Summary of Eoptolink Technology Inc Ltd Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Eoptolink Technology Inc Ltd (300502.SZ) - **Industry**: Greater China Technology Hardware - **Current Stock Price**: Rmb346.76 (as of November 3, 2025) - **Price Target**: Rmb255.00 - **Stock Rating**: Underweight Key Financial Metrics - **Earnings Growth**: - 2Q25: 338% YoY - 3Q25: 205% YoY - **Earnings Estimates**: - 2025: EPS lowered by 3.5% to Rmb9.72 - 2026: EPS estimate remains at Rmb18.77 - 2027: EPS estimate remains at Rmb25.43 - **Revenue Estimates**: - 2025: Rmb27,165.7 million (Morgan Stanley estimate) - 2025 Net Income: Rmb10,352.5 million Core Insights - **Earnings Deceleration**: The significant drop in earnings growth from 338% in 2Q25 to 205% in 3Q25 indicates a trend of deceleration that is expected to continue into future quarters [3][13][18] - **Market Position**: Eoptolink has gained significant market share and achieved substantial earnings growth in 2Q25, but the growth rate is anticipated to slow down, potentially leading to a de-rating of the stock [13][18] - **Valuation Concerns**: The stock is currently trading at a forward P/E of 20x, which is above the +1 standard deviation level, suggesting limited upside potential given the current consensus already positions Eoptolink as a leading player in the market [14] Investment Drivers - **AI Demand Surge**: Anticipated increased demand for AI technologies is expected to significantly alter the demand landscape in 2025-26 [13] - **Transceiver Demand**: Stronger demand for 800G and 1.6T transceivers is projected to be a key catalyst for Eoptolink's growth in 2025 [17][18] - **Global Revenue Exposure**: The company has a diverse revenue exposure with significant contributions from North America and Mainland China [22][23] Risks to Price Target / Rating - **Competition**: Intense competition from silicon photonics players could impact market share, margins, and average selling prices (ASPs) [20] - **Order Demand**: Weaker-than-expected demand for 800G and 1.6T products could further pressure the company's performance [25] - **Geopolitical Tensions**: Slower-than-expected share gains in the datacom market due to geopolitical issues could pose additional risks [25] Additional Insights - **Historical Performance**: The stock has shown significant volatility, with a 52-week range of Rmb433.33 to Rmb46.89, indicating potential for both gains and losses [5] - **Long-term Growth Rate**: A long-term growth rate of 3.5% is applied in the valuation model, reflecting a conservative outlook [9] This summary encapsulates the key points from the conference call regarding Eoptolink Technology Inc Ltd, highlighting the company's financial performance, market position, investment drivers, and associated risks.

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The global machinery sector is undergoing a significant re-rating due to the increasing recognition of traditional cyclical companies for their exposure to structural growth drivers such as automation, AIDC (Automatic Identification and Data Capture), digitalization, and the adoption of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) [2][9][10] - The MSCI World Industrials Index has shown strong year-to-date performance, with major stocks outperforming, indicating a positive shift in investor sentiment towards the machinery sector [2][36] Core Companies Discussed - **Caterpillar (CAT)**: Positioned to benefit from cyclical upturns in construction and infrastructure activity, particularly in North America. The company reported a 30%+ year-over-year surge in power generation sales to AI data center developers [11][23] - **Weichai**: Noted for its leadership in AIDC back-up engines and robotics through Kion. The company is expected to see substantial growth in its data center power generator sales, with projections indicating a rise from Rmb0.8 billion in 2024 to approximately Rmb13 billion by 2028 [12][14] - **Hengli Hydraulic**: Focused on factory automation and robotics, with investments in proprietary components. The company is expected to benefit from the next wave of automation-driven growth [20][21] - **Sany and XCMG**: Both companies are experiencing robust demand trends, with Sany emphasizing high-quality growth and XCMG reporting significant revenue increases in core segments [25][36] Key Growth Drivers - The demand for AIDC and data center power generation is projected to grow significantly, with an estimated total addressable market exceeding $100 billion between 2026 and 2028 [11] - The Chinese data center diesel generator market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 51% year-over-year, with domestic brands gaining market share [13][17] - Automation, digitalization, and