、 有益的补充"，在政策允许的有限空间中破土而出、顽强生长，吸纳了大量社会劳动力。到1992年，全国个体经济 从业人员已从1978年的14万人激增至2467.7万人，政策松绑释放出的经济社会发展活力充分显现。 党的十四大明确了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，开启了民营经济加快发展的新阶段。党的十五大把"公 有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展"确立为社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度，明确提出"非公有制经济是我 国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分" ...

Core Viewpoint - The construction of an independent Chinese fiscal knowledge system is essential for addressing China's fiscal issues and supporting the modernization and national rejuvenation efforts, guided by Xi Jinping's economic thought [1][5][15]. Group 1: Theoretical Foundation - The independent Chinese fiscal knowledge system must integrate Marxist principles with China's specific realities and excellent traditional culture, forming its core and root [2][3]. - The system should be based on the successful practices of China's fiscal policies since the establishment of the new China, particularly post-reform and opening up, which cannot be solely derived from foreign textbooks [4][5]. Group 2: Practical Application - The primary goal of constructing the independent fiscal knowledge system is to closely align with the practical needs of China's modernization, ensuring that fiscal practices are effectively communicated and understood [5][6]. - The system should focus on elevating successful fiscal experiences to a theoretical level, contributing to knowledge and theoretical innovation in the field of fiscal studies [5][12]. Group 3: Market Economy Context - The socialist market economy system serves as the foundational basis for the independent fiscal knowledge system, emphasizing the relationship between government and market roles in resource allocation [6][7]. - The system must address both public needs and market failures, ensuring that fiscal activities are defined and structured according to the requirements of a high-level socialist market economy [8][9]. Group 4: Logical Framework - The independent fiscal knowledge system should prioritize meeting social public needs as its underlying logic, moving beyond traditional state-centric definitions of fiscal activities [10][11]. - This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of fiscal operations and their evolution in response to societal demands, thereby enhancing the relevance of fiscal policies [11][12]. Group 5: Strategic Goals - The transition from "localization" to "Chinese autonomy" in fiscal studies reflects a higher ambition to establish a self-sufficient and independent theoretical framework that serves China's modernization efforts [12][13]. - Emphasizing autonomy does not exclude the incorporation of beneficial elements from foreign fiscal theories, but rather seeks to harmonize these insights with China's unique context [13][14]. Group 6: Historical Context - The construction of the independent fiscal knowledge system must be situated within the broader historical context of building a modern socialist state, reflecting the achievements of civilization progress [15][16]. - Understanding the relationship between modern fiscal systems and governance is crucial for developing a fiscal framework that aligns with contemporary needs and future directions [16][17].

Core Points - The "Law on Promoting the Development of the Private Economy" officially took effect on May 20, 2025, marking a significant milestone in China's legal framework for private economic development [1][3][4] - This law embodies the principles and policies established by the central government since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party, aiming to enhance the legal status and support for the private economy [3][4][5] Summary by Sections Historical Context - Over the past 40 years, the private economy in China has grown significantly, contributing to stable growth, innovation, employment, and improved living standards, thus becoming a vital force in economic and social development [3] - The number of private enterprises in the Fortune 500 has reached over 300, and there are now 34 private enterprises in the Global 500, indicating the increasing prominence of private companies in the global market [3] Legislative Significance - The law consolidates effective practices and experiences from the private economy's development, aiming to address shortcomings and enhance the legal framework supporting private enterprises [4][5] - It reflects the central government's commitment to the principle of "two unwavering commitments" and emphasizes the importance of legal support for private enterprises to thrive [4][5] Key Provisions - The law establishes the legal status of the private economy and enshrines the promotion of its sustainable, healthy, and high-quality development as a major national policy [5] - It emphasizes equal treatment, fair competition, and protection of rights for private enterprises, institutionalizing support for their access to capital, technology, and other resources [5][6] Economic Governance - The law integrates the promotion of the private economy into national economic and social development planning, establishing a coordinated mechanism for its development [6] - It mandates that relevant government departments and local authorities implement policies to support the private economy, embedding these efforts into the broader macroeconomic governance framework [6]

Group 1 - The core concept of "new quality productivity" emphasizes a significant enhancement in total factor productivity as a key indicator [1][2] - New quality productivity is characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, aligning with advanced production quality that meets new development concepts [2][8] - The development of new quality productivity is driven by technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation [2][9] Group 2 - Total factor productivity (TFP) is a comprehensive measure of productivity that reflects the efficiency of all production factors, distinguishing it from single-factor productivity measures [3][4] - TFP is crucial for understanding economic growth, as it represents the difference between actual output growth and factor input growth, indicating the quality of economic growth [5][6] - Historical experiences from developed countries show that TFP improvement is essential for sustainable economic growth, especially during industrialization [6][7] Group 3 - Since the reform and opening up, China has significantly improved TFP through the adoption of advanced foreign technologies and continuous economic reforms [7][8] - Challenges such as insufficient technological progress and resource allocation efficiency have led to a slowdown in TFP growth in recent years [7][8] - The focus on enhancing TFP is critical for transitioning to new quality productivity, which requires addressing existing barriers in technology and market efficiency [8][9] Group 4 - Accelerating the development of new quality productivity necessitates a robust technological innovation system and improved resource allocation efficiency [9][11] - The establishment of a new type of production relationship is essential for enhancing resource allocation efficiency and achieving high-quality development [11][12] - The government and market must work together to create an environment that fosters innovation and optimizes resource allocation, thereby improving TFP [11][12]

