稀土元素在今天的科技世界中，已经成为了像空气一样不可或缺的资源。它对高科技产业至关重要，因此在全球范围内的争夺也愈加激烈。最近，俄罗斯在 北极地区的举措引起了许多关注，他们在寒冷的北极圈内发现了多个矿床，初步估算储量超过了1000万吨。这一数字令人震惊，尤其考虑到勘探队在零下几 十度的极端环境下，依靠卫星和钻机勘探矿床的数据。俄罗斯政府为此投入了大量资金，用以建设必要的基础设施。这些北极矿藏不仅储量巨大，而且含有 大量钕、镝等关键元素，适合用于生产高科技装备。这个项目从2023年开始启动，预计到2025年中期会有初步确认，俄罗斯希望借此在全球资源链中占据更 有利的位置。 中国的稀土储量则遥遥领先，达到了4400万吨，占全球总储量的近四成。中国的矿区分布广泛，内蒙古的轻稀土和江西的重稀土开采条件成熟。自80年代开 始，中国就逐步建立了全产业链。到2024年，产量预计将达到27万吨，掌控全球70%的供应，同时还拥有92%的精炼技术。这不仅仅是开采矿石那么简单， 中国的企业能从矿石到成品一条龙生产，价格波动较小，出口也很稳定。虽然俄罗斯的北极矿床潜力巨大，但其面临的高物流成本使得短期内无法追赶上中 国。美国的一些芯 ...

《日经新闻》1月9日称，中国正在收紧对日本军民两用物项出口管控，对日本的稀土相关产品出口限制 范围已覆盖民用领域。另据法新社报道，日本将于11日开展罕见的深海稀土试采计划，巴望以此降低对 华依赖。 针对两用物项出口管制一事，中国商务部新闻发言人何亚东8日强调，中方始终致力于维护全球产供链 稳定与安全，涉及民事用途的不会因此受到影响。对于开展正常民用贸易往来的相关方，完全没有必要 担心。 但日媒炒作称，出口管制已给相关企业造成困扰：企业在申请对日出口许可时屡遭中方主管部门驳回； 此外，主管部门虽接收部分出口申请，但审批耗时远超常规周期。 《日经》采访的业内人士称，事实上，出口核查收紧的举措在官方声明发布前就已启动。 日本航空自卫队F-35B隐形战机。尖端武器的生产离不开稀土材料。 视觉中国 【文/观察者网 柳白】 面对中方反制雷霆之势，做贼心虚的日本一边拉盟友壮胆，另一边打起了深海稀土的主意。 报道说，中方主管部门正严格核查稀土相关产品的最终用户身份及用途，这使得出口许可证的核发难度 大幅增加，仅在两类情形下会予以放行：一是产品在日本加工后转口至美国；二是相关产品由特定日本 企业使用。 一名日本政府官员表示：" ...

【文/观察者网 柳白】 抛出涉台错误言论，无视中方再三警告吃下反制重拳后，日本政府企图拉盟友壮胆。据彭博社1月9日报 道，日本正加大力度与七国集团（G7）成员国以及其他国家接触以寻求支持。 日本财务大臣片山皋月宣布，她将于本周日（11日）起访美，其间将与其他"民主国家"同僚讨论关键矿 产问题。与此同时，日本防卫大臣小泉进次郎计划于下周四（15日）与美国防长赫格塞思举行会谈。首 相高市早苗也将于下周与韩国总统李在明举行峰会，以重申这两个美国重要盟友之间的同盟关系。 "七国集团成员国已形成基本共识：任何国家通过非市场手段谋求垄断地位的行为都是不可接受的。"片 山9日向记者说。此番言论被认为直指中国此前在关键矿产领域的相关举措。"这种行为对全球经济构成 危机，同时也对经济安全构成极大隐患。" 日本财务大臣片山皋月接受采访 视觉中国 1月6日，中国商务部宣布加强对日本军民两用产品出口管制。当晚，《中国日报》援引消息人士的话放 风，中方正考虑进一步收紧对日本出口的中重稀土相关物项许可审查。 次日，中国对原产于日本的进口二氯二氢硅发起反倾销立案调查。 报道称，面对中国接连出台的一系列反制措施，日本似乎正在寻求盟友支持，以 ...

2025年12月12日，华盛顿白宫东厅，特朗普站在澳大利亚、日本、韩国等九国代表中间，正式宣布启动"Pax Silica 宣言"联盟。 他声称这个多边机制将终结中国在全球稀土供应链中的主导地位，特别是针对中重稀土如氧化钇、钐、镝的垄断格局。 现场闪光灯频闪，媒体镜头对准这位以"美国优先"为信条的总统，他用惯常的绝对化语气强调："我们再也不会被卡脖子了。" 这份宣言被白宫塑造为"重塑全球关键矿产秩序的历史性一步"。 特朗普政府试图通过政治联盟，绕开市场自然形成的供应链依赖，强行构建一条"去中国化"的稀土通路。 但幻想撞上现实的速度比预期快得多。 不到一个月，美国地质调查局（USGS）发布最新数据：美国市场对中国产氧化钇的依赖度仍高达93%。 所谓联盟供应，连缺口的零头都填不上。 十天前，美国刚刚与澳大利亚签署数十亿美元的稀土矿开发协议；十一月，日本高市早苗政府同意共享稀土分离技术；十二月初，韩国总统李在明确认参与 下游加工环节。 这一数字像一记闷棍，击碎了白宫精心包装的战略幻觉。 三条线串起一个闭环幻想："澳挖矿、日炼化、韩加工"，最终由美国终端消费。 问题出在产业链的根本结构上。 美国本土确实拥有稀土矿山，比 ...