AMRs are central to the growth strategies of companies like Kion, which is focusing on modernization and upgrade projects in logistics and manufacturing [19] Market Dynamics - The machinery cycle is improving, with signs of recovery in both China and global markets. China is forecasted to deliver approximately 12% year-over-year growth in 2025, while North America is expected to see a decline followed by a return to growth [22][23] - Margin expansion is a key theme across the sector, driven by a focus on high-quality growth, cost optimization, and digital transformation initiatives [33][35] Investment Outlook - The report maintains an Overweight rating on several companies, including Caterpillar, Kion, Weichai, Hengli Hydraulic, Sany, and XCMG, indicating a bullish outlook for the sector [2][36] - Despite strong sector performance, Weichai's stock is viewed as undervalued, with expectations for a catch-up as the market recognizes its structural growth drivers [37] Conclusion - The global machinery sector is positioned for long-term growth driven by automation and digitalization, with key players like Caterpillar, Weichai, Hengli, Sany, and XCMG leading the charge. The evolving market dynamics and improving machinery cycle present significant investment opportunities [2][10][36]

Summary of Leader Harmonious Drive Systems 3Q25 Earnings Briefing Company Overview - **Company**: Leader Harmonious Drive Systems - **Industry**: Industrial Robotics and Automation - **Date of Briefing**: November 3, 2025 Key Points Market Position and Growth - Leaderdrive is gaining market share despite a decline in industry profitability, with large orders from two of the global big four industrial robot makers [2] - The company claims a significant share in the humanoid robotics market and anticipates continued fast growth into 2026, driven by demand from leading humanoid integrators [2][4] - Humanoid products currently account for 15-20% of production, with expectations for further increases in 2026 [9] Product Development and Innovation - Leaderdrive has developed self-machining tools that allow for P0 precision level screws, with ongoing optimization for miniature harmonic reducers [3] - Management believes harmonic reducers are the best solution for humanoids due to their size, precision, and output, with no significant client demand for alternative solutions [4] - The company is confident in the performance of miniature harmonic reducers for dexterous hands, despite their high cost [4] Financial Performance - The company reported margin expansion in 3Q25, supported by scale, improved product structure, and new applications with higher prices [9] - Revenue projections for the fiscal years ending in 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027 are Rmb387 million, Rmb535 million, Rmb691 million, and Rmb861 million respectively [8] - EBITDA is expected to grow from Rmb113 million in 2024 to Rmb242 million in 2027 [8] Capacity and Production - Harmonic reducer annual capacity is projected to ramp up to 1 million units by the end of 2025 [9] - Traditional applications are expected to grow by 10-20% in 2026, with opportunities for market share gains [9] Valuation and Risks - The base case valuation uses a DCF model for humanoid reducer and planetary roller screw segments, estimating a segment value of Rmb114 per share [10] - Risks to upside include stronger-than-expected robot demand and faster humanoid robot adoption, while risks to downside include slower-than-expected humanoid development [12] Stock Performance - As of November 3, 2025, the stock price was Rmb159.50, with a price target of Rmb153.00, indicating a potential downside of 4% [8] Additional Insights - The company is viewed as a leading producer of harmonic reducers in China, with ongoing development in humanoid hardware solutions [4] - Management expects price and margin to gradually decline and then stabilize as production volumes increase [9]

Summary of China Tourism Group Duty Free Corp. Conference Call Company Overview - **Company Name**: China Tourism Group Duty Free Corp. (CTGDF) - **Ticker**: 601888.SS (A-shares), 1880.HK (H-shares) - **Market Position**: Largest travel retail operator globally with approximately 80% market share in China's duty-free industry [26][27] Key Industry Insights - **Favorable Duty-Free Policies**: New policies effective from November 1, 2025, aim to boost consumption and recapture overseas spending onshore. Key measures include: - Tax refund/exemption for domestic products - Expansion of product categories in duty-free stores - Support for online reservations and pick-up services at duty-free stores [2][9][11] - **Hainan Free Trade Port**: Expected to enhance growth prospects