Core Viewpoint - The modification of the "Enterprise Bankruptcy Law" is included in the 2025 legislative work plan, highlighting the need for a comprehensive bankruptcy protection legal system to support a high-level socialist market economy [1][2]. Group 1: Current Situation and Need for Reform - The existing bankruptcy law, established in 2006, is misaligned with current business development and personal debt management needs, leading to increasing calls for personal bankruptcy protection legislation [2]. - The absence of a personal bankruptcy protection system is seen as a bottleneck that limits the effectiveness of the bankruptcy protection legal framework in China, especially for the 1.9 billion business entities, of which 1.3 billion are unincorporated individual businesses and small enterprises [2]. Group 2: Importance of Bankruptcy Protection - Bankruptcy protection law is essential for promoting healthy economic development within a socialist market economy, as bankruptcy is a common phenomenon in market economies [3]. - The bankruptcy law should focus on protecting the rights of both creditors and debtors, ensuring a balance of interests among all parties involved [3][4]. Group 3: Recommendations for Legal System Improvement - Suggestions for enhancing the bankruptcy protection legal system include improving coordination between government and judicial authorities, strengthening the management system, and establishing efficient mechanisms for case handling and execution [5][6]. - The establishment of a robust legal culture surrounding bankruptcy protection is crucial, as outdated views on debt and bankruptcy need to be transformed to align with modern legal standards [6].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes that the trade war has no winners and that protectionism is not a viable solution. The U.S. government's excessive use of tariffs against global trade partners, including China, has not resolved any domestic issues but has instead severely disrupted international trade order and harmed both businesses and consumers [1][2]. Economic Resilience and Potential - China's economy is characterized by a stable foundation, numerous advantages, strong resilience, and significant potential, with long-term positive trends remaining unchanged [1]. - The socialist market economy system, established by the Communist Party of China, is deemed the most effective in stimulating social productivity [1]. - With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, China has a vast consumer base, including over 400 million middle-income individuals, which continues to expand and drive domestic demand and consumption [1]. Economic Structure and Advantages - China's economic development is supported by a large economic scale, market capacity, and industrial support capabilities, allowing for a positive interaction between internal and external economies [1]. - The country possesses advantages typical of large economies, such as scale, market, talent, and innovation, along with unique institutional advantages from the leadership of the Communist Party and the socialist market economy system [1][3]. - The diverse types of business entities and high savings rate among residents enhance the adaptability to economic fluctuations [1]. Development Challenges and Opportunities - Despite being a developing country, China's unbalanced and insufficient development presents greater potential and motivation for future growth [1]. - The socialist market economy system combines market-driven resource allocation with the ability to concentrate efforts on significant projects, which has facilitated rapid economic development and long-term stability [3]. Trade and Market Dynamics - In 2024, China's total retail sales of consumer goods are projected to exceed 48 trillion yuan. The country has established trade partnerships with over 150 countries and regions, with over 50% of its total import and export volume coming from countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative [6]. - China's scale advantages provide a solid foundation for building a complete domestic demand system, enabling the country to leverage strong domestic circulation while promoting high-level opening-up to the outside world [6].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of balancing total supply and total demand to achieve high-quality economic development, highlighting the need for structural reforms and strategies to stimulate domestic demand [1][4]. Group 1: Supply and Demand Dynamics - The relationship between supply and demand is characterized by a dynamic balance, where the interaction between production and consumption drives economic growth [3]. - Supply-side structural reforms are essential for creating new demand, as seen in industries like new energy vehicles, which innovate to foster consumption growth [3][4]. - The article discusses the dual role of supply and demand in economic governance, advocating for a collaborative approach to enhance economic stability [4][5]. Group 2: Policy and Structural Reforms - The need for a comprehensive approach to supply-side structural reforms is highlighted, focusing on removing ineffective supply and creating effective supply that meets new demands [5][6]. - The article outlines the importance of enhancing the quality of supply through innovation and the establishment of a high-quality supply system [6][7]. - It stresses the significance of expanding domestic demand as a strategic foundation, aiming to increase the middle-income population and improve income distribution [7][8]. Group 3: Digital Economy and Innovation - The integration of digital technology into the economy is crucial for improving supply-demand matching efficiency, with examples like the "city brain" initiative demonstrating significant efficiency gains [7][8]. - The article advocates for the development of a digital governance framework to ensure secure and efficient data flow, which is essential for modern economic operations [7][8]. - Emphasis is placed on fostering innovation through a robust ecosystem that supports high-tech industries and enhances competitive advantages [6][7].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the importance of listening to market voices to enhance policy implementation and guide economic development, aligning with the strategic goals of deepening reforms and modernizing the economy by 2035 [2][3] - The article highlights the necessity for government to understand industry dynamics and challenges through active engagement with businesses, which has been increasingly evident in recent years [4][6] - It discusses the need for effective communication mechanisms between the government and enterprises to ensure that policies are well-informed and responsive to market needs [5][7] Group 2 - The article outlines specific areas that require attention, such as logistics costs, payment issues, and regulatory burdens, indicating that these insights are crucial for targeted policy interventions [5][9] - It stresses the importance of a comprehensive listening approach, where government entities must engage with a diverse range of businesses, including small and medium-sized enterprises, to gather a full spectrum of feedback [9][10] - The need for a proactive and genuine listening culture is emphasized, where government officials should not only seek positive feedback but also address criticisms and challenges faced by businesses [10]