12月25日，俄罗斯卫星通讯社报道称，彭博社引述官方和市场人士的说法，尽管中美两国达成了协议，中国恢复向美国出口稀土制品，可是对一些重要的稀 土元素依旧设有限制。 比如，某些美国公司拿不到金属镝或者它的氧化物。 这到底是咋回事呢？中国的限制对美国造成了啥影响？美国拿到稀土制成品后，想再弄到它的原材料，究竟是为什么呢？ 得先说一句，稀土和稀土制品可不是一回事哦，比如那种高性能的稀土永磁体，它的核心成分可是钕、镨这类稀土元素，所以人家都习惯叫它"稀土永磁 体"。 像那种高性能的钕铁硼磁体，可是很多尖端行业的关键配件，比如常用在国防、军工，还包括高端制造业啥的。 我们和美国谈妥的协议，就是直接把一些高性能的磁体供应过去，避免美国那边的一些工业陷入停产的境地。 但就是没有把那些重要的稀土元素直接出口到美国。 像美国媒体提到的镝金属或它的氧化物，这玩意儿可是做高性能磁铁的必备材料，属于那种极其关键的"配料"。要是没有镝或它的氧化物，美国实际上就别 想搞出符合各种需求的顶级磁体了。 中国出口到美国的磁铁，基本上都是加工好、加了镝的高端磁体，已经是成品状态了。 美国想单独进口镝，可中国却对这个设限了。 这一下子限制对美国到 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses China's strategic position in the global rare earth market, particularly in response to U.S. tariffs on Chinese semiconductors, emphasizing the importance of compliance in trade and the implications for international supply chains [1][10]. Group 1: Importance of Rare Earths - Rare earth elements, especially high-performance permanent magnets, are critical for modern industries, including defense and green technology, with China supplying approximately 60% of global rare earth materials and over 90% of processing capacity [3][5]. - The U.S. faces a structural dependency on China for rare earths, despite having its own mineral resources, due to a lack of domestic processing and manufacturing capabilities [3][5]. Group 2: Compliance in Trade - China's statement on "promoting and facilitating compliant trade" reflects a commitment to international trade rules, particularly those of the World Trade Organization (WTO), aiming to assure global markets of stable supply chains [5][11]. - The concept of "compliance" also indicates China's focus on national security and export control laws, suggesting that any trade facilitation will not compromise China's interests or security [5][6]. Group 3: Strategic Positioning - By maintaining its rare earth processing capabilities, China aims to transition from being a raw material exporter to a provider of high-value technology products, thereby enhancing its influence in global high-end manufacturing [6][11]. - The article draws parallels between the current rare earth situation and the evolution of China's solar industry, highlighting China's ability to shape international standards and market dynamics [7][10]. Group 4: Implications for Global Trade - China's position presents a challenge for the U.S. and its allies, who are attempting to rebuild rare earth supply chains outside of China, as alternative sources face significant operational and environmental hurdles [10][11]. - The message of "compliant trade" serves as an invitation for global partners to engage with China under established rules, while also indicating the risks of pursuing a decoupled supply chain strategy [10][11].

2025年4月，我国对部分中重稀土实施出口管制后，美国不少工厂很快陷入停工停产的困境，甚至有企 业计划将汽车零部件生产线转移到中国，只为避免生产中断。 这一现象让很多人产生疑问：美国本身并不缺稀土，理论上能实现自给自足，为什么还要依赖从中国进 口？中国稀土又凭什么能卡住全世界的脖子？ 其实答案不在储量多少，而在产业链的核心竞争力上。 美国不缺稀土，却离不开中国进口 很多人会误以为，中国能在稀土领域掌握主动权，是因为储量遥遥领先。 截来袭导弹，核心就在于其制导系统中使用了约3公斤的钕铁硼磁体，而这种磁体的生产离不开稀土。 美国自身虽有稀土储量，但无法高效转化为符合高端领域需求的产品，只能依赖进口。 中国稀土的核心优势：技术领先+成本可控 中国之所以能在全球稀土领域占据主导地位，关键在于掌握了领先全球的开采和提炼技术。目前，我国 在稀土产业链的核心技术上，比其他国家领先5到10年。 确实，我国稀土资源占全球已知储量的80%，地位堪比中东石油，战略意义重大。 但要说单靠储量就能卡脖子，并不准确。资料显示，美国稀土储量有190万吨，占全球总储量的2%，从 理论数据来看，完全能满足自身需求。 可实际情况是，美国长期依赖 ...

