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瓶片短纤数据日报-20251103
Guo Mao Qi Huo· 2025-11-03 08:37
Group 1: Report Industry Investment Rating - No relevant information Group 2: Core Viewpoints - The Sino-US trade negotiation has made some progress, but the situation exceeding market expectations has not occurred, and market optimism has declined [2]. - The PTA supply side has slightly shrunk, polyester production has remained stable, and the polyester load has been maintained above 90%. The export of domestic polyester remains optimistic [2]. - Although there have been rumors that polyester will fight against involution, due to the lack of more information on anti - involution in the meeting, the PTA processing fee has been compressed to less than 200. Industry profits are still constrained by over - capacity due to new device commissioning [2]. - Despite the end of the "Golden September and Silver October", against the background of the easing of the Sino - US trade war, export demand may improve. Recently, downstream weaving has performed well, and the current peak season is expected to last until November [2]. - Attention should be paid to whether the reduction of Sino - US tariffs can further stimulate domestic exports. The costs of bottle chips and short fibers follow [2][3]. Group 3: Summary of Related Data Price Changes - PTA spot price decreased from 4535 to 4510, a decrease of 25 [2]. - MEG domestic price decreased from 4147 to 4106, a decrease of 41 [2]. - PTA closing price increased from 4570 to 4586, an increase of 16 [2]. - MEG closing price decreased from 4032 to 4018, a decrease of 14 [2]. - 1.4D direct - spun polyester staple fiber price decreased from 6430 to 6405, a decrease of 25 [2]. - Short - fiber basis increased from 140 to 174, an increase of 34 [2]. - 11 - 12 spread decreased from 28 to 46 (the description in the text may have an error, assuming it is a decrease of 18) [2]. - Polyester staple fiber cash - flow increased from 240 to 246, an increase of 6 [2]. - 1.4D imitation large - chemical fiber price remained unchanged at 5400 [2]. - The price difference between 1.4D direct - spun and imitation large - chemical fiber decreased from 1030 to 1005, a decrease of 25 [2]. - East China water bottle chip price decreased from 5714 to 5698, a decrease of 16 [2]. - Hot - filling polyester bottle chip price decreased from 5714 to 5698, a decrease of 16 [2]. - Carbonated - grade polyester bottle chip price decreased from 5814 to 5798, a decrease of 16 [2]. - Outer - market water bottle chip price remained unchanged at 760 [2]. - Bottle chip spot processing fee increased from 447 to 466, an increase of 19.11 [2]. - T32S pure polyester yarn price remained unchanged at 10320 [2]. - T32S pure polyester yarn processing fee increased from 3890 to 3915, an increase of 25 [2]. - Polyester - cotton yarn 65/35 45S price remained unchanged at 16300 [2]. - Cotton 328 price decreased from 14545 to 14540, a decrease of 5 [2]. - Polyester - cotton yarn profit increased from 1539 to 1557, an increase of 18.46 [2]. - Primary three - dimensional hollow (with silicon) price increased from 7010 to 7020, an increase of 10 [2]. - Hollow short - fiber 6 - 15D cash - flow increased from 543 to 588, an increase of 45.11 [2]. - Primary low - melting - point short - fiber price increased from 7420 to 7480, an increase of 60 [2]. Market Conditions - In the short - fiber market, the price of polyester staple fiber production factories has remained stable, the price of traders has declined, downstream buyers have purchased as needed, and the market transaction has been tepid. The price of 1.56dtex*38mm semi - bright natural white (1.4D) polyester staple fiber in the East China market is between 6160 - 6510 (cash on the spot, tax - included, self - pickup), in the North China market is between 6280 - 6630 (cash on the spot, tax - included, delivered), and in the Fujian market is between 6170 - 6400 (cash on the spot, tax - included, delivered) [2]. - In the bottle chip market, the mainstream negotiation price of polyester bottle chips in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang markets is between 5680 - 5820 yuan/ton, with the average price decreasing by 15 yuan/ton compared with the previous working day. PTA and bottle chip futures have fluctuated weakly in a narrow range, the market trading atmosphere has been cold, the purchasing willingness of downstream terminals has been low, and the market center of gravity has shifted down [2]. Operating Rates and Sales Ratios - The direct - spun short - fiber load (weekly) increased from 93.90% to 94.40%, an increase of 0.01 [3]. - The polyester staple fiber sales ratio increased from 43.00% to 49.00%, an increase of 6.00% [3]. - The polyester yarn startup rate (weekly) remained unchanged at 63.50% [3]. - The recycled cotton - type load index (weekly) decreased from 51.50% to 51.00%, a decrease of 0.01 [3].