starting December 18, 2025, with independent customs operations and favorable policies [2][9] Financial Performance - **3Q25 Results**: - Revenue showed a sequential improvement with a year-over-year decline narrowing to -0.4% - Earnings decreased by 29% year-over-year primarily due to lower gross margins and increased SG&A expenses [1] - Gross Profit Margin (GPM) slightly declined to 29.8% due to a higher sales mix of lower-margin mobile phones [3] - **Sales Trends**: - Hainan offshore duty-free sales increased by 3.4% in September and 13.6% during the Golden Week (October 1-8) [1] - Anticipated positive growth trajectory into the peak season due to improved execution and recovery in outbound travel [1] Strategic Initiatives - **Margin Improvement**: Management aims to enhance margins through product mix optimization, store efficiency improvements, and cost reductions [3] - **Inventory Management**: Increased inventory levels in 3Q25 to prepare for the peak season, particularly in cosmetics, while maintaining healthy inventory levels [3] Shareholder Returns - **Dividend Announcement**: The company declared its first interim dividend of RMB 517 million, representing a 17% payout ratio based on 9M25 net profit, with plans to maintain a high payout ratio [1] Valuation and Recommendations - **Target Price**: DCF-based target price set at RMB 78.00, reflecting the long-term growth potential of the duty-free business [28] - **Investment Rating**: Buy rating maintained for CTGDF, supported by structural growth in the duty-free industry and expected benefits from favorable policies and market dynamics [27] Additional Insights - **Product Diversification**: The expansion of product categories in duty-free stores is expected to cater to varying consumer preferences and enhance sales [2][11] - **Operational Efficiency**: Focus on digitalization and cost control measures to improve overall operational efficiency and profitability [3] This summary encapsulates the critical insights and financial performance of China Tourism Group Duty Free Corp. as discussed in the conference call, highlighting the company's strategic initiatives and market outlook.

Summary of Zhongji Innolight Co Ltd Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Zhongji Innolight Co Ltd - **Ticker**: 300308.SZ - **Industry**: Greater China Technology Hardware - **Current Stock Price (as of October 31, 2025)**: Rmb473.01 - **Price Target**: Rmb500.00 Key Points and Arguments Financial Performance - **Earnings Estimates**: Earnings estimates for 2025-2027 have been revised upwards by 2.1%, 2.7%, and 1.1% respectively, following positive 3Q25 results [2][4][12] - **EPS Projections**: EPS for 2025 is projected at Rmb19.5, up from a prior estimate of Rmb18.9 [4][21] - **Revenue Growth**: Expected robust earnings growth driven by demand for 800G and 1.6T transceivers in 2025-2026 [12][13][14] Market Position and Strategy - **Product Innovation**: The company is a pioneer in new 1.6T products, which are expected to significantly boost revenue [8][14] - **Market Share Gains**: Anticipated faster-than-expected growth and market share gains due to strong demand for 800G and 1.6T products [12][14] - **Cost Management**: Potential for cost control through internal operational management, which could enhance profitability [22][23] Risks and Challenges - **Competition**: Intense competition in the market could lead to lower market share, margins, and average selling prices (ASPs) [17] - **Demand Fluctuations**: Risks associated with weaker-than-expected orders for 800G and 1.6T products could negatively impact financial performance [17] - **Geopolitical Issues**: Potential supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical tensions could affect operations [23] Investment Thesis - **Overweight Rating**: The stock is rated as Overweight, indicating expected performance to exceed the average total return of the industry [4][16] - **Positive Momentum**: Continued positive momentum is anticipated in the coming quarters following solid earnings growth in 1H25 [14] Additional Insights - **Revenue Exposure**: The company has significant revenue exposure to North America (60-70%) and Mainland China (10-20%) [22] - **Long-term Growth Rate**: A long-term growth rate of 3.5% is applied in valuation models, with a net profit CAGR of 19% from 2025-2035 [8] Conclusion Zhongji Innolight Co Ltd is positioned for strong growth driven by innovative products and increasing demand in the technology hardware sector. However, the company faces risks from competition and potential market fluctuations. The revised price target reflects confidence in the company's ability to capitalize on emerging opportunities while managing operational challenges.