Core Viewpoint - China's dominance in the rare earths market, built over four decades, is proving difficult for other countries, particularly the U.S., to overcome [1] Group 1: U.S. Rare Earths Supply Challenges - The U.S. has historically outsourced its rare earth supply chain to China, which controls 70% of global production and 90% of processing [4] - The average time from discovery to production of a mine in the U.S. is 29 years, making it challenging to attract investment [5] - Currently, only one rare earth mine in the U.S. is operational, which was recently acquired by MP Materials Corp. and is expanding its processing capabilities [6][7] Group 2: Efforts to Increase Domestic Production - MP Materials received a $400 million investment from the U.S. Department of Defense to expand its operations, but its production remains significantly smaller than China's [7] - Other companies, like Phoenix Tailings Inc., are attempting to recover rare earth metals from existing mine tailings, marking a new approach to domestic production [8][9] - Innovations are being pursued to reduce reliance on rare earths, such as Niron Magnetics Inc.'s development of iron nitride magnets, but these technologies require years for certification and application [9] Group 3: International Collaboration - The U.S. government is recognizing the need for international partnerships, as evidenced by funding a rare earth processing plant in Saudi Arabia and collaborating with Australia on mining projects [10]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights China's strategic advantage in the rare earth industry, emphasizing its comprehensive industrial chain from mining to high-end material production, which poses a challenge to Western countries [1][21]. Industry Analysis - China has established a "rare earth alliance" with 19 developing countries amidst ongoing global trade tensions, drawing attention to the significance of rare earth elements [1]. - China's rare earth reserves account for over 30% of global totals, but its dominance lies in its advanced separation and refining technologies, which are crucial for high purity production [3][4]. - The country possesses over 20 separation technologies, achieving purity levels that are significantly higher than those of the United States, which still relies on outdated methods [4][6]. Competitive Landscape - In 2024, China's gallium production is projected to reach 280 tons, representing 95% of global output, with production costs being only one-fifth of those in the U.S. [6]. - Other countries, including the U.S. and Australia, struggle with refining their rare earth minerals, often sending them to China for processing due to lower purity and higher costs [11]. - Political instability in Myanmar has led to a nearly 20% drop in its rare earth exports, further impacting global supply chains [11]. Technological Developments - China is investing heavily in rare earth research, with a budget of 4.5 billion yuan in 2024 aimed at developing third-generation separation technologies [19]. - The U.S. has attempted to reduce its reliance on Chinese rare earths by exploring alternative materials, but these substitutes have proven less efficient [19]. Future Outlook - The ongoing competition for rare earth resources is not merely about quantity but rather about control over the entire industrial chain [21]. - China's ability to maintain its technological, cost, and ecological advantages suggests that it will continue to dominate the rare earth market for the foreseeable future [24].

Core Insights - The high import ratio of rare earth elements (REE) in Western countries is due to China's dominance in the separation and purification processes, which account for over 90% of global capacity [2][8] - Despite efforts over the past decade to diversify supply chains, Western countries remain heavily reliant on China for rare earth materials, with significant progress still needed to achieve independence by 2030 [10][18] Group 1: Historical Context - In 2010, a diplomatic incident between China and Japan led to a temporary halt in rare earth exports from China, causing prices to surge dramatically, highlighting the vulnerability of Japan's reliance on Chinese supplies [4][6] - Following the incident, Japan and the U.S. took steps to diversify their rare earth sources, with Japan utilizing its national reserves and the U.S. evaluating the reopening of domestic mines [4][6] Group 2: Current Production and Capacity - As of 2024, global rare earth mine production is projected to reach 390,000 tons, with China contributing 270,000 tons, representing 69% of total production [8][14] - The U.S. is expected to produce approximately 45,000 tons from the Mountain Pass mine in 2024, which would account for over 10% of global production [6][10] Group 3: Future Demand and Supply Challenges - The demand for rare earth elements is expected to grow significantly, with electric vehicles requiring 1-2 kg of REE each and wind turbines needing 200 kg per megawatt [10][12] - By 2030, the demand for rare earth materials in magnets could potentially double, further straining supply chains [10][12] Group 4: Regulatory and Environmental Factors - Western countries face challenges in reopening and operating rare earth mines due to stringent environmental regulations and community opposition, which have slowed progress [6][8] - The U.S. and EU are investing heavily in domestic production and recycling initiatives, but current recovery rates remain low, insufficient to meet future demands [12][14] Group 5: Strategic Partnerships and Future Outlook - Companies in the U.S. and Europe are forming partnerships to secure rare earth supplies while simultaneously working to establish their own production capabilities [16][20] - Despite the slow progress, the long-term goal remains to reduce dependency on Chinese imports, although achieving complete independence may take another decade [18][20]