新凤鸣(603225)季报点评:长丝持续企稳 静待景气反转
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-11-03 08:33
Core Viewpoint - The company, Xin Feng Ming, reported a year-on-year increase in revenue and net profit for Q3 2025, indicating a recovery in demand for polyester filament and an optimistic industry outlook [1] Group 1: Financial Performance - In Q3 2025, the company achieved a revenue of 51.542 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4.8%, and a net profit attributable to shareholders of 0.869 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.6% [1] - For Q3 2025, the company reported a revenue of 18.051 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 0.7%, but a quarter-on-quarter decrease of 4.7%, with a net profit of 0.161 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 14.0% [1] Group 2: Industry Demand and Capacity - The apparent consumption of polyester filament in the first three quarters of 2025 reached 26.72 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 6.6%, indicating a continuous recovery in demand [1] - The operating rate of downstream weaving machines has improved since early August 2025, reaching 69.0% by October 30, 2025, driven by the traditional peak season [1] - The average operating rate for polyester filament in Q3 2025 was 89.3%, a year-on-year increase of 5.0 percentage points, but a quarter-on-quarter decrease of 1.5 percentage points [2] Group 3: Inventory and Profitability - Polyester filament inventory remained at a reasonable level, with the average inventory days for POY in Q3 2025 being 18.9 days, a decrease of 0.8 days year-on-year [2] - The profitability of polyester filament remained stable in Q3 2025, with the price spreads for POY, DTY, FDY-PTA, and MEG being 1,077 yuan, 2,153 yuan, 1,314 yuan per ton, respectively, showing a year-on-year narrowing of 7.5%, 13.61%, and 19.28% [3] Group 4: Future Outlook - The company is expected to see performance improvement as terminal demand stabilizes and increases, with projected net profits of 1.2 billion yuan, 1.3 billion yuan, and 1.6 billion yuan for 2025-2027, corresponding to EPS of 0.77 yuan, 0.88 yuan, and 1.07 yuan, and PE ratios of 21.1X, 18.6X, and 15.2X [4]
新凤鸣20251031
2025-11-03 02:36
Summary of New Feng Ming's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: New Feng Ming - **Industry**: Polyester Fiber Production Key Financial Metrics - **Revenue**: - 2025 Q1-Q3 revenue reached 51.542 billion CNY, a year-on-year increase of 4.77% [2][4] - Q3 revenue was 18.051 billion CNY [2][4] - **Sales Volume**: - Total sales volume for Q1-Q3 was 8.218 million tons [2][4] - Q3 sales volume was 2.9209 million tons [2][4] - **Net Profit**: - Net profit attributable to shareholders was 869 million CNY, with a significant decline in operating cash flow by 67.44% to 1.33 billion CNY due to increased inventory [2][6] - **Gross Margin**: - Q1-Q3 gross margins for long filaments, short fibers, and PTA were 6.68%, 6.48%, and 0.28% respectively [2][6] - Q3 PTA gross margin was -1.63% [2][6] Production and Operational Insights - **Production Volume**: - Total production for Q1-Q3 was 13.4174 million tons, with long filament production at 6.0984 million tons [4] - **Operating Rates**: - Overall operating rate maintained at approximately 88% [8] - FDY operating rate decreased by about 20% since August, while POY decreased by about 3% [7][8] - **Single Ton Profitability**: - Average single ton profitability was around 130 CNY for both Q1-Q3 and Q3 [9] Industry Dynamics - **PTA Industry Challenges**: - The PTA industry faced significant losses, with New Feng Ming reporting a loss of nearly 130 million CNY in Q3 [2][10] - A meeting with leading private enterprises was held to address price discrepancies, with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology providing guidance [10] - **Market Conditions**: - The long filament industry is experiencing a seasonal demand increase starting from September, with noticeable inventory reductions [5][15] - **Export Trends**: - Long filament exports showed slight growth, driven by reduced overseas garment inventories and new market explorations in Europe and Africa [16] Future Outlook - **New Capacity Plans**: - Plans to launch two new 360,000-ton production lines in 2026 to enhance product differentiation [17] - **Cost Reduction Strategies**: - The company has successfully reduced costs by approximately 30 CNY per ton compared to the previous year, with further potential for cost reductions in the coming years [25] - **Differentiated Products**: - Approximately 25% of the group's products are differentiated, although detailed revenue contributions are not yet available [26] Strategic Initiatives - **Upstream Investments**: - Adjusted stake in an Indonesian cracking project to 15% as a financial investment to secure PX supply [5][13] - **Collaboration with Lifu Bio**: - A project to produce bio-based polyester fibers is expected to launch in May 2026, potentially reducing production costs significantly [27] Conclusion - New Feng Ming is navigating a challenging market environment with strategic initiatives aimed at cost reduction, capacity expansion, and collaboration to enhance profitability and market position. The company is focused on addressing industry-wide issues while exploring new growth opportunities in differentiated products and international markets.