Summary of Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment (Ticker: 300450.SZ) - **Industry**: Capital Goods, specifically focused on automation equipment for lithium batteries, photovoltaic cells, consumer electronics, and film capacitors [12][26] Key Financial Highlights - **3Q25 Results**: - Earnings increased by 199% year-on-year (y-y) to CNY 446 million - Revenue grew by 14% y-y to CNY 3.8 billion - Gross Profit Margin (GPM) contracted by 5.7 percentage points (pp) y-y to 30.9% due to low-margin battery equipment orders recognized from FY24 [1][15] - **Order Intake**: - Strong order momentum with 9M25 new orders exceeding the full-year level for FY24 (CNY 17.5 billion) [1] - Management expects a recovery in GPM in 4Q25, driven by the recognition of higher-margin orders [1] Future Outlook - **FY26 Forecast**: - Positive outlook supported by demand for all-solid-state battery (ASSB) commercialization and energy storage system (ESS) capacity expansion [2] - Anticipated incremental orders for ASSB equipment from domestic manufacturers in 2H25 and FY26 [2] - Expected solid demand for battery equipment in FY26 due to supply shortages of ESS battery cells in China [2] Valuation and Target Price - **Target Price**: Increased from CNY 41 to CNY 70, based on a P/E ratio of 45x FY26F EPS of CNY 1.55 [3][5] - **Earnings Growth**: FY26-27F earnings expected to increase by 10-12% [3] - **Current Stock Valuation**: Trading at 35x FY26F P/E [3] Financial Projections - **Revenue Projections**: - FY25F: CNY 14.49 billion (new estimate) - FY26F: CNY 18.85 billion (new estimate) - FY27F: CNY 20.90 billion (new estimate) [4][16] - **Net Profit Projections**: - FY25F: CNY 1.67 billion - FY26F: CNY 2.42 billion - FY27F: CNY 2.76 billion [4][16] Risks and Considerations - **Downside Risks**: - Lower-than-expected orders from battery cell makers - Higher-than-expected bad debt provisions in the solar sector - Lower-than-expected commercialization of ASSBs [13][17] Additional Insights - **Market Performance**: The stock has shown a 205.3% increase over the past 12 months, despite a recent decline of 11.9% over the last month [9] - **ESG Considerations**: The company is viewed as ESG-friendly due to its role as an equipment supplier in the EV and solar sectors [14] This summary encapsulates the key points from the conference call, highlighting the company's financial performance, future outlook, valuation, and associated risks.

Summary of Jiangsu Expressway - H/A Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Jiangsu Expressway - **Ticker**: 177 HK (H shares), 600377 CH (A shares) - **Market Cap**: $6.133 billion (H shares), $9.658 billion (A shares) [4][27] Key Industry Insights - **Sector**: Infrastructure, Industrials & Transport - **Performance**: Jiangsu Expressway has shown solid operational performance and cost efficiencies in 3Q25, supporting a positive outlook [2][12] - **Market Context**: H shares have declined by 5% and A shares by 15% since June, while the CSI300 index gained 11%, attributed to fund rotation into growth names [2] Financial Performance - **3Q25 Results**: - Revenue growth of 6.6% year-over-year (Y/Y) for Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway, driven by a 12% increase in truck traffic [6] - Cost of revenue decreased by 5.6% Y/Y, with expectations for continued decline in road maintenance costs [6] - **Earnings Estimates**: - 4Q25 earnings expected to rise by 15% Y/Y due to resilient toll revenue and cost-reduction efforts [6] Dividend and Valuation - **Dividend Yield**: 5.7% for Jiangsu Expressway - H, with a commitment to maintain dividend stability [2][12] - **Price Target**: - H shares: HK$11.00 by Dec-26 [4][17] - A shares: Rmb15.00 by Dec-26 [27][41] - **Valuation Metrics**: - Adjusted EPS for FY25E: Rmb0.95, FY26E: Rmb1.01 [9][27] Strategic Initiatives - **Expansion Projects**: - Ongoing preparations for the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway expansion, with completion aimed before the concession expires in 2032 [8] - Several major projects are progressing as scheduled, including the Ningyang Yangtze River Bridge North Connection and Xitai Project [7][8] - **Regulatory Environment**: - Anticipated revisions to the National Tollroad Regulation Policy, potentially extending concession periods and promoting balanced tolling [6] Risks and Considerations - **Downside Risks**: - Larger-than-expected decline in traffic, higher-than-expected capital expenditures for new projects, and less favorable toll-road industry policy terms [23][42] - **Upside Risks**: - Larger-than-expected increase in traffic and lower-than-expected capital expenditures [42] Conclusion - **Investment Stance**: Overweight on Jiangsu Expressway - H due to solid fundamentals, attractive yield, and growth potential in the toll-road sector [2][12][21] - **Neutral on Jiangsu Expressway - A** due to valuation concerns after recent price rallies [30][40]

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - **Industry**: Chinese Banking Sector (H-share banks) - **Period**: 3Q25 results and 9M25 performance Earnings Review - **Net Profit Growth**: Increased from +0.4% YoY in 1H25 to +0.5% in 9M25, with all big six state banks reporting positive YoY growth [1][11] - **Core Earnings Growth**: Slowed from +1.6% YoY in 1H to +0.8% by 9M25 [1] - **Performance Comparison**: H-share bank sector rose 19.9% YTD, underperforming MSCI China and HSI by 16ppt and 9ppt, respectively [1][11] - **Dividend Yield**: Sector's dividend yield at 5.3% is considered unattractive [1][11] - **Stock Recommendations**: Downgraded CCB-H/ABC-H from Buy to Neutral; upgraded BoComm-H from Underperform to Neutral; ICBC is the top pick among large banks [1][11] Loan Growth and Deposit Trends - **Loan Growth**: Average loan growth decelerated from 6.8%/6.9% YoY in FY24/1H25 to 6.3% in 9M25; big six state banks led with 7.5-10.0% YoY growth [2] - **Small Banks**: Experienced loan size contraction of 0.3-1.4% QoQ, raising concerns [2] - **Deposit Growth**: Seasonally low at 0.2% QoQ in 3Q, but YoY growth at 6.8% exceeded loan growth [2] Net Interest Margin (NIM) - **NIM Trends**: Average NIM edged down 1bp QoQ to 1.42% in 3Q; some banks reported NIM increases due to reduced funding costs [3] - **Future Outlook**: Potential stabilization of margins expected if no further policy rate cuts occur [3] Non-Interest Income - **Fee Income Growth**: Improved from +3.3% YoY in 1H to +4.8% in 9M25, attributed to a lower base and strong capital markets [4] - **Trading Gains**: Weakened from 29% YoY in 1H25 to 16% in 9M25, with some banks experiencing significant QoQ drops [4] Credit Quality and Provisions - **NPL Ratio**: Stable at 1.22% QoQ/YTD; average credit cost fell 5bp YoY to 67bp in 9M25 [5] - **Provisions**: Total provisions rose by +0.5% YoY in 9M, down from +3.5% in 1H [5] - **Coverage Ratios**: NPL and loan reserve coverage edged down QoQ to 232% and 2.75%, respectively [5] Valuation and Market Performance - **Valuation Metrics**: H-share banks currently trade at 0.55x P/B, 3.5x P/PPOP, and 6.0x P/E; dividend yield has declined from nearly 10% in Jan-2024 to 5.3% [11][21][23] - **Market Performance**: H-share banks underperformed the MSCI China index YTD; A-H share premium narrowed from 34% to 21% [31][11] Conclusion - The Chinese banking sector is showing mixed signals with modest profit growth and declining loan growth. While larger banks provide some stability, the overall market performance and valuation metrics suggest caution for investors. The focus remains on key players like ICBC, with recommendations adjusted based on recent performance.

Summary of the Conference Call for Chongqing Beer Industry Overview - The beer industry is experiencing a slight decline in overall sales for 2025, but specific brands such as Carlsberg, Fenghua Xueyue, Lebao, and Wusu are showing growth [2][6] - The company is focusing on high-end product development, with a significant emphasis on products priced above 4 RMB [2][9] Key Points and Arguments Brand Performance - Carlsberg continues to grow in the South China market [2][6] - Fenghua Xueyue has achieved double-digit growth after nationwide promotion [2][6] - Lebao remains the company's second-largest product, continuing its growth trend [2][6] - Wusu brand is maintaining high-end pricing and positive growth both inside and outside Jiangsu, with an estimated sales volume of 730,000 to 740,000 tons in 2024 and expected growth in 2025 [2][7] Market Dynamics - The company is segmented by geographic latitude, with significant growth in Xinjiang, where market share exceeds 90% [10][11] - The South China region is outperforming the Central region [11] Cost and Margin Outlook - A decrease in costs is expected to significantly contribute to gross margins in 2025, although the rate of decline is anticipated to narrow in 2026 [2][13] - The company typically locks in pricing and volume for the next year by January, with preliminary indications suggesting continued cost reduction in 2026, albeit at a lower rate than in 2025 [13] Product Innovation and New Channels - The company is actively exploring new retail channels and product innovations, launching over 30 new products in 2025, including tea-flavored beer and low-alcohol variants [4][14] - The introduction of one-liter canned products is a key focus for 2026 [4][14] Consumer Trends and Challenges - The decline in the economy segment (priced below 4 RMB) is noted, but it represents a small portion of total sales (approximately 3%) [9] - The overall consumption environment is under pressure, impacting mainstream product categories [3][8] Financial Health and Dividend Policy - The company maintains a 100% dividend policy, with a strong cash flow position supporting this strategy [4][19] - The depreciation from the new Foshan factory, which began operations in August 2024, is expected to increase from 40 million RMB in 2024 to over 90 million RMB in 2025, impacting costs [4][19] Future Outlook - The company remains cautious about 2026, with no clear recovery signs yet, but anticipates potential adjustments based on demand recovery [5][14] - Despite concerns over profit declines, the company is viewed as having a strong defensive position in the A-share market, with expectations for gradual improvement in the dining scene [20] Additional Important Insights - The company is adapting to new retail trends, including instant retail and O2O models, to enhance marketing and brand development [3] - The impact of the recent alcohol regulations on sales has been managed effectively, with strategies in place to stabilize sales [17][18]

Summary of Weiming Environmental Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Weiming Environmental - **Industry**: Waste Incineration and New Materials Key Points Financial Performance - In 2024, Weiming Environmental's waste incineration segment generated revenue of **3.37 billion yuan** with a gross margin of **59.5%**, significantly above the industry average due to advanced technology and self-manufacturing capabilities [2][3][10] - The company achieved a gross profit of **2 billion yuan** in the waste incineration segment, reflecting strong operational efficiency [3] Market Expansion Strategy - Weiming Environmental has chosen **Indonesia** as a key market for overseas expansion due to its large population of approximately **300 million** and significant economic potential [4][5] - The Indonesian government employs a sovereign fund model for waste incineration project tenders, enhancing project revenue certainty [5] - The company aims to capture about **20%** of the Indonesian market, equivalent to **1/4** of its domestic scale [6] Strategic Partnerships - Collaboration with **Qingshan Holding** in high-nickel smelting and downstream nickel electrolysis is a strategic move to penetrate the new energy materials sector [2][6] - The partnership is expected to yield initial results and contribute to revenue growth [2][5] Risk Management - To mitigate risks associated with overseas expansion, Weiming Environmental collaborates with established firms like Qingshan Holding and adopts a **PPP model** to align interests with local governments [9] - The company emphasizes enhancing its operational management capabilities to ensure successful project implementation [9] Future Growth Projections - By **2026**, the company's PE ratio is projected to drop to around **11 times**, with overall profitability expected to double [2][7] - The forecasted net profit for 2026 is estimated to reach between **3.4 billion to 3.5 billion yuan**, corresponding to a PE valuation of less than **12 times** [20] Equipment Manufacturing and New Materials - The equipment manufacturing segment has shown a strong recovery, with revenues of **2.9 billion yuan** in 2023, a **56%** increase year-on-year [13] - New materials business, including high-nickel smelting, is expected to contribute significantly to revenue as it enters the operational phase [14][17] Cash Flow and Financial Health - The company reported a significant turnaround in free cash flow, reaching **707 million yuan** in the first three quarters, compared to a negative **160 million yuan** in the same period last year [18][19] - The asset-liability ratio stands at approximately **40%**, indicating a solid financial position to support future investments [19] Conclusion - Weiming Environmental is positioned for robust growth in both domestic and international markets, particularly in Indonesia, with strategic partnerships and a focus on operational efficiency driving its expansion and profitability [8][20]