吉林化纤股份有限公司
Core Points - The company and its board members guarantee the authenticity, accuracy, and completeness of the quarterly report, assuming legal responsibility for any misrepresentation or omissions [2][3][4] Financial Data - The third-quarter financial report has not been audited [3][7] - There are no adjustments or restatements of previous years' accounting data [3][4] - The company does not have any non-recurring profit and loss items [3][4] Shareholder Information - There are no changes in the top ten shareholders or any significant shareholders participating in the securities lending business [5][6]
义乌华鼎锦纶股份有限公司
Core Viewpoint - The company is currently undergoing an anti-dumping investigation in Brazil, which may impact its sales of nylon products in the Brazilian market. The company is forming a special team to seek favorable outcomes during the final ruling phase and is also diversifying its market presence in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Europe to build a more resilient global market network [6][9]. Financial Data - The third-quarter financial report has not been audited, and the company assures the accuracy and completeness of the financial information provided [3][7]. - The report includes major financial data and indicators, but specific figures are not disclosed in the provided text [3][4]. Shareholder Information - The company has confirmed that there are no changes in the major shareholders or their holdings that would affect the report [5][6]. Market Conditions - The Brazilian government has imposed a temporary anti-dumping tax on imported nylon textile yarns for a period not exceeding six months, which is currently under investigation [6][9]. - The company is actively working to mitigate the impact of this tax by exploring new markets and diversifying its product offerings [6][9].
南华期货PX-TA产业周报:“反内卷”传闻助力情绪回暖,加工费低位修复-20251102
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-11-02 13:18
1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Recently, influenced by the "anti - involution" rumor, the industrial sentiment of PTA has significantly improved, and some short - position funds have reduced their positions to avoid risks. The supply - side of PTA has many maintenance plans in November, and the downstream polyester demand has exceeded expectations after the weather turns cold. The supply - demand of PTA has improved marginally, and the price has rebounded from a low level. However, the expectation of PTA surplus remains unchanged, and the structural contradiction of PX - TA suppresses the repair space of PTA processing fees. The expected price of crude oil on the cost side is also bearish [1]. - In the short term, PX - PTA is expected to fluctuate strongly following the cost side. For operation, consider short - selling on rallies when the single - side 01 contract is above 4700. Regarding processing fees, it is recommended to expand the spread when the TA01 contract processing fee is below 250 [1]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Core Contradictions and Strategy Recommendations 3.1.1 Core Contradictions - The "anti - involution" rumor has improved market sentiment, and the supply - demand of PTA has marginally improved. However, the surplus expectation and structural contradictions still exist [1]. 3.1.2 Trading - Type Strategy Recommendations - **Recent Strategy Review**: Two PTA processing - fee expansion strategies have achieved profit - taking. The first one entered the market on 2025/10/27 (cost 250) and exited on 2025/10/28 (290 exit, profit spread +40). The second one entered on 2025/9/22 (cost 278) and exited on 2025/9/30 (305 exit, profit spread +27) [9]. 3.1.3 Industrial Customer Operation Recommendations - **Polyester Price Range Forecast**: The price ranges of ethylene glycol, PX, PTA, and bottle chips are 3800 - 4300, 6000 - 6800, 4250 - 4750, and 5300 - 5900 respectively. Their current volatilities and historical percentile of volatilities in 3 years are also provided [10]. - **PTA Hedging Strategy**: For inventory management, when the finished - product inventory is high and worried about PTA price decline, it is recommended to short - sell PTA futures to lock in profits. For procurement management, when the procurement inventory is low, it is recommended to buy PTA futures to lock in procurement costs [10]. 3.1.4 Trend Judgement and Strategy Recommendations - **Trend Judgement**: Wide - range fluctuations. - **Price Range**: The TA2601 contract fluctuates in the range of 4400 - 4750. - **Strategy Recommendations**: Consider short - selling on rallies when the 01 contract is above 4700. For the TA01 contract processing fee, it is recommended to expand the spread when it is below 240 [11]. 3.2 This Week's Important Information and Next Week's Concerns 3.2.1 This Week's Important Information - **Positive Information**: The "anti - involution" policy is proposed, and trade frictions between China and the US have eased. Some PTA devices have reduced their loads [14][15]. - **Negative Information**: A new PTA device of Dushan Energy has been put into operation [16]. 3.2.2 Next Week's Important Event Concerns - Monitor the sustainability of polyester load and terminal orders, the implementation of PX and PTA device restart and maintenance plans, and the follow - up measures of the "anti - involution" symposium [17]. 3.3 Disk Interpretation 3.3.1 Price - Volume and Fund Interpretation - **Unilateral Trend**: This week, the PTA disk oscillated in the range of 4500 - 4700. After a downward oscillation, the price rebounded, the position increased, and the trend degree turned positive [18]. - **Fund Movement**: Recently, the net short - position of key PTA seats has decreased, while that of PX has increased. Some funds have transferred short - positions from PTA to PX to avoid risks [20]. - **Monthly Spread Structure**: The PTA monthly spread has strengthened slightly, showing a small C - structure, indicating that the inter - monthly contradiction is not obvious [22]. - **Basis Structure**: The PTA spot basis has mainly oscillated this week, and the market expectation remains poor. There is no obvious contradiction in the spot market, and the basis lacks driving force [32]. 3.4 Valuation and Profit Analysis 3.4.1 Cost Tracking - Track the prices of Brent crude oil, Japanese CFR naphtha, and South Korean xylene [36]. 3.4.2 Upstream Profit Tracking of the Industrial Chain - Analyze the cracking spreads of international and domestic gasoline and diesel, naphtha reforming, aromatic hydrocarbon blending, and PX - TA links [37][41][57]. 3.4.3 Downstream Profit Tracking of the Industrial Chain - Analyze the seasonal trends of polyester comprehensive profit, POY, FDY, DTY, short - fiber processing profits, and bottle - chip processing fees [59][61][62]. 3.5 Supply - Demand and Inventory Deduction 3.5.1 Supply - Demand Balance Sheet Deduction - Provide the supply - demand balance sheets of PX and PTA from January 2024 to December 2025, including production, import, consumption, and inventory data [70]. 3.5.2 Supply - Side and Deduction - **PX**: The supply of PX is expected to remain high in the fourth quarter. If the PTA maintenance plans are implemented as scheduled, PX is expected to accumulate about 200,000 tons of inventory in November. Currently, the PX processing fees are in a good state [71]. - **PTA**: A new PTA device has been put into operation, and some devices have reduced their loads. The social inventory has continued to accumulate. The PTA processing fee has been repaired but remains at a low level [72]. 3.5.3 Demand - Side and Deduction - The polyester load has increased to 91.7%. The terminal weaving orders have improved significantly after the weather turns cold, and the long - fiber inventory has continued to decline. The polyester processing fee is in a healthy state. The bottle - chip processing fee has been continuously repaired, and its load is a determining factor for the future polyester load [85].
桐昆股份(601233):PTA盈利下滑拖累Q3业绩 看好PTA触底反弹=
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-11-01 00:27
Core Viewpoint - The company maintains a "buy" rating due to the positive outlook for the long filament market and the anticipated reversal in PTA profitability [1] Group 1: Financial Performance - In the first three quarters of 2025, the company achieved revenue of 67.397 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 11.38%, while the net profit attributable to shareholders was 1.549 billion yuan, an increase of 53.83% [1] - For Q3 2025, the net profit attributable to shareholders was 0.452 billion yuan, which includes investment income from joint ventures and associates of 0.325 billion yuan and asset disposal gains of 0.279 billion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 872.09% but a quarter-on-quarter decrease of 6.88% [1] - The company has adjusted its profit forecasts for 2025, projecting net profits of 2.041 billion yuan (down 5.00%), 3.648 billion yuan, and 4.274 billion yuan for 2025-2027, with corresponding EPS of 0.85 (down 0.21), 1.52, and 1.78 yuan [1] Group 2: Sales and Pricing - In Q3 2025, the company's polyester filament sales totaled 3.19 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 10.9% and a quarter-on-quarter decrease of 7.5% [2] - The sales breakdown for Q3 2025 included POY at 2.36 million tons (73.9%), FDY at 0.53 million tons (16.5%), and DTY at 0.30 million tons (9.5%) [2] - The average price spread for POY in Q3 2025 was 1,171 yuan/ton, a decrease of 9 yuan/ton compared to Q2 [2] Group 3: Industry Outlook - The domestic polyester filament industry is expected to see a slowdown in new capacity growth, with steady demand leading to an increase in profitability [3] - The PTA industry is anticipated to have limited new capacity in the future, and the high concentration of the industry will provide leading companies with pricing power [3] - As of late October 2025, PTA price spreads have dropped to below 100 yuan, resulting in deep losses across the industry, but production companies are expected to have pricing power [3]
桐昆股份(601233):长丝行业暂承压,PTA反内卷有望受益
Donghai Securities· 2025-10-31 09:39
Investment Rating - The investment rating for the company is "Buy" (maintained) [1] Core Views - The company is experiencing pressure in the filament industry, but it is expected to benefit from the recovery of PTA prices due to anti-involution measures [1][7] - In the first three quarters of 2025, the company reported a revenue decline of 11.38% year-on-year, but a net profit increase of 53.83% year-on-year, attributed to lower raw material costs and increased investment income [7] - The company has a nominal PTA capacity of 10.2 million tons and is expected to benefit from the gradual improvement in the PTA industry as leading companies collaborate to reduce production [7] Financial Summary - **Revenue Forecast**: The company's main revenue is projected to grow from 61,993.35 million in 2022 to 101,306.83 million in 2024, followed by a decline to 95,756.72 million in 2025, and then a recovery to 110,795.26 million by 2027 [4] - **Net Profit**: The net profit is expected to increase significantly from 130.21 million in 2022 to 2,361.26 million in 2025, reaching 4,408.73 million by 2027 [4] - **Gross Margin**: The gross margin is forecasted to improve from 3.23% in 2022 to 8.94% by 2027 [4] - **Earnings Per Share (EPS)**: EPS is projected to rise from 0.05 in 2022 to 1.83 by 2027 [4] - **Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE)**: The PE ratio is expected to decrease from 266.32 in 2022 to 7.87 by 2027 [4] Market Position and Strategy - The company is positioned as a leading integrated player in the filament industry, with a focus on expanding into western regions and international markets, which is expected to enhance its long-term growth potential [7] - The average operating rate in the polyester filament industry is around 90%, but weak downstream demand has led to price fluctuations [7] - The PTA industry is expected to see a recovery due to improved cost support and a favorable external trade environment, which may lead to a warmer market for filament products [7]
东方盛虹(000301) - 000301东方盛虹投资者关系管理信息20251031
2025-10-31 09:26
Group 1: Financial Performance - In the first three quarters of 2025, the company achieved operating revenue of 92.162 billion RMB, a year-on-year decrease of 14.90% [1] - Net profit attributable to shareholders increased to 1.26 billion RMB, a year-on-year increase of 108.91% [1] - Operating cash flow reached 11.788 billion RMB, a year-on-year growth of 251.46% [1] - As of the end of Q3, total assets amounted to 212.803 billion RMB, with net assets attributable to shareholders at 34.331 billion RMB [1] Group 2: Operational Highlights - The company maintained stable operations across its industrial sectors, focusing on "high-end, digital, and green" development strategies [2] - The petrochemical sector's integrated refining and chemical project operated smoothly, with over 70% of products being chemical products [3] - In the new energy and materials sector, EVA production capacity reached 900,000 tons/year, solidifying the company's leading position [4] - The company has successfully launched a 100,000 tons/year POE facility, catering to various customer needs [4] Group 3: Future Development Plans - The company aims to fully embrace artificial intelligence to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness [7] - Continued focus on the "1+N" industrial strategy to drive innovation and high-end product development [8] - Emphasis on risk management to ensure coordinated development of industry and capital, with a healthy cash flow of 11.788 billion RMB [9] - Confidence in future growth is reflected in the controlling shareholder's plan to increase shareholding by 500 million to 1 billion RMB [10] Group 4: Q&A Insights - The decline in revenue is attributed to lower crude oil prices, while profit margins improved due to operational efficiency measures [11] - The company is strategically positioned to benefit from industry adjustments and policy changes [12] - Current capital expenditures are expected to decrease, with no new large-scale projects planned [12] - The procurement strategy for crude oil remains flexible, adapting to market conditions [12]
南山智尚(300918) - 2025年10月31日投资者关系活动记录表
2025-10-31 08:52
Group 1: Collaboration and Product Development - The collaboration with Junsheng Electronics focuses on the development of key components for humanoid robots and the supply of high-performance new materials [1][2] - The company is currently producing fabric materials for robot heads, meeting various performance requirements such as tensile strength, temperature resistance, and aesthetics [2] Group 2: Future Applications of Data Gloves - Data gloves are expected to be used in three main scenarios: remote operation of industrial robots, skill learning for robots, and virtual assembly testing in VR environments [3] Group 3: Market Outlook for Tendon Solutions - The company has received small batch orders from leading domestic and international robot manufacturers for tendon products, which are applicable in various humanoid robot parts [4] - Future focus will be on key products like tendons, smart gloves, and PA66 coating materials, aiming for lightweight, functional, and scalable developments [4] Group 4: Nylon Project and Industry Trends - The nylon fiber market is expected to grow due to the increasing popularity of outdoor and sports apparel, with a focus on sustainable and high-end products [5] - The company aims to integrate technology innovation with sustainable development to enhance the value chain in the nylon industry [5] Group 5: AI Integration in Fashion Design - The company is incorporating AI design systems into its high-end fashion business to meet customized client needs and enhance product differentiation [6] Group 6: Growth Points in Nylon Business - Future growth in the nylon sector will focus on differentiated functional fibers and applications in new consumer markets and humanoid robot coverings [7] Group 7: Financial Performance - In the first three quarters of 2025, the revenue from ultra-high fibers increased by 11.56% year-on-year, with a gross profit increase of 175.24% and a net profit growth of 212% [8] - The company’s foreign trade revenue for ultra-high fibers surged by 256.16% compared to the same period in 2024 [9] Group 8: Employee Stock Ownership Plan - The employee stock ownership plan will not significantly alter the company's equity structure, with a maximum of 10% of the total share capital held by all employees [10] Group 9: Cash Flow and Investment - The decrease in operating cash flow is attributed to increased cash outflows for the 80,000-ton nylon filament project [11] Group 10: Dual-Drive Strategy - The company is implementing a dual-drive strategy of "traditional wool spinning + new materials" to enhance its product matrix and accelerate the development of new materials [12] Group 11: Core Advantages of Nylon Project - The 80,000-ton high-performance differentiated nylon filament project has a total investment of approximately 1.5 billion yuan, focusing on advanced production systems and market positioning [11] Group 12: New Application Areas for Ultra-High Business - The ultra-high business is expanding into new markets such as fishing lines, civilian textiles, and robot tendons, with a focus on high-performance product development [12] Group 13: Performance Standards for Tendon Materials - The lifespan of tendon materials is targeted to reach 100,000 cycles for household use and 1,000,000 cycles for industrial applications, with plans for further development [13]